EN EN
EN
EN EN
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Brussels, 24.7.2009
COM(2009) 400 final
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Mainstreaming sustainable development into EU policies:
2009 Review of the European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development
EN 2 EN
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Mainstreaming sustainable development into EU policies:
2009 Review of the European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable development is set out in the Treaty as the overarching long-term goal of the EU.
The Sustainable Development Strategy of the European Union (EU SDS), as revised in 2006,
is a framework for a long-term vision of sustainability in which economic growth, social
cohesion and environmental protection go hand in hand and are mutually supporting.
In recent years, the European Union has mainstreamed the objective of sustainable
development (SD) into a broad range of policies. It has, in particular, taken the lead
internationally in the fight against climate change and is committed to promoting a lowcarbon,
knowledge-based, resource-efficient economy. At the same time unsustainable trends
persist in several areas, despite a whole host of positive policy developments. The demand on
natural resources has been growing fast and exceeds what the Earth can sustain in the long
term. Biodiversity is in decline globally and major ecosystems are placed under increasing
pressure. Energy consumption in transport continues to rise. Global poverty persists; the
Millennium Development Goals would need major efforts to be achieved.
The current economic and financial crisis has shown that sustainability is also a key factor for
our financial systems and the economy as a whole. The crisis is affecting all sectors of the
economy, households, businesses and jobs. The latest data show that EU labour markets
continue to deteriorate in reaction to the economic crisis. Unemployment is rising, the number
of job vacancies is still falling and companies continue to announce substantial job reductions
across several sectors. The most vulnerable parts of the labour force are worst affected.
In response to the economic and financial crisis, the EU and its Member States have taken
measures to reform the financial system, support the real economy, promote employment and
contribute to global recovery. In November 2008, the Commission launched a major
Recovery Plan for growth and jobs.1
The Recovery Plan includes measures to boost demand,
help restore confidence and promote employment and social inclusion. It also includes
proposals for smart investment in tomorrow’s skills and technologies to help yield higher
economic growth and sustainable prosperity in the longer term.
It is crucial that measures to support the real economy and reduce the social impact of the
current crisis are compatible with long-term sustainability goals. The EU should turn the crisis
into an opportunity to address financial and ecological sustainability and develop a dynamic
low-carbon and resource-efficient, knowledge-based, socially inclusive society, and promote
1
Recovery Plan COM(2008) 800, 26.11.2008 and COM(2009) 114, 4.3.2009, Employment
Communication COM (2009)257, 3.6.2009 and Communication "Cohesion policy: investing in the real
economy", COM(2008) 876, 16.12.2008.
EN 3 EN
this approach globally. The Recovery Plan and the corresponding national plans already
contain a number of initiatives in support of this objective. Work to overcome the crisis is
ongoing, in particular in the context of the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs, with a focus
on green growth. In the short term, green measures help to revive the economy and create
jobs. In the medium and long term, they also stimulate new technologies and reduce our
impact on climate change, the depletion of natural resources and the degradation of
ecosystems.
The December 2007 European Council asked the Commission to provide a second progress
report2
on the EU SDS by June 2009. This review is in response to the request of the
European Council.
As a complement to this review, Eurostat will publish a monitoring report, later in 2009, of
the EU’s sustainable development strategy, which will measure progress against quantitative
indicators.
2. THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EU POLICY-MAKING
In recent years, the EU has demonstrated its clear commitment to sustainable development
and has successfully mainstreamed this sustainability dimension into many policy fields. The
EU's climate change and energy policies are evidence of the impact that sustainable
development strategy has had on the political agenda. The EU has started to integrate the
sustainability dimension in many other policy fields also.
The EU Better regulation agenda has contributed to integrating policy objectives and
improving the cost-efficiency of policy decisions. This has been achieved through the
simplification of EU legislation, and the reduction of administrative burden. The role of
impact assessment needs also to be highlighted in particular. The Commission's impact
assessment system contributes to sustainable development by assessing the potential impacts
of new legislation or policy proposals in economic, social and environmental fields through
an integrated approach.
The Commission's renewed Social Agenda presented an integrated and holistic approach and
several policy initiatives, encompassing different policy fields3
. The renewed Social Agenda
highlighted the importance the Commission attaches to the sustainable development of our
societies and announced the development of well-being objectives "beyond GDP".
