Fylogeneze a diverzita rostlin:
3. přednáška
Glaucophyta, Prymnesiophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
Barbora Chattová
desmids2.jpg

[USEMAP]
Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Stélka: bičíkatá až vláknitá
•Dříve součástí Cryptophyta
•Dva holé bičíky + haptonema
•Haptonema: podobné bičíku, jiná submikroskopická struktura
•Kontraktilní haptonema
•Haptonema slouží k: fagotrofii, rychlé změně pohybu, přichycení k substrátu
•Fukoxantin
•Thylakoidy srostlé po třech
•Chloroplasty s pyrenoidem
•Organické šupiny (polysacharidové), mohou být kalcifikovány- u řádu Coccolithophoridales
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http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Prymnesiophyta.gif


Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Obrovský globální význam v koloběhu uhlíku a síry
•Oligotrofní subtropická moře
•Emiliania huxleyi (tvoří bílý zákal v mořích- white water)
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http://escalera.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/criptogamas/plantas_criptogamas/materiales/images/alga_apto2.pn
g http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/e-huxleyi_bloom.jpg

Říše Plantae
•Převážně fotoautotrofní organismy
•Podříše Biliphytae:
•      fykoerytrin, fykocyanin, škrob v plazmě
•Podříše Viridiplantae:
•     chlorofyl a,b; srostlé tylakoidy
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Přehled systému říše Plantae
•Podříše Biliphytae
•Odd. Glaucophyta
•Odd. Rhodophyta
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•Podříše Viridiplantae
•Vývojová linie Chlorophytae
•Odd. Chlorophyta
•Vývojová linie Streptophytae
•Odd. Charophyta
•Odd. Anthocerotophyta
•Odd. Marchantiophyta
•Odd. Bryophyta
•Odd. Cormophyta
•
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Glaucophyta
•Cyanely
•Sladkovodní bičíkovci
•Rozmnožování: autospory, zoospory
•18 S rRNA – monofyletické, příbuzné s Cryptophyta a Rhodophyta
•Cyanophora paradoxa - plankton
[USEMAP]
http://www.diark.org/img/species_pict/large/Cyanophora_paradoxa/

http://palaeos.com/eukarya/plantae/images/Glaucocystis.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Glaucophyceae/GLAUCOCYSTIS/Glaucocystis_02_600x450_nostochinear
um_botany.natur.cuni.czg.jpg

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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q==
Rhodophyta
•Buněčná stěna - polygalaktany (agar, karagen)
•Kalcifikace buněčné stěny
•Rhodomorfin - glykoprotein
•Chlorofyl a, d
•Chloroplasty mají dvě obalné membrány
•Zeaxantin, lutein, karoteny
•Thylakoidy nesrůstají
•Thylakoidy-fykobilizomy- fykobiliproteiny (c-fykocyanin, allofykocyanin, r-fykocyanin,
r-fykoerythrin)
•Florideový škrob (v plazmě)
•Floridozid - sacharid, osmoregulace
•Sekundární metabolity
•Žádné bičíky!
•Potravinářský, farmaceutický průmysl
•

Rozmnožování ruduch
•Nepohlavní: monosporami
•Pohlavní: oogamie – vaječná b. (karpogon) je oplozena nepohyblivou samčí gametou (spermacií, které
se tvoří v spermatangiích)
•
[USEMAP]

http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Rhodophyta_stelky.gif
Typy stélek ruduch


Ekologie
•Tropická moře, mangrove, sladké čisté vody i polární oblasti
•U nás ohrožená skupina
•Některé druhy endolitické, aerofytické, epifytické nebo parazitické
•Často kalcifikované
•
[USEMAP]

Systém
•Třída Rhodophyceae
•Podtřída: Bangiophycideae (starší polyfyletická), jednodušší, převážně jednobuněčné nebo vláknité
typy, jediná ploše listovitá stélka u rodu Porphyra •Podtřída: Florideophycideae (mladší
monofyletická), mnohobuněčné a makroskopické stélky, karpogony s trychogynem
•

Porphyridium01
Porphyridium sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Batrachospermum02
Batrachospermum sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Corallina_vancouveriensis_6
Corallina sp.


fig29
Lithothamnion sp. - rhodolit


Lemanea sp.
http://www.biopix-foto.de/photos/jcs-lemanea-fluviatilis-63004.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Rhodophyceae/Microreds/LEMANEA/Lemanea_03_400x264.jpg

http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Audouinella-630x.jpg
http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/pgdavison/rhodo1.jpg
Audouinella sp.

