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African Elephant Status Report 2007
An update from the African Elephant Database
J.J. Blanc, R.F.W. Barnes, G.C. Craig, H.T. Dublin, C.R. Thouless, I. Douglas-Hamilton and J.A. Hart
AfricanElephantStatusReport2007
Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 33
African Elephant Specialist Group
African Elephant Status Report 2007
An update from the African Elephant Database
African Elephant Specialist Group
J.J. Blanc, R.F.W. Barnes, G.C. Craig, H.T. Dublin, C.R. Thouless, I. Douglas-Hamilton and J.A. Hart
Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 33
African Elephant Status Report 2007
An update from the African Elephant Database
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the
Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Copyright: © 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior
written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this
publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright
holder.
Citation: Blanc, J.J., Barnes, R.F.W., Craig, G. C., Dublin, H.T., Thouless, C.R., Douglas-Hamilton, I. and Hart, J.A. (2007).
Switzerland. vi + 276 pp.
ISBN: 978-2-8317-0970-3
Cover caption: The quality and availability of information on the status of elephants in Africa vary considerably across the continent.
As with the elephant pictured on the cover, some areas are rich in detailed information, while in many others we are
still in the dark. This edition of the African Elephant Status Report incorporates a new Information Quality Index to
better highlight the extent of this variation in the quality and availability of elephant population data.
Copy-edited by: Lynne Mansure.
Layout by: Julian Blanc.
Available from: IUCN
Rue Mauverney 29
1196 Gland, Switzerland
www.iucn.org/publications
A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available
v
C O N T E N T S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI
INTRODUCTION 1
THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT DATABASE 3
DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 6
HOW THIS REPORT IS ORGANIZED 17
AFRICA 21
CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW 21
CENTRAL AFRICA 26
REGIONAL OVERVIEW 26
CAMEROON 31
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 36
CHAD 41
CONGO 46
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 51
EQUATORIAL GUINEA 57
GABON 62
EASTERN AFRICA 67
REGIONAL OVERVIEW 67
ERITREA 72
ETHIOPIA 76
KENYA 81
RWANDA 86
SOMALIA 90
SUDAN 94
TANZANIA 99
UGANDA 106
SOUTHERN AFRICA 111
REGIONAL OVERVIEW 111
ANGOLA 117
BOTSWANA 122
MALAWI 127
MOZAMBIQUE 132
NAMIBIA 137
SOUTH AFRICA 143
SWAZILAND 148
ZAMBIA 152
ZIMBABWE 157
WEST AFRICA 162
REGIONAL OVERVIEW 162
BENIN 167
BURKINA FASO 172
CÔTE D’IVOIRE 177
GHANA 182
GUINEA 187
GUINEA BISSAU 192
LIBERIA 196
MALI 200
NIGER 204
NIGERIA 209
SENEGAL 214
SIERRA LEONE 218
TOGO 222
REFERENCES 226
APPENDIX I 257
INFORMATION QUALITY INDEX AND
PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE SURVEYS 257
APPENDIX II 258
COMPARABLE ESTIMATES FROM
EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA 258
APPENDIX III 262
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED
AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 262
APPENDIX IV 273
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS 273
vi
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the voluntary contributions of a large number
of people, both AfESG members and non-members, who provided information and data through reports, maps,
questionnaire replies and personal communications. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to the following
people: Jeremy Anderson, George Angelides, Peter Bechtel, Roy Bhima, Elphas Bitok, Steve Blake, Philippe
Bouché, David Brugière, Susan Canney, Michael Chase, Emmanuel Danquah, Pauwel de Wachter, Yirmed Demeke,
David Edderai, Lori Eggert, Atanga Ekobo, David Erickson, Mike Fay, Charles and Lara Foley, Jean-Marc Foment,
Howard Frederick, Michelle Gadd, Marion Garaï, Debbie Gibson, Maryke Gray, Melissa Groo, Elie Hakizumwami,
Joe Heffernan, Pavla Hejcmanová, Emmanuel Hema, Kes Hillman Smith, Richard Hoare, Bernd Hoppe-Dominik,
Nigel Hunter, Tim Jackson, Christine Jost, José Kalpers, Michael Keigwin, Abel Khumalo, Willy Knocker, Holger
Kolberg, Sally Lahm, Richard Lamprey, Kelly Landen, Josephine Langley, Stephanie Latour, Claire Lewis, Dale
Lewis, Pauline Lindeque, Keith Lindsay, Sebastien Luhunu, Fiona Maisels, Dolmia Malachie, Issa Abdou Malam,
Honori Maliti, Jimmiel Mandima, Michel Mantheakis, Malik Marjan, Rowan Martin, Geoffroy Mauvais, Bakari
Mbano, Alastair McNeilage, Simon Mduma, Emmanuel Mve Mebia, Ludovic Momont, Robert Morley, Cynthia
Moss, David Moyer, Leonard Mubalama, Louisa Mupetami, Ken Mwathe, Awo Nandjui, Anthony Nchifu, Leo
Niskanen, Edison Nuwamanya, Zacharie Nzooh, Luke Ojok, Patrick Omondi, Andy Plumptre, Michal Polanski,
Joyce Poole, Henrik Rasmussen, Mickey Reilly, Janna Rist, Aggrey Rwetsiba, Moses Sam, Richard Sambolah, Tony
Sánchez Ariño, Lamine Sebogo, Riziki Shemdoe, Hezy Shoshani, Hopeson Simwanza, Brice Sinsin, PJ Stephenson,
Jamison Suter, Cyril Taolo, Russell Taylor, Andrea Turkalo, Elsabé Van der Westhuizen, Hilde Vanleeuwe, Fred
Wanyama and Ian Whyte.