The Employment guidelines are part of the European Employment Strategy and provide a
framework for the development and implementation of measures that are in line with
sustainable strategy goals. For instance, the EU deploys the Structural Funds to support the
Member States in their efforts to foster a low-carbon and resource-efficient economy. Further
development of the low-carbon economy will also be key to driving the EU back to recovery.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an opportunity for enterprises to combine economic,
social and environmental objectives. Greater commitment to CSR on the part of European
enterprises will enhance Europe's capacity for sustainable development. The Commission and
2
The first progress report was adopted in October 2007: COM(2007) 642 and SEC(2007) 1416.
3
COM(2008) 412, 2.7.2008.
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many EU Member States have intensified their efforts to promote the uptake of CSR, with the
emphasis on dialogue between stakeholders.
The EU has also made progress in mainstreaming the SDS agenda into its external policies,
for example through Sustainability Impact Assessments carried out in the context of the
preparation of Free Trade Agreements and work on climate change.
Member States are also developing innovative solutions that are relevant to the Sustainable
Development agenda. The use of shadow carbon prices to reflect the social cost of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in the appraisal of public policy options is becoming more and more
common. France has committed itself to carbon-neutral investment with Cohesion Policy
funds for the period 2007-13. Assigning carbon "budgets" to departments (UK) is another
example. Progress has been made on carbon accounting in firms. Also, results from trials in a
number of Member States show that using smart meters can lower energy consumption by up
to 10%. Some Member States have developed new systems of energy auditing, including
through financial support, which has helped significantly to reduce energy consumption in the
building sector. Also, in France "Grenelle de l'Environnement" brought together the
government, business and civil society into a high-level debate on new measures for
sustainable development.
3. POLICY PROGRESS ON THE EU’S SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
This section provides an overview of the progress made at EU level on the seven key
challenges and cross-cutting themes since the last report in October 2007. It does not set out
to be a comprehensive list of the action taken but merely to highlight the main initiatives in
each field. The Eurostat indicator report, based on the EU set of Sustainable Development
Indicators (SDIs) to be published later in autumn 2009, will shed more light on progress on
the ground. Some preliminary results from this report4
are already included in this review.
Climate change and clean energy
Although EU greenhouse gas emissions grew over the period from 2000 to 2004, the trend
over the last three years has been favourable and the EU is on track to meet its Kyoto Protocol
target. However, if global climate change policies are not applied quickly, global greenhouse
gas emissions will be in 2020 at least 60% higher than in 19905
. Even though the share of
renewables in gross inland energy consumption has been growing faster since 2002, it is still
far from the 2010 target of 12%.
In recent years, the EU has been at the forefront of the fight against climate change. In
December 2008, the EU legislator agreed on a Climate and Energy Package6
that sets
ambitious targets for the EU. The EU committed itself unilaterally to reducing its overall
emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2020, and to upgrading this effort to a 30% emissions
reduction in the event of a comprehensive international climate agreement in Copenhagen in
December 2009. It also set itself the target of increasing the share of renewables in energy use
to 20% by 2020. As part of the package, the directive on the EU Emission Trading System
4
Eurostat data on SDIs covers, for the most part, the years 2000-2007.
5
Commission staff working document accompanying Communication "Towards a comprehensive
climate change agreement in Copenhagen", SEC(2009) 101.
6
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.htm
EN 5 EN
(ETS)7
was amended and directives on carbon capture and storage (CCS)8
and on renewable
energy sources9
were adopted. The Energy Efficiency Package reinforces the key energy
efficiency legislation on buildings10
and energy-using products.11
Additional energy savings
will be provided by the extension of the Ecodesign Directive12
to energy-related products, in
accordance with the sustainable consumption and production/sustainable industrial production
(SCP/SIP) Action Plan13
. The rules governing the European Regional Development Fund
(ERDF) have been amended14
to support sustainable energy in the housing sector, providing a
further boost to investment in this sector. The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan15
(SET-Plan) accelerates the development and deployment of cost-effective low-carbon
technologies. Similarly, a Communication on mobilising information and communication
technologies (ICT) to improve energy efficiency was adopted in 200916
.
Agreement on the climate and energy package was a major achievement in the light of the
economic crisis and provides a significant contribution by the EU to the efforts for achieving
a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen. However, EU greenhouse gas
emissions make up only a limited share of global emissions. While the EU is on track to
achieve its greenhouse gas emission reduction targets resulting from the Kyoto protocol,
global CO2 emissions are today some 40% higher than they were in 1990, the Kyoto base
year17
. It is estimated that in order to limit the average global temperature increase to less than
2°C compared to pre-industrial levels, global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to
less than 50% of 1990 levels by 205018
. Successful conclusion of the international climate
change negotiations in Copenhagen will be key to achieving a long-term sustainable future for
our planet.
