8 Population
Word abandon
accommodate
ya'koma.deit/
administrative
/äd'ministrstiv/
adult
fsöM
afford
/a£>:{r)d/
aged
/etcfed/
agency
amenity
/a'miinsti/
antibiotic
/.sntibai'Dtik/
assimilate
/Vsimr.leit/
availability
/s,vei]3'b[[3ti/
available
/aVeifcb(a)l/
average
balanced
bask
billion
flaljan/
birth
t*K(i)9/
birth rate
forfi^rert/
blight
/blait/
born
•"eastfeed
'brest.fiid/
Ut'llllllHUI
to leave a place, especially because it is difficult or dangerous to stay there, verb (transitive]
to provide a place or room for someone to stay in. verb [transitive]
relating to the management of a company, organization, or institution, adjective
someone who is no longer a child and is legally responsible for their actions, noun [count]
if you can afford something, you have enough money to be able to pay for it. This word usually follows 'can', 'could', or 'be able to', verb [transitive]
someone who is aged 18, 35, 70 etc is 18, 35, 70 etc years old. adjective [never before noun]
an organization that deals with social problems, noun [count]
something that makes it comfortable or enjoyable to live or work somewhere, noun [count] [usually plural]
a drug that cures illnesses and infections caused by bacteria. Doctors often give people a course of antibiotics, when they have to take a fixed amount of medicine each day for several days, noun [count]
to feel that you belong to the new community that you have started to live in, or to make someone feel like this, verb [intransitive/transitive]
1 the state of being able to be obtained or used, noun [count]
2 the state of not being too busy to do something, noun [uncountl
able to be obtained, taken, or used, adjective [not usually before noun|
the amount, level, standard etc that is typical of a group of people or things, noun [count/uncount]
with all parts combining well together or existing in the correct amounts, adjective
basic products and services are ones that everyone needs such as food, medicine, and fuel, adjective
the number 1,000,000,000. number
the occasion of a baby being born, noun [count/uncount]
the official number of births in a particular year or place, noun Icount]
1 a serious disease affecting plants and crops, noun [singular/uncount]
2 something that damages or spoils something else, noun [singular/uncount]
when a baby is born, it comes out of its mother's body and starts its life. The time when you are born is your birth, and a mother gives birth to a baby, adjective [never before noun]
to feed a baby with milk from your breasts rather than bottle-feeding it. verb [intransitive/transitive]
Most of the villagers have abandoned their homes and fled.
I1 dllMcUIUII
The cowpany simply cannot afford to pay overtime.
parks, shops, and other local amenities
Whether I take the job depends on the availability of child care.
There is no money available for this project.
Her performance in the test was way below average.
children who have medical complications at birth
The threat of war cast a blight on their happiness.
I was bom in Tokvo.
Word
Definition
Example
Translation
breed 1 if animals breed, they become the parents of young
/bri:d/ animals, verb [intransitive]
2 to produce new plants or animals from existing ones,
especially in order to produce plants or animals with
particular characteristics, verb [transitive]
built-up a built-up area has a lot of buildings in It. adjective
/,bilt 'Ap/
bulldoze to clear an area by removing earth, stones etc with a
/■bul.dsuz/ bulldozer (=a heavy vehicle with a large curved open
container at the front), verb [intransitivertransitivej
bustee another spelling of basti, a slum, noun [count]
/'bASti/
bustee-dweller   someone who lives in a bustee. noun [count] /'bASti ,dwete/
calculate to discover a number or amount using mathematics or with    He calculates that the proposal would
/'kffilkju.lert/        a piece of equipment such as a calculator, verb [transitive] cost £4 million a year.
capital (city)      capital or capital city the city where a country or region    Tallahassee is the state capital of /'kspit(a)l/ has its government, noun [count] Florida.
census an occasion when government officials count all the people
/'sensas/ in a country and record information about them, noun (count]
century 1 a period of 100 years, usually counted from a year ending
/'sent/ari/ in -00. For example, the 20th century is the period from
1900 to 1999. noun [count]
2 any period of 100 years, noun [count]
childbearing      the process of being pregnant and giving birth to children.     She was just a girl, hardly of /'tjaild.besrirj/      noun [uncount] childbearing age.
childhood 1 the time of your life when you are a child. I had a woriderfid childhood.