We are especially grateful to Debbie Gibson and Fiona Maisels for reviewing parts of the manuscript and for
providing valuable comments and suggestions. We did not always follow their advice, and any errors that remain are
entirely our own. We are also deeply indebted to Mary Rigby for her tireless ‘labour of love’ in maintaining the
African Elephant Library, to Lynne Mansure for her keen editorial eye and to Gene Eckhart for the cover
photograph.
This report was produced with financial assistance from the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs, the Forestry Bureau of Taiwan’s Council for Agriculture, The United States Fish and Wildlife
Service and the European Commission. Our sincere gratitude goes to them for their support.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | 1
I N T R O D U C T I O N
This is the fourth African Elephant Status Report (AESR) produced under the aegis of the African
Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Like its
predecessors, the AESR 2007 is based on data from the African Elephant Database (AED), the most
comprehensive database on the conservation status of any single species of mammal in the wild. The
AESR 2007 aims to provide the most authoritative, comprehensive and up-to-date source of knowledge
on the distribution and abundance of the African elephant at the national, regional and continental levels.
One continuing challenge for the AESR is to interpret apparent trends in elephant numbers, particularly
at the continental level. This is a tall order, as large gaps remain in our knowledge of elephant distribution
and abundance across their range. Furthermore, guesswork still accounts for a large proportion of the
elephant numbers reported in the AED, and an unknown number of elephants remain unaccounted for
in the database.
Clearly, comparing guesses to derive population trends is a meaningless exercise. Yet such comparisons of
elephant numbers continue to be done by many on a regular basis, despite the AED’s existing data
categorization systems and repeated warnings in each edition of the AESR. To help ensure that only valid
comparisons will be made in the future, several new features have been developed and implemented in this
report.
The first of these features is a system for tracking changes in elephant numbers between this and the
previous report, at the national, regional and continental levels. Each section now includes a table showing
changes in elephant numbers grouped by the attributed causes of any reported change. In effect, the
system separates those apparent changes where valid comparisons can be made (REPEAT SURVEYS) from
the rest (e.g. new guesses, different survey techniques, etc.). Where methodologically comparable data
account for a large proportion of elephant numbers at the regional level, a statistical analysis of changes
since the previous report, as described by Blanc et al. (2005), is also presented.
In order to ensure the correct interpretation of elephant status, it is important to give readers an intuitive
feel for the limited quality of elephant data available. To this end, a new Information Quality Index (IQI),
calculated from data contained in the AED, has been developed. The IQI assigns a score from zero to one
for every country, region and the entire continent, and it should enable readers to understand and compare
how data quality varies from one place to another.
Based on the IQI, a system to identify those areas for which population surveys are most needed has also
been devised. The Priority for Future Surveys gives a score of one (highest priority) to five (lowest) to every
site, country and region, reflecting the quality of data and the need to conduct systematic population
surveys. This system is intended to assist managers and donors in prioritizing their elephant population
monitoring efforts, an important exercise in view of limited resources for survey work.
Readers will notice that the convention previously used for titling the AESR has been changed for this
report. In the past, the title African Elephant Status Report (or African Elephant Database in editions prior to
the AESR 2002) was followed by the year to which the most recent information in the report referred. For
instance, the African Elephant Status Report 2002 (Blanc et al., 2003) contained data up to the end of 2002,
even though the report itself was published in 2003. This led to considerable confusion and incorrect
2 | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
citations in the published literature. The AESR 2007 and future editions will be titled using the year in
which the report is published. Thus, the African Elephant Status Report 2007 (this report) contains data
gathered up to the end of 2006. We hope that this new convention will provide greater clarity to readers.
The new convention may give the impression that five years have passed between the publication of the
AESR 2002 and the AESR 2007, whereas, in fact, it has only been three. Nevertheless, financial constraints
continue to make it increasingly difficult to produce the AESR at three or four year intervals. Resources
permitting, we anticipate that in future the AESR will be published every five years.
The AED and its status reports have come a long way in the 15 years that they have been under the
responsibility of the AfESG. The production of the AESR has faced many conceptual and technical
challenges in that period, and the AfESG is keen to share the lessons it has learned. We would like to see
similar monitoring systems adopted for other charismatic/iconic species. The AfESG believes that
expanding the AED to include other such species, thereby creating a multi-species database, would result
in an even more valuable resource, with better prospects of long-term financial sustainability. We would
welcome interest from those wishing to take this concept further.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT DATABASE 3
T H E A F R I C A N E L E P H A N T D A T A B A S E
The African Elephant Database is a spatial database used to store, manage, analyze and disseminate
information on the distribution and abundance of elephant populations on the African continent. In order
to provide a current and accurate picture of the status of African elephants, the database is regularly
updated, and African Elephant Status Reports are produced and published periodically.
Why Count
Elephants?
Information on elephant range and numbers is vital for the effective conservation and management of
Africa's elephants. The elephant is a "keystone" species that plays a pivotal role in structuring both plant
and animal communities (Dublin, 1995; Owen-Smith, 1988; Shoshani, 1993) and often dominates
mammal biomass in the habitats it occupies (White, 1994). While the effect of the African elephant on its
habitat is often beneficial (Cochrane, 2003; Magliocca et al., 2003; Nchanji & Plumptre, 2003; Or & Ward,
2003; Ruggiero & Fay, 1994), it can have a detrimental impact on vegetation where high densities build up
in confined areas (Craig, 1995; Jachmann & Croes, 1989; Swanepoel, 1993; Tchamba & Mahamat, 1992;
Western & Maitumo, 2004).
The potential impact of elephants on their habitats raises important management issues for protected
areas. It is pertinent to ask, for instance, how large a protected area needs to be to support a viable elephant
population without negatively affecting biological diversity (Armbruster & Lande, 1993). Conversely, and
in order to prioritize efforts in elephant conservation, it is necessary to define minimum viable populations
within isolated protected areas (Sukumar, 1993).