The White Paper on Adapting to Climate Change19
sets a framework to reduce the EU’s
vulnerability to the impact of climate change, focusing on integrating adaptation into EU key
policy areas and relevant policy measures, building a knowledge base and stepping up
international cooperation.
Sustainable transport
Although GDP growth has exceeded growth in energy consumption by the transport sector,
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from transport continue to rise. Whilst
signs of decoupling transport volumes from economic growth are visible in passenger
transport, freight transport has grown faster than GDP. Noise and air pollution caused by
transport remain major issues across the EU, with severe health impacts.
7
Directive 2009/29/EC (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 63).
8
Directive 2009/31/EC (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 114).
9
Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 16).
10
COM(2008) 780, 13.11.2008.
11
COM(2008) 778, 13.11.2008.
12
COM(2008) 399, 16.7.2008.
13
COM(2008) 397, 16.7.2008.
14
Regulation (EC) No 397/2009 (OJ L 126, 21.5.2009, p. 3).
15
COM(2007) 723, 22.11.2007.
16
COM(2009) 111, 12.3.2009.
17
Prosperity without Growth? The transition to a sustainable economy. UK Sustainable Commission,
2009.
18
Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, COM(2009) 39, 28.1.2009
19
White paper - Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action, COM(2009) 147,
1.4.2009.
EN 6 EN
As part of the Climate and Energy Package20
, the EU is committed to sourcing 10% of its
transport fuel consumption from renewable energy sources by 2020 (incl. biofuels, renewable
electricity and hydrogen). This target is accompanied by binding sustainability criteria for
biofuels included in the Renewable Energy Directive21
and the Fuel Quality Directive22
.
Key EU policy developments include the Green Transport Package, which addresses the
greening of transport23
, the internalisation of external costs24
and the abatement of noise from
railways25
. It also included a proposal on internalisation charges for lorries26
. In April 2009, a
regulation setting binding targets for CO2 emissions from new passenger cars was adopted27
.
Further achievements include the adoption of a Directive on the promotion of clean and
energy-efficient road transport vehicles,28
an Action Plan for the deployment of Intelligent
Transport Systems29
and the launch of new actions as a follow-up to the Green Paper on
Urban Mobility. Furthermore, agreement was reached on the inclusion of aviation in the EU
Emissions Trading Scheme from 2012 onwards. In maritime transport, action includes
adoption of the Maritime Safety Package and the Maritime Transport Strategy until 201830
.
Proposals for a new Directive on tyre labelling31
and a regulation concerning tyre rolling
noise limits, resistance standards and the use of tyre pressure warning systems32
have also
been adopted.
In developing EU transport policy, it is essential to take account of all aspects of sustainability
(such as emissions, noise, land occupancy and biodiversity) and to base any action on a longterm
vision for the sustainable mobility of people and goods that covers the entire transport
system33
, and on complementary efforts at EU, national and regional levels.
Sustainable consumption and production
Changes in sustainable consumption and production show a rather mixed picture, with some
progress being achieved in terms of decoupling environmental degradation and the use of
natural resources from economic growth. Consumption patterns, mainly regarding energy
consumption, however, show clear unfavourable developments, whereas production patterns
show positive signs.
The Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy (SCP/SIP)
Action Plan34
will help to improve the environmental performance of products, boost demand
20
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.htm
21
Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 16).
22
Directive 2009/30/EC (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 88).
23
COM(2008) 433, 8.7.2008.
24
COM(2008) 435, 8.7.2008.
25
COM(2008) 432, 8.7.2008.
26
COM(2008) 436, 8.7.2008.
27
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 1).
28
Directive 2009/33/EC (OJ L 120, 15.5.2009, p. 5).
29
COM(2008) 886, 16.12.2008.
30
COM(2009) 8, 21.1.2009.
31
COM(2008) 779, 13.11.2008.
32
COM(2008) 316, 23.5.2008.
33
Communication "A sustainable future for transport: Towards an integrated, technology-led and user
friendly system", COM(2009) 279, 17.6.2009.
34
COM(2008) 397, 16.7.2008.