/'t[aild,hud/ noun [count/uncount]
ta connected with childhood, adjective [only before a noun] childhood diseases
cholera a serious disease affecting your stomach and intestines (=the
/'kolars/ long tube that carries waste out of your body) that often
causes death. It is caused by drinking water or eating food
infected with bacteria, noun [uncount]
citizen someone who has the right to live permanently in a She married an American and became
/'sitiz(a)n/ particular country, noun [count] a US citizen.
citizenship the legal right to be a citizen of a particular country. I'm applying for Canadian citizenship.
/'sitiz(a)nfip/ noun [uncount]
civilian someone who docs not belong to the armed forces or the Over 700 civilians died as a direct
/sa'vilian/ police, noun [count] result of the bombings.
civil liberties      the basic freedom that all citizens have to do or say what /,siv(a)l 'libstis/     they want, noun [plural)
civil rights the basic rights that all people in a society have, for example
/,srv(a)l 'raits/ the right to be treated fairly by the law. noun |plural|
class one of the groups into which people in a society are divided    lower/middle/upper class.
/klcus/ according to education, income etc. noun [count/uncount]
classify to put people or things into particular groups according to      Jrr the study families are classified
/'ktaesf,fai/ the features that they have, verb (transitive] according to their incomes.
classless 1 not divided into social classes adjective
/'k!a:slas/ 2 not belonging to a particular social class, adjective
colonize to take control of another country by going to live there or
/'kola.naiz/ by sending people to live there, verb [transitive]
colony a country that is controlled by another country, noun [count]
/'kolani/
commute to travel regularly to and from work, verb [intransitive] She commutes into London every day.
/ka'mjuit/
concentration a large number of people or things in one area or a large This part of the city has a large
/J(Dns(3)ntrei/(3)n/ amount of a particular thing, noun [count/uricount] concentration of immigrants.
conquer to take control of land or people using soldiers.
/'konka(r)/ verb [intransitive/transitive]
Word
contagion
/kan'teidjas/
core
/fc>:(rV
couple
crowded
ykraodid/
curable
/■JyujroboM/
cure
/kjiwlr)/
death
/dee/
death rate
/■deG ,reit/
debt
/det/
decline
/di'klam/
decolonization
/.dtkolanai'zci/Oin/
decrease
/di:'kri:s/
define
/di'fam/
demand
/di'mn:nd./
demographic
/.derao'giiTlik/
demographic transition
/,dema'cjr<efik tran'zifoin/
dense
/dens/
density
/tiensati/
dependency
Wt'pendansi/
depopulation
/,di
:pt>pju'leiJO)ii/
descendant
/di'sendjnt/
developing
/diVelopin/
development
/diVelspm.mt/
Definition
a contagious disease spreads from one person to another through touch or through the air. adjective
Example
Translation
the part inside an object that is nearest its centre. nDun [count]   These six countries are the geographical
core of Western Europe.
two people who are married or involved in a romantic relationship with each other, noun [count]
containing a lot of people, especially too many, adjective The beaches are always crowded in
summer.
possible to cure, adjective
a medicine or treatment that makes someone who is ill become healthy, noun [count]
There's no cure for diabetes but the symptoms can be managed.