Elephant distribution, however, is not confined to protected areas. Indeed, the majority of elephant range
may still be found in unprotected land. This poses additional challenges for wildlife authorities and wildlife
managers (Kangwana, 1995). Levels of human-elephant conflict, for instance, are high in many parts of
the continent, and especially where human and agricultural expansion moves into new areas (Hoare, 2000).
In order to meet these challenges, it is essential that management objectives be clearly defined for both
protected and unprotected areas of elephant range (Lindeque, 1995; Lindsay, 1993). Information on
elephant distribution and abundance must be available in order to set such goals, as well as to monitor the
effectiveness of management actions.
In summary, wildlife management authorities need to know the status of their elephant populations,
whether they are increasing or decreasing and whether their numbers should be regulated to reduce
conflict and to relax the pressure on habitats.
The Need for
a Continental
Approach
The status of the African elephant varies considerably across its range, and the long-term survival of
national populations is more threatened in some countries than in others. While the desire to conserve
elephants is widespread, opinion differs as to how this goal can best be achieved. It is difficult, however,
to make objective decisions about elephant management and conservation within and beyond protected
areas without the sort of overview that a synthesis of continent-wide information can provide.
Continent-wide information is required because elephants move long distances across protected area
boundaries and international borders, and a policy or management decision made in one country can affect
elephant populations elsewhere. Changing land-use patterns or different approaches to tourism, such as
trophy hunting in border areas, may have impacts beyond sovereign boundaries. Likewise, policies
concerned with ivory management and trade, in particular, can transcend political boundaries. Many argue,
4 THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT DATABASE | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
for instance, that trading by one country could affect poaching or smuggling in another, and that any
management action which, directly or indirectly, leads to fluctuations in the price of ivory, could ultimately
affect the future of the continent's elephant population (e.g. Bulte et al., 2003; Douglas-Hamilton, 2000).
Regardless of whether this view is correct (Kantai, 2000; Stiles, 2004), monitoring at the continental level
is necessary.
Civil instability and wars often lead to the mass migration of refugees into previously uninhabited areas of
elephant range. Several important Range States are emerging from armed conflict, and have little or no
capacity to monitor their elephant populations. These factors all make it difficult to partition elephant
management into clear political units.
While regional initiatives, such as the Southern African Elephant Survey and Monitoring Programme
(ELESMAP), which involved most Southern African Range States in the 1990s (Craig, 1996a), are
necessary to census and manage shared, cross-border populations, a continental perspective is also of
utmost importance for identifying conservation priorities at the regional and continental levels.
History of
the AED
The AED was initiated by Iain Douglas-Hamilton in 1986. The objective of the project was to develop a
comprehensive picture of elephant numbers and distribution throughout Africa. Using data ranging from
systematic survey results to guesses collected in questionnaires and interviews, a database of elephant
population estimates and distribution was assembled (Burrill & Douglas-Hamilton, 1987) using a
Geographical Information System (GIS).
Initially housed at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya,
the AED was from its inception until April 1998 a collaborative effort of the Global Environment
Monitoring System (GEMS), the Global Resource Information Database (GRID) of UNEP and the
IUCN/SSC AfESG. Towards the end of 1992, the AED became the direct responsibility of the AfESG,
which had by then become a separate group from the African Rhino Specialist Group (AfRSG). In April
1998 the AED was moved from UNEP to its present location in the AfESG offices in Nairobi.
Since 1992, the structure and management of the AED is overseen by a group of technical experts known
as the Data Review Working Group (DRWG). The DRWG meets periodically to review and discuss
technical aspects of the AED. The DRWG oversees the selection and categorization of data to be included
in the AED, agrees on new features and analyses to be implemented in the AED and reviews the technical
content of the AESR. Decisions made by the DRWG are implemented by a full-time database manager.
Prior to the present report, three reports of the AED were published under this framework, namely, the
African Elephant Database 1995 (Said et al., 1995), the African Elephant Database 1998 (Barnes et al., 1999)
and the African Elephant Status Report 2002 (Blanc et al., 2003). These reports are freely available for
download, in PDF format, from the AfESG website (http://iucn.org/afesg). It is a testimony to the
success of these reports that, in the three years since it was first posted on the website, the AESR 2002 has
been downloaded no fewer than 150,000 times.
At a meeting held in Nairobi in September 2002 under the auspices of the programme for Monitoring the
Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species
of Fauna and Flora (CITES), African elephant Range States unanimously adopted the AED as the official
repository of African elephant population data generated by the MIKE Programme (MIKE, 2002a,b).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT DATABASE 5
Database
Management
The AED contains both spatial and non-spatial (attribute) data, managed using GIS software and a
relational database management system (RDBMS). Spatial data layers are currently maintained in ArcGIS
9.1 Geodatabase format within a Microsoft Jet (Access) database, and are stored as polygons or points
depending on the geographic feature type. These data sets are combined with base map data derived from
the Digital Chart of the World (ESRI, 1992), a widely available global geographical data set.
Survey reports are obtained from wildlife management agencies and other organizations, and
questionnaires and maps are distributed to AfESG members and other individuals with possible access to
reliable information on elephant distribution and abundance. Data are received in a variety of formats,
including paper maps, reports, personal communications and geo-referenced digital data. Information
from paper maps is digitized and geo-referenced, while attribute data from reports, communications and
questionnaire replies are entered through the keyboard.
New data are conflated with existing data and boundaries are adjusted to rivers, lakes, and political
boundaries of the base map. Spatial polygon data are maintained in geographic (unprojected) coordinates
in degrees of latitude and longitude. When it is necessary to calculate areas, the data set is projected “on
the fly” into the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection which, when applied to the African continent,
results in minimal distortion to shape, distance and direction while retaining true area information. The
surface areas of input zones, protected areas and elephant range as calculated by the GIS are aggregated at
national, regional and continental levels to determine their total surface area. In addition, the overlay
capabilities of GIS are used to determine percentages of both protected and surveyed elephant range.
