„Populačníekologie živočichů"
Stano Pekár
Effect of conditions
► all conditions affect population growth via controlling metabolic processes in ectotherms
► temperature, humidity, day length, pH, etc.
Lepidoglyphus sp.
Rate
Universal effect of temperature
► temperature affects population growth of ectotherms
■ rate of metabolism increases approx. by 2.5x for every 10 °C
do =2-5
► physiological time - combination of time and temperature
► universal temperature dependence:
-p/
- rate of metabolism B: B ~ e ■ (T.. temperature)
- rate increases with body mass (M): per mass unit ...
- biological time tb:
M
1/ P/ L ~ MAe/T
0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
10
A A. siro u C. malaccensis
15 20
Temperature [°C]
25
30
Linear model
► model is based on the assumption that developmental rate is a linear function of temperature T
► valid for the region of moderate temperatures (15-25°)
► at low temperatures organisms die due to coldness
D .. development time (days) v .. rate of development = 1/D Tmin .. lower temperature limit - temperature at which
developmental rate = 0
0.045
ro
+■>
c E
Q.
O
> Q
0.04 0.035
0.03 0.025
0.02 0.015
0.01 0.005 0 -I
0
♦
5
10
15       20       25       30 35
Temperature
ET.. effective temperature .. developmental temperature between T and Tmh S .. sum of effective temperature .. number of day-degrees [°D] required to complete development
does not depend on temperature = D*ET
Tmin and S can be estimated from the regression line of v = a + bT
a + bT = 0
V
a
► sum of effective temperature (S) [°D] is equal to area under temperature curve restricted to the interval between current temperature (T) and Tmin
► biofix .. the date when day-degrees begin to be accumulated
time, days
i=l
► when development rate is a non-linear function of temperature
► ET.. developmental temperature between Tmin and T
max
► at high temperatures organisms die due to overheating
Tmax .. upper temperature threshold - temperature at which developmental rate = 0
0)
c E
Q.
_o
> Q
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature
|Vl3;
mm
time, days
► several different non-linear models (Briere, Lactin, etc.)
► allow to estimate Tmin, Tmax and Topt (optimum temperature)
► easy to interpret for experiments with constant temperature
► instead of using average day temperature, use actual temperature
Briere et al. (1999)
v = a x T x (T - Tmin ) x JTW - T
v .. rate of development (=11 D) T.. experimental temperature Tmin.. low temperature threshold Tmax.. upper temperature threshold a .. unknown parameter
Optimum temperature:
0 Tmin
j     Topt Tmax
A T      _|_ _i_   /i   rr 2     I        2       i   ^ ^
. _ max min       \ max min min max
► parameters are estimated using non-linear regression
Lactin et al. (1995)
v .. rate of development
T.. experimental temperature
rm, A, p, <f>.. unknown parameters
0 Tmin
rmaY and T • can be estimated from the formula:
IlldA II11I1
0 = epT - e(pTm~T"^T) + </)
Tnn* can be estimated from the first derivative:
opt
-= pe'--e
3r A
T —T 1    pTm m