1 the state of being dead, noun [uncount]
2 an occasion when someone dies, noun [countj
These people will starve to death unless they receive help soon. The programme is aimed at reducing the number of deaths from cancer.
the number of deaths in a particular area in one year, noun [singular]
1 an amount of money that you owe. noun Icount]
2 the total amount of money that the government of a country owes to banks and to other countries that it has borrowed from, noun [uncount]
She had run up debts of nearly £10,000.
to become less or worse, verb [intransitive]
Share prices declined sharply last week.
the process by which a colony becomes independent from the country that used to control it. noun [uncount]
to become less, verb [intransitive]
1 to describe clearly and exactly what something is. verb [transitive]
2 to be a feature or quality that shows exactly what someone or something is like, verb [transitive]
the amount of a product or service that people want, or the Demand for organic food is increasing. fact that they want it. noun [uncount]
1 relating to populations, adjective
2 demographics: the particular features of a population, for example people's age or race, noun (plural)
the process of the shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country, noun luncount]
containing a lot of things or people close together, adjective the amount of something in a place, noun [uncount]
a country that is controlled by another country, noun [count]
a situation in which a lot of people leave a place in order to     the depopulation of the countryside live somewhere else, leaving far fewer people in the original place, noun [uncount]
a relative of a person who lived in the past, noun [countj
1 a developing country is poor and does not have many industries, adjective
la the developing world (=poor countries): agriculture in the developing world, adjective
the process of improving the economy of a country or region by increasing the amount of business activity, noun [uncount]
There has been massive economic development here over the past decade.
Word
Definition
Example
Translation
diarrhoea
/,daia'ri;a/
diet
/'daiat/
an illness in which you pass solid waste from your body too often and in a liquid form, noun [uncount]
the food that a person or animal usually eats, noun Icount/uncount]
Many people there have a poor diet.
dirty
not clean, adjective
disaster something very bad that happens and causes a lot of
/di'za:sta(r)/ damage or kills a lot of people, noun [count/uncount]
distribution the way in which something is spread over an area.
/,distn'bju:J'{3)n/ noun Icount/uncount]
district 1 an area of a town or country, noun [count]
/'distnkt/ 2 one of the areas into which a town or country is divided for official purposes, noun (count]
Protect your property from natural disasters such as flooding.
diversity the fact that very different people or things exist within a
/daiV3i(r)s3ti/      group or place, noun [singular] [uncount]
ethnic and cultural diversity
dominate 1 to control something or someone, often in a negative way,
Atomi.nert/ because you have more power ot influence, verb [transitive]
2 to be the most important issue, activity, problem etc in a
particular situation, verb [transitive]
He always dominates our meetings.
The earthquake once again dominated the news.
dysentery a serious disease that affects your bowels and makes you
/'dis(o)ntri/ go to the toilet very frequently and become very weak,
noun [uncount]
elderly, the old people. Many people now think that this expression is /'eld3(r)li/ offensive, noun
emigrant someone who leaves their country in order to live
/'emigrant/ permanently in another country, noun [count]
emigrate to leave a country in order to live permanently in another
/'emigreit/ country, verb [intransitive]
I'm planning to emigrate to Australia, equality between husband and wife.
equality the state of being equal, especially in having the same
/fkwolati/ rights, status, and opportunities, noun [uncount]
expand if a business, organization, or activity expands, it grows by
/ik'spsend/ including more people, moving into new areas, selling more
products etc. verb [intransitive]
explosion a very large increase in the size, amount, or importance of      a wage explosion
/ik'splau3<a)n/      something over a very short period of time, noun [count]
facility something such as a room or piece of equipment that is
/fs'silati/ provided at a place for people to use. noun [count) [usually plural]
Tlie hotel has excellent leisure facilities.
family planning
/.femfajli 'planii}/
fertility
/f3:(r)'til3ti/
the practice of controlling the number of children that you have by using contraceptives (=drugs, objects, or methods that stop a woman becoming pregnant), noun |uncount]
a family planning clinic
famine a serious lack of food that continues for a long time and
/'faemin/ causes many people in a country to become ill or die.
noun [count/uncount]
favela a poor area of a town in Brazil where the houses are in very
/farvels/ bad condition, noun [count]
a woman's ability to have babies, noun [uncount]
flourish
/flAnf/
flow
/flau/
fluctuate
/'fJAktJu.eit/
to grow well and be healthy, verb [intransitive)
the continuous movement of a line of vehicles or people. There was a steady flow of refugees noun [count/uncount] leaving the country.
to change frequently, verb [intransitive]
foodstuff
/'fu:d,stAf/
a type of food, noun [count/uncount]
gender 1 the fact of being either male or female, noun [count/uncount]    The study examines gender roles in
/'djendsfr)/ Latin America.