EN 7 EN
for more sustainable goods and production technologies and foster innovation. The Action
Plan was accompanied by proposals for a recast of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
Directives and the revision of the Ecolabel and EMAS Regulations.35
Retailers play a key role
in influencing consumer choices, and a Forum has been established with the aim of reducing
the environmental footprint of the retail sector and better informing consumers.
On Green Public Procurement (GPP), important policy initiatives include the Energy Star
Regulation36
and a Communication on public procurement for a better environment37
, which
proposes a voluntary 50% GPP target for Member States to be reached as from 2010. The
Commission services have developed GPP criteria for ten priority product and service groups
(such as transport, food, construction and office equipment), which Member States have been
invited to endorse.
Implementation of the Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) has progressed, as
has work on eco-innovation measurement. The revised environmental State Aid Guidelines
provide a 10% bonus on maximum aid intensity on eco-innovation investments38
. The
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive39
is a key tool towards
sustainable production and eco-innovation, which will be further strengthened with the
proposal of a Directive on Industrial Emissions40
.
In 2008, the EU's flagship chemicals legislation REACH became operational with the new
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) taking up its work. New rules on classification,
labelling and packaging of chemicals have also come into force.
Conservation and management of natural resources
Whilst there have been positive developments in the status and use of water and air, human
activity continues to threaten biodiversity and areas of natural land.
Global demand for natural resources is growing fast, and will continue to increase due to the
growth of the population, which is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050. Measured by
the ecological footprint, it is estimated that this would be 30% more than the planet can
sustain in the long term41
.
Biodiversity is in decline globally and there is no sign of a reversal or slowing down of this
trend. The EU is unlikely to meet its 2010 target of halting biodiversity loss42
. European fish
stocks have been overfished for decades43
. The annual loss of ecosystem services is estimated
equivalent to €50 billion, while by 2050 the cumulated welfare losses were estimated
equivalent to 7% of GDP44
.
35
The European Parliament and the Council have already reached agreement on the Ecodesign Directive
and Ecolabel and EMAS Regulations.
36
Regulation (EC) No 106/2008 (OJ L 39, 13.2.2008, p. 1).
37
COM(2008) 400, 16.7.2008.
38
OJ No C 82, 1.4.2008, p. 1.
39
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/ippc/key_impl.htm
40
COM(2007) 844, 21.12.2007.
41
WWF, Living Planet Report 2008.
42
Mid-term assessment of implementing the EC Biodiversity Action Plan, COM(2008) 864, 16.12.2008.
43
Green Paper: Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, COM(2009) 163, 22.4.2009.
44
TEEB (2008) "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity" – Interim report to COP9 of CBD and
Mid term Review of the EU Biodiversity Strategy (COM(2008) 864) and EPRG (forthcoming 2009).
EN 8 EN
Compared to previous years, forest ecosystems in the EU are stable but increasingly exposed
to challenges, such as storms, fires, pests and other harmful impacts related to climate change.
Soil quality continues to deteriorate with climate change. In general, eco-system services are
important in this context as they also help to moderate weather extremes and lessen the
impacts of weather and to maintain biodiversity.
EU initiatives include the EU Raw Materials Initiative45
, which proposed an integrated
strategy to deal with the various challenges related to access to raw materials, including
secondary raw materials that can be obtained in the EU through more and better recycling.
The International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management46
was inaugurated in
November 2007 by UNEP and the Commission. New legislation on marketing seed and
propagating material has been prepared to contribute to halting the loss of biodiversity47
.
The revised Waste Framework Directive48
is an important stepping stone to help the EU move
towards better management of material resources and improved resource efficiency. It
clarifies the basic concepts such as the waste hierarchy, the prevention of waste, and the
incorporation of life-cycle thinking. The Directive lays down important targets for the
recycling of waste for the year 2020: 50% for household waste recycling and 70% for
construction and demolition waste.
Member States have taken specific actions to protect biodiversity through the implementation
of the Birds and Habitats directives. However, the completing of the Natura 2000 network is
pending, as well as appropriate management for species and habitats.
Key action on water management includes continued implementation of the Water
Framework Directive and the Community policy on water scarcity and droughts49
. The
objective of the Directive, achieving good environmental status of all waters by 2015, poses
an important challenge as the majority of water bodies in the EU have been identified as at
risk of failing to meet the objectives of the directive if no action is taken. The Water
Framework Directive has been completed by way of a directive setting environmental quality
standards for a number of priority chemicals50
.
