7. INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE II 1. SPEAKING. Grammar – Conditional Clauses. Ask and answer questions in pairs.^1 Conditionals – speaking – A If you had only 24 hours to live, what would you do? If a classmate asked you for the answer to a question during an exam while the teacher was not looking, what would you do? If you could be an animal, any animal, what animal would you be and why? If you could be invisible for a day what would you do and why? If you could change one thing in the world, what would it be? If you found a suitcase full of $1,000,000, what would you do? If you were invited to have tea with the Queen of England, what would you say? Conditionals – speaking – B If you could be another man or woman for a day, who would you choose? If you could change one thing about yourself, what would it be? If you could live anywhere, where would you live? If you didn't have enough money to get the bus home what would you do? If you got arrested for murder, whom would you call with your telephone call from prison? And why? If you had time machine, where would you go and why? If you could have dinner with anyone (dead OR alive), who would you choose, and why? INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE II^2 C. Ternary compounds (compounds that consist of a combination of three elements) A) SALTS OF OXOACIDS § ternary compound containing oxygen ends in -ate if there is only one such a compound. Example: Na[2]CO[3] sodium carbonate [´ ka:rbә,neit ], (no carbonite is known) Na[3]BO[3] sodium borate [´ bo:reit ], (no borite is known) Na[4]SiO[4] sodium silicate [silәkeit], (no silicite is known) § If there are two compounds, differing only in their oxygen content and oxidation number of the central atom, there are two ways of nomenclature: Older (trivial) names: the one which contains more oxygen ends in - ate and the other, with less oxygen, ends in -ite. Example: sodium salts: lower oxygen content higher oxygen content NaNO[2] sodium nitrite ['naitrait ] NaNO[3] sodium nitrate [' naitreit ] Na[3]PO[3] sodium phosphite[´fosfait ] Na[3]PO[4] sodium phosphate[´fosfeit ] Na[3]AsO[3] sodium arsenite [´arsә,nait ] Na[3]AsO[4] sodium arsenate [´arsә,neit] Na[2]SO[3] sodium sulfite Na[2]SO[4] sodium sulfate Example: sodium salts of the oxyacids of chlorine: prefix hypo [, haipә] means less than. prefix per [pәr ] means more NaClO[4] sodium perchlorate [, pәr´kloureit] (higher oxygen content) NaClO[3] sodium chlorate [ ´klou,reit] (normal oxygen content) NaClO[2] sodium chlorite (lower oxygen content)[´klourait] NaClO sodium hypochlorite (even lower oxygen content) [, haipә ´klourait ] KMnO[4] - potassium permanganate [,pәr´mәngә,neit]. Since the oxygen-acid nomenclature of ternary compounds does not give the absolute number of oxygens involved, the name must be derived from experience. That´s why the chemists use Rational nomenclature (named according to IUPAC regulations) prefixes mono-, di-[dai], tri-[trai], tetra-, penta- express the absolute number of oxygens Roman numerals express the oxidation number + suffix - ate Example: Na[2]SO[3] sodium trioxochlorate (V) – 3 oxygens, oxidation number V Na[2]SO[4] sodium tetraoxosulfate (VI) sodium salts: NaClO[4] sodium tetraoxochlorate (VII) NaClO[3] sodium trioxochlorate (V) NaClO[2] sodium dioxochlorate (III) NaClO sodium oxochlorate (I) 2. Exercises a) Write the chemical formula for: 1. sodium tetraoxochlorate (VII) 2. sodium trioxochlorate (V) 3.sodium phosphite 4. sodium phosphate 5. sodium sulfate 6. sodium sulfite b) Write the name for: 1.Ca(NO[3])[2] 2. Ca(NO[2])[2] 3. BaSO[4] 4. NaClO[3] 5. NaClO[2] 6. NaHSO[4] B) ACIDS * Hydroacids: - hydrogen + non-metal hydro ....ic acid HCl hydrochloric acid HCl → NaCl sodium chloride (salt) HF hydrofluoric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid Note: H[2]S hydrogen sulfide § Oxoacids: polyatomic ion + acid - only one oxoacid: -ic acid H [3]BO[3], - boric acid → Na[3]BO[3] sodium borate (salt) H[4]SiO[4] - silicic acid - two oxoacids with