2 all male people, or all female people, noun [count) the entire male gender
Word gradually
group
/gru:p/
growth
/grau 67
habitable
hardship
/■hffiMdfip/
Definition
slowly and in small stages or amounts, adverb
Example
She gradually built up a reputation as a successful lawyer.
Translation
1 a set of people who meet or do something together because they share the same purpose or ideas, noun [count] |can be followed by a singular or plural verb]
2 a set of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way. noun |count] lean be followed by a singular or plural verb]
She was a member of a right-wing political group.
people from different ethnic and minority groups
an increase in the number, size, or importance of something, noun [singular/uncount]
economic growth
a place that is habitable can be lived in. adjective
1 a situation in which life is very difficult, usually because you do not have enough money, noun |count/uncount) la something that makes your life more difficult or unpleasant, noun [count/uncount]
Even slight rent increases would cause considerable hardship.
health care
(fheie.keafr)/
HIV
/.eitfar 'vi:/
household income
/.haushauld "inkAiTi/
housing
/'hauzig/
hygiene
/■hardjiTn/
illiterate
/l'litarat/
immigrant
Amigrant/
immigration
/,imi'greij'(3)n/
inadequate
/in'idikwat/
increase
/m'krhs/
the services that look after people's health, noun [uncount]
Homeless people need better access to health care.
human immunodeficiency virus: a virus that can cause Aids and is usually passed to someone else by having sex. noun [uncount]
the total money that all the people living in one home get from working or from investing money, noun [count/uncount|
1 buildings for people to live in. noun [uncount]
la connected with houses and other buildings that people
live in. [only before noun]
There is a shortage of affordable housing.
the practice of keeping yourself and the things around you clean, in order to prevent illness and disease, noun [uncount]
someone who is illiterate cannot read or write, adjective
someone who comes to live in a country from another country, noun [count)
the process in which people come to a country in order to live there permanently, noun [uncount]
not enough, or not good enough for a particular purpose, adjective
We are trying to provide basic education with inadequate resources.
1 to become larger in amount or number, verb [intransitive]
la to make something become larger in amount or number, verb [transitive]
Our costs increased dramatically over the last decade.
We have managed to increase the number of patients treated.
industrialization
/w'dAstriaJaizeifn/
inequality
/.ini'kwolsti/
the process of a country developing industries or making them more modern, noun [uncount]
infant
mortality rate finfant
Htt:,ta?lati reit/
infection
'tn'fek/(3)n/
infrastructure
ftnfra,strAktJ'a(r)/
a situation in which people are not equal because some groups have more opportunities, power, money etc than others, noun [count/uncount]
the number of deaths of children under a year old in a particular society. It is expressed as the number of deaths out of every 1,000 live births, noun [count)
social/economic/mcial/sexual inequality
the process of becoming infected with a disease, noun [uncountl
Breast milk can help protect babies against infection.
the set of systems within a place or organization that affect how well it operates, for example the telephone and transport systems in a country, noun [count/uncount]
^habitant
/rn'ria-bitant/
m-migration
/,rn
■nai'grei/faln/
a person or animal that lives in a particular place, noun [count]   The city's first inhabitants arrived in
the 16th century.
the movement of people into a different region of the same country or territory, noun luncount]
Word
Definition
Example
Translation
inner city /,ina 'siti/	an area near the centre of a large city where a lot of poverty and other social problems exist, noun [count]	Suburban lifestyles are very different from those in the inner city.