The Integrated Maritime Policy, launched in October 2007, sets a common framework for all
EU maritime policy issues and introduced cross-cutting tools to ensure that use of the marine
environment (oceans, seas and coastlines) is genuinely sustainable. There has been significant
progress on sectoral policy initiatives in the maritime sphere51
. Sea basin strategies for the
Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean will address the specific challenges of
these bodies of water.
45
COM(2008) 699, 4.11.2008.
46
www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/
47
http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/propagation/conservation_varieties/index_en.htm
48
Directive 2008/98/EC (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3).
49
COM(2007) 414, 18.7.2007 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/quantity/scarcity_en.htm
50
Directive 2008/105/EC (OJ L 384, 24.12.2008, p. 84).
51
Marine Strategy Framework Directive (Directive 2008/56/EC, OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19), the
European Strategy for Marine and Maritime Research (COM(2008) 534, 3.9.2008), the Common
Maritime Space without Barriers (COM(2009) 10, 21.1.2009), the Communication on Offshore Wind
Energy (COM(2008) 768, 13.11.2008), the White Paper on Adaptation to Climate Change (COM(2009)
147, 1.4.2009), and the Strategy on Ship Dismantling (COM(2008) 767, 19.11.2008).
EN 9 EN
The Green Paper on the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)52
outlines the state of
Europe's fisheries and analyses the current CFP. It triggers and encourages public debate on
how to ensure the long-term sustainability and viability of fisheries.
Public health
The overall development of health in the EU is rather mixed. The number of years that
Europeans are expected to live in a healthy condition is slowly but steadily increasing.
Improvements in health are visible in falling death rates due to chronic diseases and suicides.
There are also fewer serious accidents at work. However, there is more exposure to air
pollution and more production of toxic chemicals, and new challenges emerge.
The adoption of the EU Health Strategy53
in October 2007 delivered a holistic approach to
achieving progress and sustainability in the lives of EU citizens.
Action to promote good health, reduce health inequalities and improve protection against
health threats has included work on major and chronic diseases, such as cancer and rare
diseases. Several policy initiatives focused on mental health, alcohol, obesity and tobacco,
and on combating HIV/AIDS. The European Community Health Indicators (ECHI)54
provide
information on health status, including the Healthy Life Years (HLY) indicator, and on
lifestyle-related determinants of health and environmental pollution.
A new legislative framework on the sustainable use of pesticides has been agreed by the
European Parliament and the Council55
. It will represent a significant improvement in terms
of environmental protection and safety. The existing Community Plant Health Regime
(CPHR) is currently evaluated and updated56
.
The new EU regime for the authorisation of feed additives57
is one of the driving forces for
innovation in the feed sector and improvement of the feed conversion ratio. The Action Plan
implementing the new Animal Health Strategy58
includes several initiatives to maintain a
sustainable high level of animal and public health standards. The work on the protection and
welfare of animals has progressed.
The Commission also contributes to better health through EU-funded research and advanced
e-health services, e.g. by fostering the use of ICT in European health systems.
In 2009, the Commission launched a Youth Health Initiative, which sets out to improve the
health and well-being of young people. The Commission also continued to work with the
World Health Organisation (WHO) on issues such as climate change, indoor air quality,
tobacco control and injury prevention.
52
COM(2009) 163, 22.4.2009 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/reform/
53
COM(2007) 630, 23.10.2007.
54
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/dissemination/echi/echi_en.htm
55
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/home.htm
56
http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/strategy/index_en.htm
57
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/animalnutrition/feedadditives/comm_register_feed_additives_1831-03.pdf
58
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/diseases/strategy/actionplan_en.htm
EN 10 EN
Social inclusion, demography and migration
The number of jobless households, income inequality and long-term unemployment have all
been reduced, but the number of working poor and the overall risk of poverty have not
changed. The target of having at least half of older workers in employment by 2010 is likely
to be achieved but the target of delaying the average age of retirement to 65 years by 2010 is
unlikely to be achieved. Demographic trends indicate that the working-age population in the
EU-27 will start to fall by 2013, and will decrease by around 39 million (12 %) by 2050
compared to 200859
.
An important challenge remains to make the most of Europe’s demographic potential: raising
employment rates, productivity and successful integration of migrants. Further efforts are
needed to combat discrimination against migrants.
Policy progress includes a Commission Recommendation on the active inclusion of people
excluded from the labour market in October 2008. Member States' reforms in the fields of
social inclusion and social protection have been promoted within the Open Method of
Coordination. The EU Structural Funds support Member States in their efforts to tackle
poverty and social exclusion. Over the 2007-2013 period, some €10 billion is being allocated
for this purpose.