different oxygen content: - suffix -ic [ ic ] - indicates higher oxygen content - suffix -ous [ -s ] - indicates lower oxygen content H[2]SO[4] sulfuric acid (higher oxygen content) → SULFATE (salt) H[2]SO[3] sulfurous acid (lower oxygen content) → SULFITE (salt) H[2]S[2]O[7 ]disulfuric acid H[3]PO[4] phosphoric acid H[3]PO[3] phosphorous acid HNO[3] nitric acid HNO[2] nitrous acid - more than two oxoacids: HClO hypochlorous acid → NaClO hypochlorite (salt) HC1O[2 ]chlorous acid → NaCIO chlorite HClO[3] chloric acid → NaClO chlorate HClO[4] perchloric acid → NaClO perchlorate C) HYDROXIDES: (bases containing the OH group) – the same rules applied NaOH sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)[2] calcium hydroxide Mg(OH)[2] magnesium hydroxide Fe(OH)[2] iron (II) hydroxide = ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)[3] iron (III) hydroxide = ferric hydroxide D) OTHER IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: Hydrates 3CdSO[4]. 8 H[2]O cadmium sulfate - water ( 3/8) [Al(H[2]O)[6] ]^3+ hexaaquaaluminum (3+) ion [ CoCl (NH[3] )[5] ]^2+ pentaaminnechlorocobalt (2+) ion 3. Exercises: a) Write the formulas for: 1. phosphorous acid 2. carbonic acid 3. disulfuric acid 4. nitric acid 5. hydrobromic acid b) Write the names for: 1. H[3]PO[4] 2. H[2]SO[4] 3. H[4]SiO[4] 4. HClO 5. H[3]BO[3] 6. Ba(OH)[2] 7. KOH 8. CaSO[4] .2 H[2]O 9. [Al(H[2]O)[6]]^3+ 4. LISTENING / WATCHING. Listen and fill in the gaps with names of chemicals.^4 A solution of ……………………………. and dilute ………………………… covers a drop of ……………… in a watchglass. An …………. nail is positioned so that it nearly touches the mercury. Eventually, the mercury drop starts to beat rhytmically, like a beating heart. The dichromate oxidizes the mercury to …………………………….., which combine with ………………………… at the surface of the mercury drop to form a film of an insoluble …………………................... This film decreases the surface tension of the mercury, allowing the drop to flatten. Eventually, the mercury drop expands to touch the iron nail, at which time electrons flow from the nail to the mercury. The electrons reduce the ……………………….. to mercury, destroying the surface film. The surface tension increases and the mercury drop becomes more spherical. Point back from the nail, then the mercury and the iron nail no longer touch, …………………………. again builds up on the surface and the process repeats. HOW TO READ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS IN ENGLISH^3: Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H[2]O We spell as: H Cl plus Na OH gives Na Cl plus H[2]O We read as: hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water Reading chemical formulae: + is read „reacts with, „combines with “ "plus", "and" or "together with" = is read "give", "form", "pass over to", "yield" or "go to" --> is read "give", "pass over to" or "lead to" <--> is read "forms and is formed from" the sign - designates the bond and is not to be read in the formulae the sign = designates two bonds and is not to be read in formulae C[3]H[2] c three h two 2 CO[2] two molecules of c o two CO[2] + CaO → CaCO[3] c o two plus c a o give c a c o three c o two reacts with c a o to give give c a c o three Ca(OH)[2] c a o h twice You can also use time clauses / conditional clauses to describe the reactions: When we mix ………… with …….., we will get ………… . If ………… mixes together with ………… , it will lead to ………. . If we mixed …............ and ………, it would lead to ……. . 5. Read these equations in pairs. First spell them, then express in words. You can use a time / conditional clause. a) CO[2] + H[2]O ---> H[2]CO[3] b) CaCO[3]--->CaO + CO[2 ] c) 2 CO + O[2]-->2 CO[2 ]d) 2 Ca[3](PO[4]) + 6 SiO[2] + 10 C-->6 CaSiO[3] + P[4] + 10 CO e) 2 Na + Cl[2 ]→ 2 NaCl f) ZnO + H[2]SO[4 ]→ 2 ZnSO[4] + H[2]O g) 2 Na + 2 H[2]O → 2 NaOH + H[2 ] 6. Work in small groups. Write down two or three equations on a piece of paper. Then present the equations to to the others. 