insufficient /,ins3'fij"(a)nt/	not enough, adjective	The police had insufficient evidence to arrest him.
lack /laek/	to not have any or enough of something you need or want, verb [transitive]	Many homes lack electricity and water supplies.
life-expectancy /Jaif ik'spektensi/	the length of time that someone is likely to live, noun [count/uncount]	
lifestyle /'Iaif,stail/	the type of life that you have, for example the type of job or house you have or the type of activity you like doing, noun [count/uncount]	a healthy, outdoor lifestyle
literacy /'lit(a)rssi/	the ability to read and write, noun [uncount]	Teachers have been asked to concentrate on literacy and numeracy.
literate /'lit(3)rat/	able to read and write, adjective	Only 20 per cent of women in the country are literate.
majority	the age at which someone legally becomes an adult, noun [uncount]	the age of majority
malnourished /.mslWrift/	weak or ill because you do not eat enough or do not eat enough of the right foods, adjective	malnourished children
malnutrition /,mslnju'tnj(3)n/	a medical condition in which you are weak or ill because you do not eat enough or do not eat enough of the right foods, noun (uncount]	
migrant /'maigrant/	someone who travels to another place in order to find work, noun [count]	migrant workers
migrate /mai'greit/	to go to another place or country in order to find work, verb [intransitive]	
migration /mai'greiJTaJn/	the process by which people or animals migrate to another place or country, noun [count/uncount]	
mixed-race /.mikst 'reis/	involving people of different races, adjective	mixed-race marriage
multicultural y,mAlti'kAltj3r3l/	consisting of people of different cultures, adjective	Britain is a very multicultural society.
multiracial /,mAlti'reiJ(3)l/	involving people of many different races, adjective	
naturalize /'n»t/(3)ra,laiz/	to make someone an official citizen of a country that they were not born in. verb [transitivel	
newborn /'nju:,ba:(r)n/	1 recently born, adjective 2 a baby who has just been born, noun [count]	a newborn baby/lamb
nomadic /nau'maedik/	moving from place to place rather than staying in one place, adjective	a nomadic tribe
nuclear family /,nju:kli3 'f*m(a)li/	a family unit that consists of a mother, a father, and their children, noun [count]	
nutrition /nju:'tnf(a)n/	1 food considered as something that keeps you healthy, noun [uncount] 2 the science of food and its effect on health and growth, noun (uncount]	adequate/poor nutrition He's studying Nutrition at university.
old age /,auld 'eid;/	the period of time when you are old. noun [uncount]	More and more people are surviving into old age.
optimistic /,Dpti'mistik/	someone who is optimistic is hopeful about the future and tends to expect that good things will happen, adjective	
out-migration /,aut mai'greif(3)n/	the movement of people out of one community, region, or country in order to live in another, noun luncount]	
overcrowded /,3isv3(r)'kraudid/	containing too many people or things, adjective	Conditions in the camp are very overcrowded.
overpopulation /,9lSV3(r)	the state of there being too many people living in a place, noun [uncount]	
,pr>pju'terr(3)n/
peer group /'pia ,<J",:P per capita
pessimistic
/jjess'mistik
population
population density
/pppju'lei|'(3in denssti
populous
/■pDpjulaS'
prediction
/pn'dtkMii
proportion
/pra'p^J'ism
prosperous
/'prospiairos
push factor
/'pu/.fektairi-'
quadruple /'kn odrupo 11
refugee
/,refju'tb;i: ■
resource
/n'ti:S:
sanitary
/'ssruitisiri
scattered
/'skjctoi.rld.
scavenge
senile
/'si:nail
settler
/'setloir.i.'
shanty town
/'Jsnti taun
shelter
/'Jeltaii i.
single parent Asirjgl pearont.
slum
Oi'fitiition Example Translation
a group of people of the same age, social class, or education, noun Icount]
based on calculations that show the average amount for a rise in per capita income
each person affected, adjective
thinking that the worst thing will happen in every situation,   a pessimistic assessment of the overall adjective situation
the number of people who live in a particular area. Los Angeles lias a population of over
noun (count] 3 million.