6 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
D A T A T Y P E S A N D C A T E G O R I Z A T I O N
Elephant
Taxonomy
A number of genetic studies published in recent years have suggested that the previously recognized
subspecies of African elephant, namely the savanna elephant Loxodonta africana africana and the forest
elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis, may, in fact, constitute two separate species, namely Loxodonta africana
(Blumenbach 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie 1900) respectively (Comstock et al., 2002; Roca &
O'Brien, 2005; Roca et al., 2001, 2005). Although many have been quick to adopt the specific distinction
between forest and savanna elephants, the above studies have been criticized on the grounds that their
sampling was insufficiently extensive. There is still no consensus in the scientific community as to the
number of species of elephant currently extant in Africa (Debruyne, 2005; Debruyne et al., 2003). In
addition, the existence of a third species, a West African elephant inhabiting both forests and savannas in
that region, has also been postulated (Eggert et al., 2002).
In 2003, after carefully reviewing the evidence available, the AfESG agreed that, in view of the lack of
consensus among experts in elephant genomics, the premature allocation of African elephants into
separate specific taxa would leave hybrids in an uncertain taxonomic and conservation status, and that
more research is needed before such an allocation can be made (AfESG2003b). In conformity with this
view, the AED and its outputs continue to treat African elephants as a single species.
The AED stores data on two basic variables reflecting the conservation status of African elephants,
namely, distribution and abundance. The collection of data on these variables presents a number of
challenges related to the availability and quality of information. These challenges, and the ways in which
the AED has been designed to handle them to assist in proper interpretation of data, are described in detail
in the subsections that follow.
Elephant
Distribution
(Range)
African elephants occur in a wide variety of habitats, from tropical swamp forests to deserts. Elephants
often move extensively in search of food, water and minerals or in response to disturbance, and the extent
to which they move may depend on a large number of factors. In certain areas, seasonal movements are
predictable, while in others, movement patterns are far more difficult to decipher. These factors, together
with the scarcity of animals at the edges of range, make elephant range a complex concept to define and
pin down. For these reasons, elephant range is broadly defined by the AfESG as the entire area where the
species occurs in the wild at any time.
Collecting precise distribution information on such a wide-ranging species as the African elephant presents
a number of practical problems, often related to the remoteness and challenges posed by some of the
habitats in which elephants are found. As a result, the quality of information varies considerably from one
area to another. The range map for a particular country is often updated by a single individual answering
a questionnaire, and thus subjective elements inevitably affect the collection of range information. Trying
to draw a precise range boundary on maps of varying quality and scale is often an arbitrary exercise. Neat,
rounded lines may be indicative of scanty knowledge in comparison to the fragmented, more detailed
pictures which emerge from countries where more precise information is available. Elephant range often
fits precisely the boundaries of protected areas, because that is where most population surveys are carried
out, and elephant movements in and out of protected areas are often ignored.
Frequently, the depiction of range is also delimited by a natural boundary such as a river or a mountain
range for convenience rather than accuracy. When range information in one country extends to a national
border, it does not always match the range in the neighbouring country. While this is sometimes due to
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 7
steep gradients in human population density across the border, more often lack of reliable information is
the cause of the hard boundaries.
In order to address some of these difficulties, the AED classifies elephant range information into four
categories of certainty, as described in Table 1. In addition, range information in the AED is fully
documented and referenced to original sources of data. This allows some evaluation of the reliability of
range information, based on how and when each record was obtained.
Many areas of POSSIBLE range shown in previous editions of the AESR had not been updated in many
years, and were therefore unreliable. It continues to be difficult to obtain updated information for many
parts of elephant range, and yet many factors may have changed in such areas since the data were first
collected. Human population density and habitat loss, for instance, are known to be major factors affecting
elephant distribution. Hoare and du Toit (1999) found that people and elephants can coexist up to a
threshold of human population density of 15.2 persons per km², beyond which elephants are absent. As
human populations have continued to increase throughout much of the continent, an attempt has been
made to update and improve the reliability of range data in this report. To this end, human population data
was obtained from the Landscan 2002 human population density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002). This data
set models the spatial distribution of human population density by incorporating data from census counts
and spatially distributing them based on a number of other factors, such as distance from roads and night
lights as seen from space. For this report, Landscan 2002 data were overlaid with elephant range data from
the AED, and areas of POSSIBLE elephant range where human population density is estimated to exceed
15 persons per km² were categorized as DOUBTFUL range. As mentioned in Table 1, it is important to
conduct studies in these areas to establish the absence or presence of elephants.
Elephant
Abundance
Although a wide variety of methods are available to arrive at estimates of elephant numbers in an area, no
single method is perfect. Possible sources of bias include the choice of survey technique, surveyor skill,
Table 1. Categorization of elephant range data in the AED
Range Category Definition
KNOWN
Areas in suitable habitat which, if searched with reasonable intensity, are likely to yield signs of
elephant presence. If no information is obtained confirming the presence of elephants for a 10 year
period, KNOWN range is downgraded to POSSIBLE range (below).
POSSIBLE
Areas within historical range and in suitable habitat where there are no negative data to rule out
the presence of elephants, including former areas of KNOWN range where the source information is
more than 10 years old. Areas of POSSIBLE range are considered to be a priority for studies to
establish the presence or absence of elephants.
DOUBTFUL
Areas where there are reasons to believe that elephants are no longer present, but which have not
been formally surveyed. If further corroborative evidence is obtained, areas of DOUBTFUL range
are reclassified as NON-RANGE. As with POSSIBLE range, areas of DOUBTFUL range are a priority
for absence/presence studies.
NON-RANGE
Areas which are known to hold no elephants – be it due to habitat modification, local extinction or
any other reason.
POINT RECORDS
Sightings of elephants or evidence of their presence outside of KNOWN elephant range, shown as
crosses on the maps.