7. Read this text aloud and translate it into Czech/Slovak:^5 Diatoms, microscopic organisms, produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by normal photosynthesis: 6 CO[2] + 6 H20 + solar energy --> C[6]H[12]O[6] + 6 O[2] During the first five years of life whales gain 75 kg of mass per day by feeding on krill. The whale must consume ten times this mass of krill each day. The whale must consume 10.0 kg of diatoms to produce 1.0 kg krill. a) Assuming that the mass gain in the first years of a whale's life is due to the consumption of carbohydrates, calculate the volume of CO[2] at 0 °C and 101 kPa that must be used by the diatoms to produce the carbohydrates consumed by a blue whale in its first five years of life. b) There is 0.23 mL of dissolved CO[2] per 1 sea water (at 24 °C and l0lkPa). If diatoms can completely remove carbon dioxide from the water they process, what volume of water would they process to produce the carbohydrates required by a blue whale during the first five years of life ? c) 3% of the mass of a 9.1.10^4 kg adult whale is nitrogen. What is the maximum mass of NH[4]^+ that can become available for other marine organisms if one adult whale dies? d) 18% of a adult whale's mass is carbon which can be returned to the atmosphere as CO[2] being removed from there by weathering of rocks containing calcium silicate. CaSiO[3] (s) + 2 CO[2] + 3H[2]0(1) --> Ca^2+ (aq) + 2HCO[3]^-(aq) + H[4]Si0[4](aq) What are the maximum number of grams of CaSiO[3] that can be weathered by the carbon dioxide produced from the decomposition of 1000 blue whales, the number estimated to die annually ? Reading numbers and mesurements : 31% thirty one percent 30.7° thirty point seven degrees 10°C ten degrees Centigrade -70°F minus seventy degrees Fahrenheit /seventy degrees below zero 0.631 nought point six three one 3.14 three point fourteen, three point one four 0.002 nought point nought nought two 1,203.4 one thousand two hundred and three point four 106 one hundred and six y^2 y squared k^3 k cubed 3a^4 three, a to the four / to the power of four + plus - minus x times / multiplied by / multiplication sign : divided by / division sign = is, are, equals, is equal to, gives / sign of equality 8. HOMEWORK: VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Circle the letter of the answer that best matches the meaning of the italicized word. 1. Frayed electrical wires are potential fire hazards. a. probable b. unlikely 2. The velocity of the wind increases during the storm. a. sound b. speed 3. The conservation of natural resources, such as rivers and forests, is an important issue of our time. a. preservation b. observation 4. When the temperature dropped, vapour accumulated on the inside of the window. a. steam b. dust 5. Pasteur´s germ theory proved to be valid and was a major breakthrough in the history of medicine. a. false b. true 6. When the bottle was uncapped, all the pressure inside was released. a. set free b. increased 7. Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. a. splitting b. combining 8. The cold on top of the mountain got more intense later in the evening. a. extreme b. moderate 9. An alloy is a fusion of two or more metals that makes a stronger metal. a. combination b. separation 10. The best way to solve a problem is to find the source. a. origin b. effects 11. Flemming revealed that his discovery of penicillin was accidental. a. made known b. kept hidden 12. The earth absorbs the water from the rain. a. drinks in b. gives off 13. The driver went in the reverse direction. a. identical b. opposite 14. Air is the medium through which sound travels. a. process b. environment 15. The old building was transformed into an emergency hospital. a. enlarged b. changed Sources: ^1 Available at http://iteslj.org/questions/^ ^2 Adaptefd from www.fch.vutbr.cz/angl2/ Zpracovala Lenka Fišerová a Gabriela Clemensová^ ^3 Available at http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca3heart.html^ ^4 Collection of Competition Tasks 16th – 26 th Iternational Chemistry Olympiad. Prague 1995.^ Lesson adapted from Marie Sabolová and Milada Pavlovová.