The second Demography Report60
was published in conjunction with the European
Demographic Forum in 2008. A European Alliance for Families and a new government
advisory group on demographic issues were created.
The Commission's 2009 Ageing Report61
takes an in-depth look at the economic and
budgetary impact of an ageing population over the long-term until 2060.
As part of the Action Plan on Ageing Well in the Information Society, an Action Programme
for Research in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) has been adopted62
. Some €150 million has
been allocated to the programme.
On migration, the EU is also working to improve the management of migration flows, to
coordinate national integration policies and to combat illegal migration. As part of the
implementation of the policy plan on legal migration, legislative proposals have been
presented to harmonise the admission procedures, criteria and rights of certain categories of
third-country nationals63
. The 'EU Blue Card' for highly qualified migrants has become a
reality64
. The fight against illegal immigration has been stepped up through the adoption of
the "Return Directive" and a Directive providing for sanctions against employers of illegallystaying
third-country nationals65
.
Handbooks on integration for policy-makers and practitioners have been produced and a onestop-shop
European website on integration66
and a European Integration Forum established.
59
Source: Eurostat
60
SEC(2008) 2911, 21.11.2008.
61
COM(2009)180,29.4.2009-http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/thematic_articles/article14761_en.htm
62
Decision No 742/2008/EC (OJ L 201, 30.7.2008, p. 49).
63
Directive 2009/50/EC (OJ L 155, 18.6.2009, p. 17), COM(2007) 638, 23.10.2007.
64
Directive 2009/50/EC (OJ L 155, 18.6.2009, p. 17).
65
Directive 2009/52/EC (OJ L 168, 30.6.2009, p. 24).
66
http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/en/index.cfm
EN 11 EN
Member States’ efforts are being supported by the European Fund for Integration, with €825
million allocated for the period 2007-2013.
The Communication on a Common Immigration Policy for Europe67
and the European Pact
on Immigration and Asylum68
laid the ground for a coherent approach in the future. The
European Council has also decided, for its part, to hold an annual debate on immigration and
asylum policies, starting in June 2010.
Global poverty and sustainable development challenges
In 2008, the EU reversed the downward trend in ODA flows registered in 2007. Despite this
upward trend, the outlook for the coming years appears rather problematic as many Member
States are far removed from the 2010 individual milestones69
. Most other indicators on
globalisation of trade, financing for sustainable development and global resource
management, display favourable trends.
Engaging third-country partners to address global sustainable development challenges is
indispensable. The EU continues to cooperate with third countries and regions, both
bilaterally and in the context of multilateral processes, such as the G8, the United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), UNEP and other relevant UN bodies, and
the OECD. The meeting of the CSD in May 2009 agreed that to achieve long-term food
security, there is a need for future policies to take into account environmental concerns, such
as water demand in agriculture, deforestation, soil degradation and climate change adaptation
needs, employing science-based approaches and local indigenous knowledge.
High level dialogue on the environment has been established with numerous countries,
notably Brazil, China, India, Russia, Mexico and South Africa. Similar dialogue already exists
with Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States. More expanded cooperation frameworks
have been developed with a number of countries, such as India and China. Furthermore, Joint
Declarations on Climate Change have been agreed with the Caribbean Forum, the Pacific
Islands Forum and the African Union, and a Joint ACP-EU Declaration was signed.
Dialogue and cooperation with European Neighbourhood Policy partners promotes
sustainable development objectives. In this respect, regional cooperation has been reinforced
through the Union for the Mediterranean, the Black Sea Synergy and the Eastern Partnership.
In the development cooperation area, initiatives contributing to the objectives of sustainable
development include a Communication on an EU strategy for supporting disaster risk
reduction in developing countries70
, a Strategic European Framework for International
Science and Technology Cooperation71
, a Staff Working Document on Improving
environmental integration in development cooperation72
, and agreements within the Forest
Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative. These include a Voluntary
Partnership Agreement concluded with Congo Brazzaville and negotiations with several other
countries.
67
COM(2008) 359, 17.6.2008.
68
Council document 13440/08; Commission Communication COM(2009) 266, 10.6.2009.
69
COM(2009) 160, 8.4.2009.
70
COM(2009) 84, 23.2.2009.
71
COM(2008) 588, 24.9.2008.
72
SEC(2009) 555, 21.4.2009.
