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http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/pseudostrom3a.jpg Využití řas • •Potrava, krmivo, léčiva a potravinové doplňky (Porphyra, Chlorella) •Kosmetika (mořské chaluhy) •Akvaristika (např. Chara) •Výroba agaru (Gelidium) a karagenu (zahušťovadlo, emulgátor a stabilizátor) •Talasoterapie- lázeňství •Výroba biopaliv, biotechnologie •Modelové organismy (nanomateriálové testy) •Bioindikace, kriminalistika… • [USEMAP] 26446vareni-a-stolovanisushi-foto-1.jpg Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyta – Sinice •Prokaryota/G- bakterie •Cyanos = modrý (sinný) •Evolučně staré (3,5 miliard let) •Nemají jádro ani vakuoly •Chybí membránové struktury (ER, Golgiho aparát) •Oxygenní fotosyntéza: vznik před 2,7 miliardami let •Rostlinný typ fotosyntézy – chlorofyl a •Heterocyty (N2-asimilace) •Akinety/Arthrocyty •Aerotopy •Nepohlavní rozmnožování •Hormogonie •Téměř všechny biotopy • [USEMAP] Oscillatoria.jpg algae-pool.jpg Stavba buňky •Volně uložená kruhová DNA •Sinicový škrob •Thylakoidy: membránové váčky s fotosyntetickým aparátem- chlorofyl a (+ betakaroten, xantofyly) •Fykobilizómy s fykobiliproteiny •Karboxyzomy: fixace uhlíku (RUBISCO) analogie pyrenoidů u eukaryot •Ribozomy: translace (syntéza 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[USEMAP] Systém •Problematická taxonomie •Molekulární metody •popsáno víc než 320 rodů s 2700 druhy • • [USEMAP] Systém •Třída : Cyanobacteria •1. řád Chroococcales - jednobuněční zástupci, kteří žijí buď samostatně nebo se sdružují do kolonií •2. řád Oscillatoriales – jednoduché vláknité sinice •3. řád Nostocales – vláknité sinice s heterocyty, občas s nepravým, ale nikdy s pravým větvením •4. řád Stigonematales – vláknité sinice s heterocyty a s pravým větvením • Eukaryota • •Eukaryotní buňky •Membránové struktury uvnitř buňky •Bičíky •Chromozomy •Haploidní a diploidní stav (evoluční výhoda) •Rozmnožování •Mitóza a meiotické dělení • • • • [USEMAP] Přehled systému říše Protozoa • •odd. Acrasiomycota •odd. Myxomycota •odd. Plasmodiophoromycota •odd. Chlorarachniophyta •odd. Euglenophyta •odd. 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Chlorarachniophyta • •Fylogeneze - sekvence 18S rRNA •Příbuznost s meňavkovitými prvoky •Nuklemorf – odpovídá jádru zelených řas •Příklad seriální endosymbiozy •Zástupci: •Chlorarachnion reptans, Cryptochlora • • • • [USEMAP] Chlorarachnion Chlorarachnion sp. Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Pelikula - bílkovinné proužky •Lorika - sliz mineralizován •Paraflagelární lišta bičíku - hlavní fotoreceptor buňky •Jednojaderné buňky •Stigma volně v cytoplazmě •Paramylon - zásobní látka v cytoplazmě •Chlorofyl a, b •Diadinoxanthin, neoxanthin •Mukocysty • • • • [USEMAP] Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Ampula •Jádro má kondenzované chromozomy •Bičíky se šroubovitě vinutou řadou mastigonemat •Palmeloidní stadium •Pouze nepohlavní rozmnožování (schizotomie pohyblivých buněk) •Ekologie - organicky znečištěné vody •Fagotrofie, mixotrofie • • • • • [USEMAP] Euglena.Klikněte pro zvětšení. Euglena02 Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales Euglena gracilis © orig. Uher B. bičík Pelikula (schopnost měnit tvar těla) stigma phacus Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales Phacus sp. pelikula stigma paramylon Trachelomonas02 Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales Trachelomonas sp. © orig. 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vycházeií ze střední části těla •Epikonus, hypokonus •Desmokontní buňky - bičíky na apexu buňky •Trichocysty, mukocysty •Ocellus - vrstevnatá čočka, komůrka, kanálek, retinoid •Nepohlavní rozmnožování •Anizogamie, izogamie •Ekologie - převážně moře •Toxiny •Fagotrofie •Bioluminiscence (organela scintilon, luciferin, luciferáza) • • data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERQUEhQWFBUWFRUUFxcXFhcVFBYXGBUYFBcU FBgXGyYeGBwjGRcUHy8gJCcpLCwsFR4xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiocHCQtLCwsLCwvLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwwKSwpLCk sLCwsLCksLCwsLCwsKSwsLCwsLCwpLP/AABEIAPwAyAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgAGAwQFBwj/xA BJEAABAgIHBQUDCAUMAwEAAAABAAIDEQQSITFBUWEFcYGR8AYTobHRIsHhBxQyUlOSsvFCYmNyohcjJDNDc4KDk7PC0iVk4hb/x AAaAQEBAAMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIEBQMG/8QALREBAAEDAgMGBgMBAAAAAAAAAAECAxEEIRRScRMxUWFioRIiIzNBkQUygUL/ 2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AKZLRQN0TtwsKkupriZd5KpyCIapwCnJRUq6jrFQcE1XqSnFQAi+0ItGZRl1JQDeoJVGZ5eCNVEN3qBu9RS 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Peridiniales Peridinium sp. © orig. Hájková L. příčná rýha - cingulum podélná rýha - sulcus Přehled systému říše Chromista • •odd. Cryptophyta •odd. Labyrinthulomycota •odd. Oomycota •odd. Hyphochytriomycota •odd. 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•Plankton •Stenotermní vody • Cryptomonas02 Cryptomonas sp. [USEMAP] • • http://oidnes.cz/09/043/maxi/KRC2aade2_131215_2745394.jpg http://img.ct24.cz/cache/616x411/article/39/3818/381720.jpg?1343828938 Keep on smiling J • • • [USEMAP] algae_smiley.jpg