the number of people per square kilometre of land area, noun [uncount]
a populous nation, city, area etc has many people living in it. adjective
a statement about what you think will happen in the future,   The government maintained to or the process of making such a statement, noun [count] prediction that inflation will hold to
8.5% this year.
a quantity of something that is a part or share of the whole, noun Icount]
rich and successful, adjective With economic expansion comes the
promise of a more prosperous future.
a force which acts to drive people away from a place I opposite = the pull factor), noun [count]
if a number or an amount quadruples, or if you quadruple it, it becomes four times bigger than it was. verb [intransitive/transitive]
someone who leaves their country, especially during a war Thousands of refugees have entered the or other threatening event, noun [count] camps along the borders in recent days.
l something that you can use to help you to achieve We have launched an appeal to set up
something, especially in your work or study, noun [count] a new library and resource centre. 1a something such as money, workers, or equipment that can be used to help an institution or a business, [usually plural]
1 b things such as coal, trees, and oil that exist in nature and Many of these countries are rich in
can be used by people, [usually plural] timber and mineral resources.
1 relating to people's health, especially to the system of Overcrowding has now been added to supplying water and dealing with human waste, adjective poor sanitary conditions.
2 a sanitary process or method is one that keeps things a simple sanitary procedure for dealing healthy and clean, especially by killing bacteria. with household waste
adjective
spread over a large area, adjective My relatives are scattered all over the
country.
to search through things that other people have thrown awav in order to see if there is anything that you want, verb [intransitive/transitive]
someone who is senile is confused, forgets things, or behaves in a strange way, because they are old. adjective
someone who goes to live in a place where not many people live, and starts to make it into a community, noun [count]
an area where very poor people live in shanties (= badly built houses made from sheets of wood, metal, or other thin material), noun [count]
a temporary place to live for people who do not have their      a women's shelter own homes, or for animals who have been treated in a cruel way. noun [count]
a parent who raises their children alone, without a partner, noun (count]
a poor area of a town where the houses are in very bad condition, noun [count] [often plural]
sparse
/spu:v
existing in small amounts, or very spread out. adjective
Word Definition Example Translation
squatter someone who lives in a place without permission and
/'skwDta(r)/ without paying the owner, noun Icount]
stable not changing frequently and not likely to suddenly become    The economy is currently quite stable.
/'steibl/ worse, adjective
starvation a situation in which a person or animal suffers or dies Millions are threatened by starvation
/sta:(r)*vei[(3)n/ because they do not have enough to eat. noun [uncount] and disease each year.
stationary not moving, adjective
/'stei/(s)n(3)ri/
transition the process of changing from one situation, form, or state to   a transition period
/traen'zi|{a)n/       another, noun [count/uncount]
underdeveloped an underdeveloped country or region is poor and does not /.AndafrJdiVelapt/  have modern industries or advanced technology. Many
people consider this to be an offensive word, and prefer to
use the word developing, adjective
undernourished someone who is undernourished is not healthy because they /.AndaCrJ'nArift/     do not get enough food, adjective
underpopulated an underpopulated area has very few people living in it, /^nda(r)^inpju;eitid/ especially with the result that there are not enough people to do all the work, adjective
undeveloped an undeveloped country is poor and does not have modern
//indi'velspt/ industries or advanced technology, adjective
unequal not giving the same treatment or opportunities to everyone,    Women claimed they were given
/An'iikwal/ and therefore unfair, adjective unequal treatment.
vaccine a substance put into the body, usually by injection, in order
/Vsksi:n/ to provide protection against a disease, noun [count/uncount]
workforce 1 the total number of people who work in a particular The Government is encouraging women
/■w3:(r)k,b:(r)s/     company, industry, or area, noun [singular] hack into the workforce.
1a used in general about people who work, noun [singular]