8 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
quality and availability of adequate equipment, financial constraints, climatic conditions and vegetative
cover. Ideally, data on elephants in any country should be collected by a wildlife management authority
using qualified staff and standardized methods for collecting, recording and analysing data (e.g. Craig,
2004; Hedges & Lawson, 2006). In reality, elephant data are often collected by a multiplicity of agencies
and individuals, often without any direct linkage to one another and using a variety of different techniques
based on current opinion and available resources. The result is a collection of data of variable quality in
most countries, and no data at all on many populations. Very few countries have the means, either financial
or in the form of expertise, to conduct systematic surveys on a regular basis. Furthermore, political strife
plagues many Range States and precludes monitoring work.
Elephants are often found in unprotected landscapes, where few surveys are undertaken. In some
countries, elephants inhabit different types of habitat and it is necessary to combine data from different
types of surveys to calculate a national estimate. Seasonal and cross-border movements of elephants are
additional factors that can lead to inaccurate national estimates. To date, there have been few cross-border
surveys to estimate the size of such populations. Instead, they are treated as separate populations on either
side of the border, which may occasionally result in either under- or over-counting.
There is no ideal method for counting elephants. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages and
is applicable in a different situation. The brief description of some of the most important methods below
is not intended to be detailed or comprehensive. For more details, the reader is referred to the specialized
texts available on the subject (e.g. Barnes, 1993; Craig, 1993; Craig, 2004; Douglas-Hamilton, 1996; Hedges
& Lawson, 2006; Kangwana, 1996; Norton-Griffiths, 1978).
Methods of Estimating Elephant Numbers
Methods for estimating elephant numbers fall into three broad categories: total counts, sample counts
and guesses.
Total counts aim to see and record all the elephants in a defined area, either from the air or from the
ground.
Aerial total counts are conducted from fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters, and are only suitable for open
habitats, where elephants are unlikely to be hidden by forest or thick bush. The speed at which the aircraft
is flown also influences the accuracy of the count, with high speeds usually leading to undercounts
(Norton-Griffiths, 1978). Aerial total counts are commonly used in savanna habitats, especially in Eastern
and Southern Africa.
Total counts of a limited area can also be conducted at ground level by teams in vehicles or on foot. These
are uncommon in Africa, but are sometimes carried out in India, where observers ride on domesticated
elephants.
In a handful of places, total ground counts have been accomplished by identifying every individual in the
population. This is only possible for intensively studied, closed populations where animals can be observed
readily. For such individual recognition studies to provide high quality data for the AED, every individual
in the population must be registered. Many ongoing studies have so far only covered a fraction of the
populations being studied, and cannot therefore provide reliable estimates of entire populations.
Sample counts, in which only part of the area is counted (usually between 3% and 20%), are generally
conducted along transects which may be randomly distributed or systematically placed across the study
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 9
area. The resulting data are used to calculate a population estimate with confidence limits. In contrast with
total counts, which tend to produce underestimates of the true population, sample counts have in principle
an equal chance of underestimating or overestimating the true population, provided that sampling error is
the main source of error. In practice, however, factors such as high aircraft speed or dense vegetation cover
will lead to undercounts. Sample counts can be further subdivided into direct sample counts and indirect sample
counts.
Direct sample counts are most commonly made from the air, but may also be conducted on the ground, either
on foot or from vehicles. Aerial sample counts require considerable technical expertise and coordination,
as well as the use of expensive equipment such as radar altimeters. Aerial sample counts are the most
commonly employed survey technique in Eastern and Southern Africa.
Indirect sample counts are usually the only way in which to obtain objective estimates of elephant populations
in forests, where it is difficult to see any animals. Elephant dung is counted along transects using line
transect sampling techniques, and results are combined with estimates of elephant defecation rate and
dung decay rate, to provide a population estimate with confidence limits. Dung decay rates vary
considerably across sites, and an estimate of decay rate obtained from the study area is crucially important
to arrive at an accurate estimate of elephant numbers (Laing et al., 2003). If properly conducted, dungcounting
techniques can provide estimates that are at least as accurate as those from direct methods, and
more precise than those of aerial sample counts (Barnes, 2001, 2002).
A new indirect sample counting technique was recently applied to the estimation of elephant population
size in forests (Eggert et al., 2003). The technique relies on the extraction of genetic material (DNA) from
as many dung-piles as possible within a given area, and the use of a DNA fingerprinting protocols to
identify the number of unique genotypes (individuals) in the samples collected. The rates of repeat samples
obtained can then be used to estimate the population size for the area using the equivalent of a markrecapture
census technique (Eggert et al., 2003). This technique is likely to find wide application in sites
where other methods are unlikely to give reliable results, for example, areas of mixed habitat and areas with
low densities of elephants where other methods would give wide confidence limits.
Guesses are often the only kind of estimate obtainable for many areas. Organizing an elephant survey,
whether a total or sample count, from the air or on the ground, requires a considerable investment in
manpower, equipment, time and money, and this is often not feasible. It is then that guesses made by
people who know the area in question have to be relied upon. If informants provide sufficient data to
permit an evaluation of the accuracy of their estimate, such as a survey estimate with little or no details of
methodology, then the estimate is considered an INFORMED GUESS. If no such information accompanies
the estimate, or if an estimate is more than 10 years old, then it is considered an ‘OTHER GUESS’.
Every survey method has its own sources of error and bias, and the choice of method is often not a matter
of selecting the best, but of avoiding the worst (Norton-Griffiths, 1978). In addition, pooling individual
estimates to arrive at national, regional and continental estimates, presents problems of its own. It is
inappropriate, for instance, to obtain a combined estimate for two areas by adding up the results of a
sample count in one area to those of a guess for another. Even if similar methodologies were employed in
the two areas, adding up the results would be of questionable value if the surveys were conducted at two
very distant points in time. For these reasons, it is essential to categorize the information available and to
present it in a manner that truly reflects the different degrees of inherent reliability.
10 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
Elephant population data in the AED are categorized according to data quality and survey reliability,
as described below.