Porphyra (Nori)
•
http://www.dokonalazena.cz/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/braker.jpg
http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/ServerFileServlet?f=figis/species/images/Porphyra/por_ten_2790_1.j
pg http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/ezidweb/seaweeds/images/porphyra-jh.jpg

Přehled systému říše Plantae
•Podříše Biliphyta
•Odd. Glaucophyta
•Odd. Rhodophyta
•
•Podříše Viridiplantae
•Vývojová linie Chlorophytae
•Odd. Chlorophyta
•Vývojová linie Streptophytae
•Odd. Charophyta
•Odd. Anthocerotophyta
•Odd. Marchantiophyta
•Odd. Bryophyta
•Odd. Cormophyta
•
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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q==

Podříše Viridiplantae
•1,5 mld. let staré
•Suchozemské rostliny - 700 mil. let
•Monofyletický původ (sekvence aminokyselin aktinu, enzymu Rubisco a nukleotidů 18S rDNA)
•2 sesterské vývojové linie
•Chlorophytae - odd. Chlorophyta
•Streptophytae - odd. Charophyta, Bryophyta, Cormophyta
•
[USEMAP]

Chlorophyta
•Slepá vývojová linie
•Všechny typy stélek (téměř)
•Chlorofyly a, b, β-karoten (karotenoidy někdy velmi výrazné)
•BS zpravidla celulózní (občas glykoprotein)
•Lutein, zeaxantin, violaxantin, neoxantin
•Pyrenoid
•Stigma v chloroplastu
•Fykoplast v mitóze
•Škrob (chloroplasty, leukoplasty, povrch pyrenoidu)
•
•
•
[USEMAP]

Chlorophyta
•Bičíkový aparát 9+2
•Tubulin
•Dynein (kontraktilní)
•Mikrotubulární kořeny
•DO-orientace (12/6)
•CCW-orientace (11/5)
•CW-orientace (1/7)
•
•
[USEMAP]

Nepohlavní rozmnožování
•Bičíkovci: schizotomie
•Jednobuněční: sporulace, tzv. cytogonie (dceřinné nebo rozmnožovací buňky vznikají uvnitř mateřské
buněčné stěny. Vzniknou buď 2-4 bičíkaté zoospory nebo nepohyblivé autospory)
•Typy žijící v coenobiích se rozmnožují dceřinými coenobii
•Vláknité typy se vegetativně dělí tzv. cytotomií, kdy se v mateřské buňce vytvoří příčná
přehrádka, vzniknou dvě buňky dceřiné a část stěny mateřské buňky je zachována i pro dceřinou
buňku.
Volvox

Pohlavní rozmnožování
• izo-, anizo- , oogamie
•Většina zelených řas má ortomitózu – je vytvořeno bipolární vřeténko od pólu k pólu, v metafázi
jsou chromozómy uspořádány v ekvatoriální destičce. •Dva typy ortomitózy, podle stupně rozpadu
jaderné membrány:
•uzavřená ortomitóza: jaderná blána zůstává zachována
•otevřená ortomitóza: je klasický typ, kdy se jaderná membrána rozpadá

Mikrotubulární systémy v cytokinezi
•Oddělení dceřiných buněk
•Dva typy: fykoplast, fragmoplast
•Fykoplast: mitotické vřeténko se úplně rozpadne, vytvoří se nová struktura kolmo na jeho původní
směr (primitivnější způsob)
•
•Fragmoplast:  vzniká z pozůstatků mitotického vřeténka, zakládá se buněčná destička (odvozenější,
mají ho vyšší rostliny)
•
•
•
[USEMAP]