EN 12 EN
Education and training
The prevalence of low educational attainment has diminished in all age groups. However, the
increase in people involved in life-long learning activities and the reduction in the number of
early school-leavers are not happening fast enough to meet the specific targets.
Education and training build the critical foundation for sustainable development. The
Commission encourages Member States in their efforts to develop more strategic approaches
to sharing knowledge and good practice in a bid to stimulate Education for Sustainable
Development (ESD). A Commission Inventory of innovative practices in Member States and
EEA countries highlights the importance of ESD73
.
The Commission's "Updated strategic framework for European cooperation in education and
training"74
will guide European level cooperation in this field to 2020. The "Lifelong Learning
Programme 2007-2013" is a prime tool for developing the role of education and training
systems.
Research and development
According to Eurostat data, the share of gross domestic expenditure on R&D in GDP
decreased between 2000 and 2007 from 1.85% to 1.83%. This indicator thus shows a move
away from the EU target of 3% by 2010.
One of the key objectives of the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and
Technological Development for the period of 2007-2013 (FP7) is to contribute to sustainable
development. In 2007 and 2008, around 44% of the total budget devoted to cooperative
research was allocated to sustainable development-related projects. Two of the Joint
Technology Initiatives (JTI) established under FP7, "Clean Sky" and the "Hydrogen and Fuel
Cells", are also linked to sustainability. The total EU contribution amounts to €1.3 billion.
Moreover, in the European economic recovery plan, the Commission proposed three major
public-private partnerships (PPPs) around three key issues for sustainability: "green cars",
"energy-efficient buildings", and "factories of the future". The Commission is striving to
ensure that the whole European Research Area is responsive to sustainable development
objectives. The challenge ahead is to build on the promising first steps and to enhance the
contribution of research to sustainable development.
Financing and economic instruments
In the area of cohesion policy, the EU invests in action to promote sustainable development
by integrating sustainable development initiatives into national and regional development
strategies. In the 2007-2013 programming period, this policy has continued to support key
challenges and cross-cutting themes. For example, in the period 2007-13, €105 billion, or
30% of the total €347 billion allocation for Cohesion Policy Funds, will be spent on the
environment. Cohesion policy also promotes the development of policy mechanisms, such as
the programming approach and multi-level governance, that support sustainable development
within programme management structures and encourage regions to pursue sustainable
development.
73
http://ec.europa.eu/education/more-information/doc/sustdev_en.pdf
74
COM(2008) 865, 16.12.2008; endorsed by the Conclusions of the European Council of 12.5.2009.
EN 13 EN
There is scope for further integration of the goals and principles of the EU SDS into cohesion
policy to enable it to address the new sustainable development challenges faced by the EU,
e.g. challenges of demographic change and climate change. Cohesion policy can help both to
mitigate, particularly through supporting the shift to a low-carbon economy, and to adapt.
The Commission has been mainstreaming the progressive removal of environmentally
harmful subsidies into its sectoral policies, e.g. through the reform of fisheries policy and as
part of the CAP health check.
The Commission has also adopted new State aid guidelines on environmental protection75
,
which will strike a balance between delivering larger environmental benefits and minimising
distortion of competition, thus helping Member States to introduce the right policy
instruments and finance eco-innovation.
The public consultation launched via the 2007 Green Paper on the use of market-based
instruments for environmental and related policy purposes showed that there was a
considerable interest in further use of market-based instruments76
.
4. TAKING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO THE FUTURE
Three years into the implementation of the EU SDS is a good time to reflect on how the
strategy could be taken into the future.
At EU level, sustainable development is primarily promoted and monitored in the context of
individual EU policies, and the EU SDS itself plays a central role in promoting the overall
objective of sustainable development. The EU SDS has also been instrumental in developing
sustainable development strategies at national and regional levels. Today, almost all EU
Member States have their own national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) in place,
in line with international recommendations of best practice77
. A recently published study,
commissioned by the Committee of the Regions78
, provides a detailed analysis of these
national strategies.
Various stakeholders have found it difficult to understand why there are several cross-cutting
priority strategies at EU level, such as the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs and the EU
SDS. Other examples of cross-cutting strategies are the Climate Change and Energy Package
and the Integrated Maritime Policy. The Lisbon Strategy is a dynamic strategy in which
sustainability has been taken on board (climate change, energy, financial and social
sustainability). The EU SDS is a long-term strategy which provides a good framework for
guiding and reporting on long-term broad developments and promoting forward-looking
reflection on sustainability, but it also requires short-term policy action. However, merging
cross-cutting strategies does not seem feasible given the different roles they fulfil. The
75
OJ No C 82, 1.4.2008, p. 1.
