9. Demography Definition and terms 1. Definition (pair work – reconstructing definition from notes) 2. What are the key terms in demography? 3. Complete these expressions (nouns or verbs). Put these terms in the gaps to complete the description of population change. b_ _ _ h d_ _ _ h in_ _ _ _ _ e m_ _ _ _ _ ts de_ _ _ _ _ e im_ _ _ _ _ _ _ s Population Change Natural 1_________ in population occurs when the birth rate is greater than the death rate. When the 2_________ rate is greater than the birth rate, there is a natural decrease. Population change may differ from the natural increase or decrease because it also takes into account 3__________ which include emigrants and immigrants. 4__________ rate means the number of births for every 1,000 people in a country for one year. The natural increase is found when the birth rate is measured against the number of deaths for every 1,000 people in the same year. People who move home from one country to another are called migrants. 5___________ increase population. Emigrants 6____________ population. Listening. Population in Central and Eastern Europe: The largest trends https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvZ5-2kvuDA 1.Pre-listening discussion 1. What do these expression mean? CEE iron curtain leave for good refugee from Bosnia aftermath of crisis 2. Which countries in the region have the largest and the smallest population? 3. What are the main demographic trends in Europe? 4. How many children does a woman in Europe have on average? 5. Which countries have the lowest fertility in CEE region? 6. What factors influence life expectancy in the region? 7. Do you think more people emigrated from or immigrated into the CEE countries during the past 20 years? 8. How does the population trend in the CR differ from the majority of CEE countries? 2. Watch the video and compare your answers with the information given there. 3. Here is an extract from the programme. Choose the correct word to complete it. Today some 180 millions / million people live in central and eastern Europe. If we define the CEE region as / like a geographic space between Russia and Germany, the / - Baltic Sea and the / - Black Sea. Population-wise the largest country in the region is Ukraine with 45 millions / million inhabitants followed by Poland with 38 millions / million inhabitants. The smallest country by far is Monte Negro with just 620 thousands / thousand people living in / on its territory. Life expectancy in CEE is below / under the European average but many countries are catching up as living conditions in / on average have / - improved over the last twenty years. Reading. Life Expectancy updated June 13, 2014, activity from E. Čoupková, JAZ01 http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm 1. What do you think? Discuss in pairs. 1. What does the term life expectancy mean? What is the translation into your language? 2. What are the reasons for big differences among countries in the world? 3. Can you give possible reasons for gender differences? (Why do women live longer?) 4. What is the current life expectancy for the Czech Republic or Slovakia? 5. Which countries have the highest life expectancy? 6. Which countries have the lowest life expectancy? 7. How did life expectancy change in the 20^th century? 8. How can you influence your life expectancy? 2. Read the first part and try to guess the missing words / phrases. Life expectancy from birth is a frequently utilized and analyzed component of demographic data for the countries of the world. It represents the average life span of a newborn and is an indicator of the overall health of a country. Life expectancy can fall 1) ……… problems like famine, war, disease and poor health. Improvements in health and welfare increase life expectancy. The higher the life expectancy, 2) ……… shape a country is in. As you can see from the map, more developed regions of the world generally have 3) …… life expectancies (grey) than less developed regions with lower life expectancies (black). The regional variation is quite dramatic. Life Expectancy However, some countries like Saudi Arabia have very high GNP per capita but don't have high life expectancies. Alternatively, there are countries like China and Cuba that have low 4) ………. per capita have reasonably high life expectancies. Life expectancy rose rapidly in the twentieth century due to improvements 5) ……… public health, nutrition and medicine. It's likely that life expectancy of the most developed countries will slowly advance and then reach a peak in the range of the mid-80s in age. Currently, microstates Andorra, San Marino, and Singapore along with Japan have the world's 6) …….. life expectancies (83.5, 82.1, 81.6 and 81.15, respectively). Unfortunately, AIDS has taken its toll in Africa, Asia and even Latin America by 7) …….. life expectancy in 34 different countries (26 of them in Africa). Africa is home 8) …… the world's lowest life expectancies with Swaziland (33.2 years), Botswana (33.9 years) and Lesotho (34.5 years) rounding