Systém, třídy
•Důležité znaky:
•1. sekvence SSU rDNA
•2. Morfologie stélek, povrch buněk
•3. Způsob rozmnožování
•4. Postavení bazí bičíků
•
•Prasinophyceae  (většinou bičíkovci  s organickými šupinami na povrchu)
•Ulvophyceae       (vláknité až sifonální stélky a CCW konfigurace)
•Cladophorophyceae
•Bryopsidophyceae
•Dasycladophyceae
•Trentepohliophyceae
•Trebouxiophyceae (většinou jednobuněční s CCW konfigurací)
•Chlorophyceae (mnoho typů stélek, stěna je polysacharidová ev. glykoproteinová (chlamys), bičíkatá
stádia mají DO a CW)
•
I1023ulva
Ulva lactuca

Micromonas
Jádro s jadérkem
Mitochondrie
Chloroplast
s pyrenoidem
Bičík
Kinetozom
Odd.: Chlorophyta
Třída: PRASINOPHYCEAE
Micromonas sp.
Bičíkovci
Kokální stélka
Bičíky 1-2-8
1 chloroplast s pyrenoidem
Prasinoxantin
Schizotomie
Hologamie

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•CCW-poloha
•Zoidy (2-4 bičíky)
•Šupiny
•Uzavřená mitóza
•Celulóza
•Mannan, xylan
•
Odd.: Chlorophyta
Třída: Ulvophyceae
ulothrix-01

Ulva - cyklus
Sporofyt
Gametofyt
Gamety
Fuze
Zygota
Zoospory (n)
Ulva sp.
•

I1023ulva
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Ulvophyceae
Řád: Ulvales
Ulva sp.

15021526
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Ulvophyceae
Řád: Ulvales
Enteromorpha sp.

Třída: Cladophorophyceae
•Sifonokladální stélka
•Krystalická celulóza
•Chloroplast s pyrenoidem obaleným dvoudílným škrobovým obalem
•Uzavřená mitóza
•Haplo-diplontní životní cyklus
•Izomorfní rodozměna
•CCW-orientace
•
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Cladophora01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Cladophorophyceae Řád: Cladophorales
Cladophora sp.

Cladophora02
Cladophora sp.


•Cenocyt
•Centrální vakuola
•Celulóza, xylan, mannan, glukan
•Heteroplastické druhy - amyloplasty
•Sifonein, sifonoxantin
•Haplo-diplontní cyklus
•Izogamie
•Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt
•CCW-orientace
•Invazní řasy - agresivní druhy - Caulerpa taxifolia
Třída: Bryopsydophyceae

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales
caulerpa
Caulerpa sp.

codium_big
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae
Řád: Bryopsidales
Codium sp.

FAN7-Halimeda%20fragilis
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales
halimeda
Halimeda sp.

•Cenocyt
•Osní část s přesleny bočních větévek
•Víceletá stélka
•Proudění cytoplazmy
•Inkrustace stélky CaCO3
•Celulóza, mannan
•Škrob a fruktan i v cytoplazmě
•Haplontní cyklus
•Izogamie
•Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt
•Sporofyt jenom zygota
•CCW-orientace
Třída: Dasycladophyceae

berger-large
Acetabularia - ontogeneze
Zygota
Růst nosiče
Tvorba přeslenu
Tvorba „deštníčku“
Zralá vegetativní stélka
Tvorba cyst
Sekundární jádra
Volná cysta s množstvem jader
Tvorba gamet
gamety
Otevření cyst
izogamie

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae
Řád: Dasycladales
Acetabularia - Chlorophyta
Acetabularia sp.

Cymopolia2
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae
Řád: Dasycladales
Dasycladus sp.