76
SEC (2009) 53, 16.1.2009.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/pdf/analyse_doc.pdf
77
National SDS coordinators provide a link between the EU SDS and NSDS. The European Sustainable
Development Network (ESDN) facilitates the exchange of good practices and experiences with Member
States. Information on NSDS is available on the ESDN website: http://www.sd-
network.eu/?k=country%20profiles
78
Contributions of the Regional and Local Authorities to Sustainable Development Strategies, Committee
of the Regions, 2009 (Author: RIMAS).
EN 14 EN
complementary nature of the SDS and the Lisbon Strategy were set out in the renewed EU
SDS79
. Nevertheless, there may still be room for further clarification of the specific role of the
EU SDS in relation to other EU strategies and for it to be streamlined accordingly.
In this context, the following points could be considered with regard to the monitoring of the
strategy:
(1) Greater synergy with the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs, which will be
reviewed in 2010, and other cross-cutting EU strategies. There could also be
better coordination and linkage between the policy areas covered by the
Strategies and their follow-up.
(2) The strategy could be further streamlined or, alternatively, the SDS could be
refocused on its overarching nature, and provide the general framework for
policy-making, in line with the guiding principles set out in 2006.
(3) The strategy could facilitate the exchange of best practice in relation to
innovative approaches in the Member States.
(4) In order to ensure more efficient monitoring and enforcement by Member
States, mechanisms used in the Lisbon strategy could also be used to monitor
the implementation of EU SDS. They would include jointly identified
objectives, measuring instruments (indicators, guidelines), benchmarking
(comparison of Member States' performance) and emulation to replicate and
scale up best practices . Measures in support of both strategies, with visible
positive results on growth, jobs and the environment, could be identified.
Mainstreaming eco-innovation, resource efficiency and green growth could
be a leading theme.
(5) Monitoring the SDS is based on the Sustainable Development Indicators
coordinated by Eurostat. SDIs are a comprehensive monitoring tool, although
some important indicators still need to be developed. In a bid to add to the
SDIs and to key information on SD challenges more effectively, the
Commission is exploring the possibilities of developing an SD scoreboard.
(6) New challenges to SD are emerging, which are currently not included or
covered only marginally in the EU SDS. They include energy security,
adaptation to climate change80
, food security, land use, sustainability of
public finances and the external dimension of sustainable development. As
regards the external dimension, priority areas should remain climate change
and energy together with achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
In particular, the strategy could focus on the EU's long-term goals in crucial areas, notably by:
– Contributing to a rapid shift to a low-carbon and low-input economy, based on
energy and resource-efficient technologies and sustainable transport and shifts
towards sustainable consumption behaviour;
79
Council of the European Union document No 19117/06, 9.6.2006.
80
COM(2009) 147, 1.4.2009.
EN 15 EN
– intensifying environmental efforts for the protection of biodiversity, water and
other natural resources. Evidence shows that the destruction of biodiversity is
continuing at a worrying rate. Degradation of ecosystems not only reduces the
quality of our lives and the lives of future generations, it also stands in the way of
sustainable, long-term economic development;
– promoting social inclusion. The most vulnerable in society are at risk of being the
most badly hit by the economic crisis and its effects may linger longest for them
unless effective measures are provided.
– Strengthening the international dimension of sustainable development and
intensifying efforts to combat global poverty.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This Communication takes stock of progress with EU policy in the areas covered by the EU
SDS and provides input for reflection and debate on sustainable development. This overview
highlights the fact that, despite considerable efforts to include action for sustainable
development in major EU policy areas, unsustainable trends persist and the EU still needs to
intensify its efforts. As the example of climate change shows, taking actions early brings more
and earlier benefits at lower costs as acting later.
It should be noted that the European Economic and Social Committee is preparing an
exploratory opinion on the future of EU SDS for autumn 2009, which could further contribute
to the debate.
These and other elements, as well as the active contribution of stakeholders, will provide
input for a future decision on whether to launch a comprehensive review of the EU SDS, as
originally anticipated in 2006. A review of this kind could provide the basis for further
streamlining of the EU SDS, defining its role more clearly in EU policy-making, focusing it
on the areas where progress is most needed, and improving its governance.