Survey data quality
Data quality is based on survey parameters that may affect the accuracy and precision of the estimate. It
gives an indication of the thoroughness with which a survey is conducted, and thus gives a basis with which
to compare the quality of surveys of a given area that employ the same methodology. A score of 1 to 3 (best
to worst) is given to each survey estimate, as described below.
Ground survey data
GROUND TOTAL COUNTS (GT), including INDIVIDUAL REGISTRATION (IR) studies, are given a data quality
score of 1. It is worth noting, however, that the categorization of IR studies is currently under review, as
many such studies do not always cover entire populations, and hence do not necessarily merit a high quality
rating.
GROUND SAMPLE COUNTS (GS) are rated according to sampling intensity, or sample fraction, which is
defined as the proportion of the input zone covered in the survey. The following quality scores are based
on percentage sampling intensity of a given area:
1. Greater than 20%
2. 5% to 20%
3. Less than 5% or not reported
Aerial survey data
AERIAL TOTAL COUNTS (AT) are categorized in terms of search rate, or the area covered per hour, as follows:
1. Less than 100 km²/hr
2. 100 - 200 km²/hr
3. More than 200 km²/hr or not reported
AERIAL SAMPLE COUNTS (AS) are categorized using sampling intensity. In stratified aerial sample counts,
effective sample intensity, defined as the proportion of animals actually seen to the population estimate, is used
instead. In both cases, the following quality categories are based on percentage sampling intensity:
1. Greater than 20%
2. 5% to 20%
3. Less than 5% or not reported
Dung counts (DC)
1.Percentage Relative Precision (PRP)1 for mean elephant density less than 30% and one of the
following:
a. Dung decay rate measured on site for 50 dung-piles or more
b. Defecation rate measured on site
c. PRP for dung density estimate ≤ 20%
d. Sampling done in both dry and wet seasons
OR any three of the above four conditions in (a)-(d).
2. PRP for elephant density of 50% or less
OR any two of the following three conditions:
a. Decay rate measured on site for 30 dung-piles or more
b. Defecation rate measured on site
1. PRP is the 95% confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the estimate. Thus an estimate of 30 with
confidence limits of ±15 has a PRP of 50%
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 11
c. PRP for dung density ≤ 30%
3. When the conditions for (1) and (2) are not met.
Genetic dung counts (GD)
Effective sampling intensity, defined as the number of unique genotypes identified expressed as a percentage
of the estimate, is used as the measure of quality for genetic dung counts, as follows:
1. Greater than 40%
2. 20% to 40%
3. Less than 20% or not reported.
Guesses
Both INFORMED GUESSES (IG) and OTHER GUESSES (OG) are given a data quality rating of 3.
Survey reliability
Population estimate data entered into the AED vary in quality from the identification of individual animals
to plain guesswork. The addition of population estimates of varying quality into national, regional and
continental totals is, from a statistical viewpoint, strictly invalid and produces misleading results. On the
other hand, discarding low-quality estimates would produce equally misleading estimates, as high-quality
survey estimates are not available for most areas in which elephants are found.
In order to solve this problem, the AED incorporates a system to accommodate all types of estimates by
categorizing them according to their type and allocating them into non-overlapping categories. Thus, while
it is still impossible to produce a single continental estimate, it is at least possible to obtain totals for a
number of categories of differing degrees of reliability.
Four categories are used, each associated with a different level of uncertainty. The categories are DEFINITE,
PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE. In order to place estimates into the appropriate categories,
population estimates are classified according to survey type along a scale of survey reliability ranging from
A (highest) to E (lowest). Each data reliability category contributes to the four categories as detailed in Table
2.
In addition to determining the breakdown of population estimates into DEFINITE, PROBABLE, POSSIBLE
and SPECULATIVE numbers of elephants, survey reliability gives an indication of the level of certainty that
can be placed on a given estimate, as determined by the type of method employed. Survey reliability gives
a basis with which to compare surveys of a given input zone that employ different methodologies.
Derivation
of National,
Regional and
Continental
Totals
The categorization system described above is implemented in the AED through a series of algorithms.
When executed, these algorithms categorize each population estimate in terms of data quality and survey
reliability. The categorized records are then used to produce national, regional and continental totals.
In order to produce national, regional and continental totals, the variances of sample counts are added
together in order to produce a 95% confidence interval for the sum of the estimates (Norton-Griffiths,
1978) before allocation of the pooled estimates to the four groups, DEFINITE, PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and
SPECULATIVE. This is the reason why the regional totals in the DEFINITE, PROBABLE and POSSIBLE groups
are not always the sum of the corresponding national group subtotals. Likewise, the continental total
numbers of elephants in these three groups do not match the simple sum of the regional subtotals.
12 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
Table 2. Categorization of elephant population estimates according to survey type and contribution of each to the four categories of elephant numbers.
Survey
Reliability
Survey type(s) Categorization of estimates
A
• INDIVIDUAL REGISTRATIONS (IR)
• AERIAL TOTAL COUNTS (AT)
• GROUND TOTAL COUNTS (GT)
DEFINITE = the population estimate.
PROBABLE = none.
POSSIBLE = none.
SPECULATIVE = none.
B
• AERIAL SAMPLE COUNTS (AS)or GROUND
SAMPLE COUNTS (GS) with 95%
confidence limits
• DUNG COUNTS (DC) with 95% confidence
limits and an estimate of dung decay rate
obtained on site
DEFINITE = the lower 95% confidence limit of the
population estimate (there are at least this number of
elephants) or the number actually seen, whichever is
greater.
PROBABLE = the differencea between the estimate and
the lower confidence limit, or between the estimate
and the actual number seen or between the estimate
and zero, if the lower confidence limit is negativeb
.
POSSIBLE = the difference between the upper
confidence limit and the estimate.
SPECULATIVE = none.