•Diskovitá nebo vláknitá stélka
•Mikrotubuly - 3×2 a 4
•Zploštěné zoidy
•Fragmoplast
•Hematochrom - sekundární karotenoidy a β-karoten
•Životní cyklus: haplontní, haplo-diplontní
•Meiospory: 2-bičíkaté nebo 4-bičíkaté
•Kulovitá zoosporangia
•Aerické řasy
Třída: Trentepohliophyceae

Trentepholia%20alga Algae-Trentepohlia%20aurea-cu-27-02-06
Habitus - makropohled
Trentepohlia sp.

Trentepohlia01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales
Trentepohlia sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales
phycopeltis2


•Jednobuněčné a vláknité řasy
•Nahé zoospory, gamety
•Kinetozom - CCW konfigurace
•Mitóza uzavřená
•Fykoplast
•Aplanospory, autospory
•Často tvoří symbionty v lišejnících
•Sladkovodní biotopy
Třída: Trebouxiophyceae

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Trebouxiales
Trebouxia01
Trebouxia sp.

Trebouxia-lichen
Trebouxia sp. - lichenizovaná


Chlorella02
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Chlorellales
Chlorella sp.

Oocystis
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Oocystales

Prasiola_crispa_fig1
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Prasiolales
Prasiola sp.

•Bičíkovci, kapsální, kokální, vláknité řasy
•Zoospory, spermatozoidy
•Kinetozom - CW konfigurace převládá (DO u některých)
•Bičíky bez mastigonem, stejně dlouhé
•Chlamys
•Sporopolenin (Scenedesmus, Pediastrum) - fosilizace
•Aplanospory, hemiaplanospory, autospory
•Mitoza uzavřená
•Kolonie, cenobium
•
Třída: Chlorophyceae

Chlamydomonas01
Chlamydomonas sp.
bičík
chlamys
pyrenoid
chloroplast
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlamydomonadales

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Volvocales
Volvox

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Chlorococcales
Chlorococcum
Chlorococcum sp.
zoospory
zoosporangium

Botryococcus01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales
Botryococcus sp.
© orig. Hájková L.

Botryococcus02
Botryococcus sp.
© orig. Hájková L.

Scenedesmus03
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales
Scenedesmus sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Scenedesmus02
Scenedesmus sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Pediastrum01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales
Pediastrum sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Microspora
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Microsporales

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Oedogoniales
Oedogonium-inicial
Iniciální stadium
Oedogonium sp.

Oedogonium01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Oedogoniales
Oedogonium sp.
© orig. Hájková L.

Oedogonium-zoospory
Oedogonium sp.
stefanokontní zoospora

Oddělení Charophyta, třídy
•Mesostigmatophyceae
•Klebsormidiophyceae
•Coleochaetophyceae
•Charophyceae
•Zygnematophyceae
•
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Vývojová větev Charophytae,
odd.: CHAROPHYTA
•Výchozí pro zelené rostliny
•Volně žijící bičíkovci
•Kokální a vláknité řasy
•Přeslenitá vzpřímená stélka
•Fragmoplast
•Chloroplast s pyrenoidem (škrobová zrnka)
•Bičíkový aparát - kinetozom + 60 srostlých mikrotubulů
•Spájivky - žádná bičíkatá stadia
•Zoospory, spermatozoidy
•Izogamie, anizogamie, oogamie, konjugace

MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE Řád: Mesostigmatales
sp_01
Mesostigma viride
Laterálně vyrůstající bičíky
Mělká prohlubeň

chaetosphaeridium
MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE Řád: Chaetosphaeridiales
Chaetosphaeridium sp.

Třída Klebsormidiophyceae
•Jediný rod Klebsormidium
•Kosmopolitní
•Voda, terestrické biotopy, půda
•Vláknité stélky
•Buňky obsahují nástěnný chloroplast s pyrenoidem
•

klebsormidium
MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: KLEBSORMIDIOPHYCEAE Řád: Klebsormidiales
Klebsormidium sp.