out the bottom. Between 1998 and 2000, 44 different countries had a 9) …….. of two years or more of their life expectancies from birth and 23 countries increased in life expectancy while 21 countries had a drop. 3. Read the remaining part of the text and try to explain what the following expressions mean. a) Women are biologically superior. b) Hazardous occupations c) Late adulthood d) Chances of survival Sex Differences Women almost always have higher life expectancies than men. Currently, the worldwide life expectancy for all people is 64.3 years but for males it's 62.7 years and for females life expectancy is 66 years, a difference of more than three years. The sex difference ranges from four to six years in North America and Europe to more than 13 years between men and women in Russia. The reasons for the difference between male and female life expectancy are not fully understood. While some scholars argue that women are biologically superior to men and thus live longer, others argue that men are employed in more hazardous occupations (factories, military service, etc). Plus, men generally drive, smoke and drink more than women - men are even more often murdered. Historic Life Expectancy During the Roman Empire, Romans had an approximate life expectancy of 22 to 25 years. In 1900, the world life expectancy was approximately 30 years and in 1985 it was about 62 years, just two years short of today's life expectancy. Aging Life expectancy changes as one gets older. By the time a child reaches their first year, their chances of living longer increase. By the time of late adulthood, ones chances of survival to a very old age are quite good. For example, although the life expectancy from birth for all people in the United States is 77.7 years, those who live to age 65 will have an average of almost 18 additional years left to live, making their life expectancy almost 83 years. 4. Causes and Effects Try to match possible causes of high or low LE and form sentences using appropriate linking words (e.g. be a cause of, due to, because of, as a result of , results from etc.) Add any useful expressions. HIGH LE LOW LE regular medical check-ups AIDS famine ability to survive the first year war poor health smoking improved medical care good hygiene high GNP Example War is a cause of reduced life expectancy. Life expectancy grows as a result of the ability to survive the first year. Demography is the science of populations. Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging including death. All three of these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/En/education_career/what_is_demography_1908/default.htm DEFINITE OR ZERO ARTICLE http://www.grammaring.com/the-definite-article-with-geographical-names Countries Names of countries which are collective, plural or modified by an adjective or an of-construction take the definite article the: the Czech Republic the Netherlands the People's Republic of China the Philippines the United Kingdom (UK) the United States of America (USA) Bodies of water the Amazon the Nile the (English) Channel the Panama Canal the Atlantic (Ocean) the Pacific (Ocean) Deserts the Gobi (Desert) the Kalahari Desert the Mojave Desert the Patagonian Desert the Sahara (Desert) Mountain ranges the Alps the Andes the Appalachians the Great Dividing Range the Himalayas Points of the compass the North the South the East the West the South Pole the North Pole the south of Italy the Far East But: North America We were travelling west. We tend to use the definite article with: · seas and oceans (the Atlantic, the Pacific, the North Sea) · mountain ranges (the Alps, the Andes) · island groups (the British Isles, the West Indies) · areas (the Midlands, the Lake District, the Middle East) · rivers (the Danube, the Blue Nile, the Thames) · deserts (the Gobi, the Sahara) · hotels and pubs (the Red Lion, the Grand Palace) · cinemas and theatres (the Playhouse, the Majestic) We generally use no articles with: · continents (Africa, South America, South East Asia) · counties and countries (Oklahoma, Bulgaria, Nigeria) · towns and principal buildings (Ely Cathedral, Oxford University) · lakes (Lake Como, Lake Windermere, Derwent Water) · mountains and volcanoes (Everest, Etna, Vesuvius) Of course, there are always exceptions: The UK, The USA, The UAE, The Netherlands, The Hague. Practice. Complete the or zero article 1. They visited a village in Andes 2. They went to Philippines on their honeymoon. 3. Republic of Korea is near Japan and China 4. Have you ever seen Mount Fuji? . 5. Azores are a group of islands in the Atlantic 6. She went to United Kingdom to study English 7. They drove round Corsica 8. Australia is a really enormous place 9. What countries share a border with Norway? 10. They loved visiting Serbia. 11. Baffin Island is part of Canada 12. I often go on holiday to Canary Islands. 13. We went to Republic of Ireland and stayed in Dublin. 14. She comes from Netherlands 15. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/articles-exercise-2.html