C
• DUNG COUNTS (DC) with 95% confidence
limits but no on-site measurement of dung
decay rate
• GENETIC DUNG COUNTS (GD)
DEFINITE = none, or the number actually seen, if givenc
.
PROBABLE = the population estimate.
POSSIBLE = the difference between the upper
confidence limit and the estimate.
SPECULATIVE = none.
D
• AERIAL SAMPLE COUNTS (AS), GROUND
SAMPLE COUNTS (GS) and DUNG COUNTS
(DC) without 95% confidence limits
• INFORMED GUESSES (IG)
DEFINITE = the number actually seen, if given.
PROBABLE = none.
POSSIBLE = the population estimate or the lower
estimate if a range is given, minus the actual number
seen, if given.
SPECULATIVE = the difference between upper and lower
estimates, if given.
E
• OTHER GUESSES (OG)
• Any of the above survey types in which
the estimate is over 10 years old
DEFINITE = the number actually seen, if given.
PROBABLE = none.
POSSIBLE = none.
SPECULATIVE = the estimate, or the mean of the upper
and lower limit, minus the actual number seen, if given.
a. Rounded to the nearest whole number if necessary.
b. If the lower confidence limit of the estimate is a negative figure, the estimate will be zero or, if reported, the actual number of elephants seen
in the survey.
c. For dung counts it is assumed that there are no elephants unless any are observed directly (which is seldom the case). This is because, unlike
with aerial surveys, where the estimate is almost invariably lower than the true population size, dung counts may underestimate or
overestimate the population size, depending on the choice of parameters used (such as forest area, decay rate, or the mathematical model
used). For genetic dung counts (GD) the number of distinct genotypes identified is regarded as the number of elephants actually “seen”.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 13
At all levels of addition (national, regional and continental), estimates in the DEFINITE (Df), PROBABLE (Pr),
POSSIBLE (Ps) and SPECULATIVE (Sp) totals are non-overlapping. In other words, a POSSIBLE estimate
does not include DEFINITE or PROBABLE estimates. Thus, for a country, a region or the entire continent
there are, simply speaking, “definitely” Df elephants, “probably” Df + Pr elephants, “possibly” Df + Pr
+ Ps elephants and “speculatively” Df + Pr + Ps + Sp elephants.
It is important to note that the totals presented for each country and region are minimum estimates, based
on the estimates for the areas that have been surveyed or for which guesses are available in that country
or region. In many countries, and in all regions, there are large areas of elephant range where elephant
numbers have not been estimated. No extrapolations have been performed for these areas in the AED,
and they are therefore not included in the totals. If all of the elephant range is listed, then the totals are
national estimates. If, on the other hand, estimates are only given for a fraction of the elephant range in
the country, the total cannot be considered a total national estimate. For this reason, the estimates given
for the regions and for the continent cannot be interpreted as complete regional and continental estimates
respectively.
Changes
in Elephant
Numbers
One of the questions that most interests decision makers involved in African elephant conservation and
management is whether elephant populations increase or decrease over time at the continental level. Many
authors have in the past incorrectly compared estimates from different AESRs to derive continental
population trends (e.g. Government of Kenya & Government of India, 2002). This is invalid and
misleading for a number of reasons, as described in Blanc et al. (2005), from which the text below is
adapted.
Many of the continent’s elephant populations have never been systematically surveyed. Most elephant
surveys tend to concentrate in and around protected areas, although nearly 70% of elephant range may lie
outside these (see this report). Any changes reported in the AESRs are only derived from a subset of all
elephant populations, and may therefore not reflect overall changes in numbers. The extent of unsurveyed
range across the continent amounts to nearly half of the total elephant range in Africa (this report), but
even this estimate is subject to considerable uncertainty. As noted above, elephant distribution data for the
AED are obtained from questionnaire replies and other potentially unreliable sources, which can quickly
become outdated, and knowledge on the actual extent of elephant range remains unreliable.
Many important populations are not surveyed frequently and several have only been surveyed once. In
consequence, any one AESR repeats a number of estimates from the previous report because these are still
the most up-to-date available. This makes using total numbers invalid as a measure of change, as constancy
of numbers at some sites reflects only the same information carried forward from one status report to the
next. The totals in the DEFINITE and PROBABLE categories may decline where an out-of-date estimate has
been degraded to the SPECULATIVE category and no more recent information is available. Conversely,
where a population is surveyed for the first time, the resultant increase in the total is due not to population
increase, but to the inclusion of new information. False increases (or decreases) may also happen when the
boundary of the study area changes between surveys, although the site name remains the same. When only
parts of the ranges of elephant populations are included in the surveyed area, changes in estimates may be
caused by elephant movements rather than real changes in population size.
Even where two successive surveys of the same area are available, misleading changes may be observed
when different methods, liable to different levels of accuracy or bias, are used in the two consecutive
surveys. Variation in survey conditions – like the time of the year or even the use of different survey crews
14 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
– may result in changes in numbers of elephants seen, thus contributing to differences recorded over time.
In addition, many estimates come from sample surveys, and are therefore subject to statistical sampling
error. As a result, differences between successive estimates could be due purely to chance, but can still
make a large contribution to the differences between totals.
In order to disentangle these confounding factors from real changes in elephant numbers at the national,
regional and continental levels, a new system to track changes in estimates and their ostensible reasons has
been devised and implemented in the AED. The system relies on linking estimates contained in the current
version of the AED to the corresponding estimates contained in the version of the AED used to produce
the previous report, and assigning a “cause of change” to each pair of estimates, as described in Table 3.
Changes in estimates are then grouped by cause of change, and overall differences in the DEFINITE,
PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories are calculated at the national, regional and continental
levels.
While the REPEAT SURVEY group (see Table 3) contains all those sites where surveys have been repeated
using comparable methods, not all pairs of estimates in that group are necessarily statistically comparable.