Klebsormidium01
MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: KLEBSORMIDIOPHYCEAE Řád: Klebsormidiales
Klebsormidium sp.
chloroplast
Pyrenoid se škrobovými zrnky

CHS98-20e
1
Obr. 1-6. Charophyta: Obr. 1-3. Klebsormidium flaccidum, Obr. 1. Přímá vlákna s nástěnnými
chloroplasty; Obr. 2. Vyboulená zoosporangia (šipka); Obr. 3. Prázdná zoosporangia (buňky) se
štěrbinou (šipky); Obr. 4-6. Klebsormidium crenulatum, Obr. 4. Dospělé vlákno; Obr. 5. Začátek
nepravého větvení (šipka); Obr. 6. Fragmentace vlákna.
Klebsormidium3SSP3 Klebsormidium2JSP Klebsormidium4JSP10 Klebsormidium4JSP8 Klebsormidium4JSP5
2
3
4
5
6
© Uher B.
© Uher B.
© Uher B.
© Uher B.
© Uher B.
© Uher B.
40 µm
40 µm
40 µm
40 µm
40 µm
40 µm
VÝVOJOVÁ STADIA

382
MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: COLEOCHAETOPHYCEAE Řád: Coleochaetales
Coleochaete sp.
Tvoří hetrotrichální vlákna, která se sdružují dohromady v disk.

Třída Charophyceae
•Pletivná stélka (nody, internodia)
•Rhizoidy
•Buněčná stěna často inkrustovaná
•Rozmnožování: fragmentace stélky, oogamie
•Oogonium má korunku
•Sladké čisté vody
•

MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: CHAROPHYCEAE Řád: Charales
Chara2
kauloid
nodus
internodium
fyloid
apikální meristém

chara
Chara sp.


Chara01
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales
Chara sp.
© orig. Uher B.
oogonium
anteridium - oranžové

698px-Chara_sp_reproductive_structure
anteridium
oogonium

chara5Nitella4
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales
a-d Nitella spp.

Konjugace
MESOSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Odd.: Charophyta
Třída: ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE
•Jednobuněčné, vláknité
•Charakteristické uspořádání chloroplastu (stočen do spirály (Spirogyra) nebo je hvězdicovitě
laločnatý (Zygnema)
•Konjugace (isogamety celé protoplasty)
•Haplontní vývojový cyklus
•Zygospora
•Fragmoplast
•Nemají bičíky!
•Buněčná stěna - primární, sekundární
•Mírně kyselé vody, rašeliniště

Třída Zygnematophyceae
•Řád Zygnematales- vláknité typy
•
•Řád Desmidiales – jednobuněčné typy, krásivky
•zářez (isthmus – šíje) a dvě semicely
•jádro je dislokováno uprostřed buňky v oblasti isthmu
•

BRIE007P
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
Cosmarium sp.
pyrenoid
sinus
istmus
chloroplast
dceřiné části buněk
mateřská polovice buňky
mateřská polovice buňky

Mougeottia01
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Mougeotia sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Mougeottia02
 Mougeotia sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Spirogyra01
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Spirogyra sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Spirogyra02
 Spirogyra sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Zygnema01
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Zygnema sp.
© orig. Kopp R.
Zygnema

Closterium02
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE
Řád: Desmidiales
 Closterium sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Closterium03
 Closterium sp.


Micrasterias04
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Micrasterias sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Micrasterias03
 Micrasterias sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Pleurotaenium
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Pleurotaenium sp.
© orig. Kopp R.

Xanthidium02
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Xanthidium sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Xanthidium03
 Xanthidium sp.
© orig. Uher B.

Využití parožnatek
•Dříve jako přírodní hnojivo
•Modelové buňky - studie v cytologii (velké buněčné organely)
•Bioindikátory
•Citlivost na těžké kovy ve vodě
•V akvaristice - produkují feromony, které stimulují vodní živočichy k rozmnožování
•