Properties of Matter 1. Complete the following text. Clue: Below boiling except fluids highly liquid solid state Note the preposition below and the connector except. Changes of state / form 0°C - melting point of ice. 100°C - __________ point of water. Ice is ________, water is _________, steam is gaseous. Steam and water are __________ . Steam, water, ice, oxygen, neon: all these are fluids _________ ice. Sometimes the properties of a substance change when it changes its __________. For example, if the temperature of oxygen falls ________ -183°C, it changes from a colorless gas to a bluish liquid, which is __________ magnetic. 2. Complete the following text. Clue: dissolve element form gas hand properties salt salty substance Which are the verbs? Is there a connector? A substance may be an element, a compound or a mixture. An element, such as copper or iron cannot be broken down into simpler substances. When elements combine to form compounds, there is a chemical reaction. Some ____________ of the elements change during the reaction. For example, the ____________ chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous yellow _____. Sodium, on the other ______, is a soft silvery-white metal which reacts violently with water. However, if these elements combine, they ______ sodium chloride, or _____ . This is a harmless white _______________. A mixture of a sand and salt is yellowish-white and it tastes both _____ and gritty. If we put the mixture in water, the salt will dissolve, because it is soluble, but the sand will not _________, because it is insoluble. 3. Answer these questions: 1. What is the boiling point of oxygen? 2. Are sodium and chlorine harmless? 3. What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? 4. Choose the right word in a sentence: a) A conductive / conductivity material can be used to conduct electricity. b) If a material is easy to stretch under stress, we call it elastic / elasticity. c) If you want to improve durable / durability of a machine, clean it regularly. d) Hard / hardness is an important property of steel. e) Concrete is used for building because of its strong / strength. 5. Word formation: Form the nouns. Soft_____ , deep - ________, long - _________, wide - _________, dissolve - _____________. 6. Discuss these questions in pairs: 1. What is your favourite material for clothing? Do you prefer natural or synthetic materials? Why? What material are you wearing right now? 2. Do you know some modern hi-tech materials? (e.g. Gore-tex)? Which ones? Where are they used? What are their advantages over traditional materials? 3. Give examples of things which were originally made of natural materials and now are made of plastics. Why are plastics now used? Are there any disadvantages? Adapted from Bates, Martin and Dudley-Evans, Tony: Nucleus of General Science. Longman 1990. Věra Hranáčová, 2012 7. Form nouns of some properties of materials. Note the stressed syllables in bold type. Adjective Noun Verb pružnost elastic (stress on the 2nd) elasticity (stress on the 3rd) křehkost (nepružnost) brittle (rocks, bones, glass) brittle…. křehkost (ztráta síly) lack of solidity/strenth fragile [frædžail] (bones, glass) frag….. [frə´džiliti] síla strong str….. tuhost (neohebnost) rigid rigid… tažnost, kujnost malleable [mæliəbl],ductile malleability [´biliti] plastičnost, tvárnost ductile ductil….. vodivost conductive conductiv… žáruvzdornost heat-resistant heat-resistan.. zápalnost, hořlavost combustible combustib…… combust vznětlivost (in)flammable, zápor=non-! (in)flammab…… inflame [ei] zápalnost ignitable [ig´naitəbl], ignitability [ig´naitə´biliti] ignite [ig´nait] igneous rocks (vyvřelé) ignition (zážeh) jedovatost, toxicita toxic toxic… reaktivita reactive reactiv... react netečnost inert inert…. lehkost light light…. těžkost heavy heav….. savost, absorpčnost absorbent absorben.. viskozita, lepkavost viscous viscos… hustota dense dens… trvanlivost, odolnost durable durab..... odolnost proti korozi corrosion resistant corrosion resistan.. 8. Complete the following text. Clue: brittle opaque[əu´peik] passes rough[raf] soft transparent translucent flexible hard while Which are the verbs? Is there a connector? Properties of matter A breakable material is ___________ or fragile; but if it does not break easily, it is tough[taf] . A __________ material is difficult to scratch, whereas a _______ material is easy to scratch. A _______________ material bends easily, e.g. rubber, __________ a rigid material does not bend easily. Some materials produce little friction when they are rubbed - they have smooth surface. Other materials have a _________ surface and produce a lot of friction; e.g. sandpaper. You can see through ________________ materials such as water. You cannot see through ____________ materials, such as dirty water, but light ____________ through them. You cannot see through _____________ glass or other materials and the light cannot pass through them. Combustible materials burn easily. If gasses burn easily, they are (in)flammable[in´flæməbl]. Some people also have an inflammable temper. Phosphorus is self-ignitable in the light. HOMEWORK^ : Science and Technology: Fill in the gap with the correct word. Science and Technology Fill in the gap with the correct word. 1. …………….. are being carried out to find a cure for cancer. Experiences Experiments Trials Research 2. Microscopes ………………..very small objects many times to make them visible. magnify enlarge expand increase 3. Radio signals are now often ……………..by satellite. received delivered transmitted dispersed 4. Computers are able to ………………… vast amounts of data very quickly. process digest convert adapt 5. Solar power stations are able to ……………….. the energy of the sun. harm maximise drive harness 6. Other …………… energy sources include wind and wave power. renewable recyclable returnable reusable 7. In some types of power station steam is used to ………………turbines. force turn drive rotate 8. Mercury is a …………….at room temperature fluid liquid solid gas 9. Hydrogen and oxygen are the two ……………….. that make up water. compounds atoms molecules elements 10. All …………..is composed of atoms. stuff material substance matter 11. The ……………… of lead is greater than that of aluminium. rigidity weight density volume 12. When water is heated it …………………..more quickly. evaporates condenses melts solidifies 13. The ………………….. of iron and oxygen produces rust. reaction separation decomposition composition 14. Chemists study the composition of natural ……………….. substances machines mixtures alloys 15. The ………………………….. of water is 100°C. melting point boiling point point of condensation freezing point J.Harbord: Topic-based Vocabulary.