Other factors described above but not captured by the tracking system, such as a different season or
different survey crew, could still render comparisons meaningless. Where it is suspected that such factors
may be responsible for the difference in the estimates, the survey pair is deemed not to be comparable and
is marked RS′.
Where the more recent surveys in methodologically comparable survey pairs account for a large
proportion of the DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate for a given region, a statistical comparison of elephant
numbers over time, albeit restricted to a segment of the population, can be performed (see Blanc et al.,
2005 for details). A list of methodologically comparable surveys featured in this and the previous report is
provided in Appendix II.
Overall Quality of
Information and
Survey Priorities
The status of African elephants varies considerably across their range, with elephants occurring in large,
dense populations in some parts of the continent but only surviving in small, fragmented populations in
others. In a very similar way, the quality and extent of knowledge on elephant status varies widely across
the continent. Some populations have never been surveyed, or are only surveyed rarely, while others are
counted annually. The objectives of the AED include promoting the use of standardized, reliable survey
techniques throughout elephant range, as well as facilitating the task of donors, wildlife authorities and
decision-makers in prioritizing their efforts to monitor elephant populations.
In order to assist in meeting these objectives, a simple index has been developed to measure the quality of
elephant population data available at the national, regional and continental levels. Based on this index, a
system to identify and prioritize the areas, countries and regions where systematic surveys are most needed
has also been developed and implemented in the AED. These new measures, both of which are calculated
from data contained in the AED, are described in turn below.
Information Quality Index (IQI)
If all elephant populations on the continent were systematically surveyed, and unbiased estimates with
measured precision produced, the sum of the DEFINITE and PROBABLE categories in the AED would be
an accurate statement of true elephant numbers. Even with incomplete data, the sum of these two
categories provides the “best estimate” of elephant numbers from systematic surveys (i.e. surveys in data
reliability categories A−C).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION 15
A good indication of the overall quality of available survey data is given by the ratio of good-quality
population data to total population data (i.e. the sum of the DEFINITE, PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and
SPECULATIVE categories). This ratio, or ‘probable fraction’ (PF), is therefore defined as
In order to make it a more meaningful indicator of the quality of information, however, the PF needs to
be combined with a measure of the completeness of estimate coverage. Such a measure can be obtained
simply from the proportion of total range for which population estimates (of any quality) are available.
Thus, the Assessed Range Fraction (ARF), is calculated as
The product of the above two factors gives an unbiased, normalized and scaleable index of the overall
quality of information on elephant population estimates. Thus, the IQI is defined as
Table 3. Codes and descriptions of causes of change as implemented in the AED.
Code Cause of Change Description
RS REPEAT SURVEY Both surveys were conducted using comparable methodologies.
DA DIFFERENT AREA
Both surveys were conducted using the same methodology, but the extent of the areas
covered differ by 10% or more.
DT
DIFFERENT
TECHNIQUE
The most recent survey uses a different survey methodology, or replaces a guess.
NP NEW POPULATION A new entry into the AED, i.e. no previous survey or guess to compare with.
PL POPULATION LOST
The population is known to have disappeared from the site, be it through translocation or
local extinction.
NG NEW GUESS
A guess replaces an older guess or a survey estimate that has been downgraded to the
category of OTHER GUESSES for being more than 10 years old.
NA NEW ANALYSIS
Data from previous report has been re-analyzed or re-interpreted in the light of new
information other than a new estimate.
DD DATA DEGRADED
The estimate in the previous report has been downgraded to the category of OTHER
GUESSES for being more than 10 years old.
⎯ NO CHANGE The estimate has been retained unchanged from previous report.
PF
DEFINITE PROBABLE+
DEFINITE PROBABLE POSSIBLE SPECULATIVE+ + +
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=
ARF
ASSESSED RANGE
KNOWN RANGE POSSIBLE RANGE+
------------------------------------------------------------------------=
IQI PF ARF×=
16 DATA TYPES AND CATEGORIZATION | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
The IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). Thus a country or region
where few reliable surveys have been conducted, and which cover only a small portion of its total range,
will have a score closer to zero. A country or region where high-quality data are available for most of its
elephant range, on the other hand, will have a score close to one. Note that at the infra-national (i.e. site)
level, the ARF is constant, and hence the IQI is simply equal to the PF.
Priorities
for Future
Surveys
The IQI can further be used to derive an unbiased system for setting priorities as to the areas that are in
most need of systematic surveys. For a truly accurate continental picture of elephant abundance to emerge,
reliable estimates would have to be available for all elephant range. Thus, countries that account for a large
proportion of total continental range should be prioritized more highly. It is therefore important to include
in the prioritization system the Continental Range Fraction (CRF) accounted for by each country:
To yield a score of Priority for Future Surveys (PFS), the IQI and CRF are combined as follows:
When calculated for each country or region, the result of the above equation, rounded to the nearest
integer, gives a convenient measure, ranging from 1 to 5, of the countries/regions where population
surveys are most needed. At the infra-national (site) level, the CRF is replaced by the proportion of
national range accounted for by the site in question.
Note that the logarithmic nature of the priority scores means that the difference between two successive
priority scores is of an order of magnitude. All areas of elephant range that have never been surveyed, i.e. those for
which estimates are currently unavailable, are automatically assigned a priority of 1. Systematic surveys should be
conducted in areas of unsurveyed KNOWN range. In areas of DOUBTFUL range and unsurveyed POSSIBLE
range, elephant presence/absence should be established prior to conducting systematic population
surveys.
It is important to stress that neither the IQI nor the PFS are measures of the health of elephant
populations, or of overall elephant conservation priorities, but rather of the quality of elephant population
data and of the need to conduct systematic surveys in future. For instance, range loss in a country will often
result in a decline in the proportion of unassessed range, thus causing the IQI to increase and the priority
ranking to decline. A list of all African elephant Range States with their IQI and PFS scores is shown in
Appendix I.
While it is hoped that the PFS system will prove useful for prioritizing elephant population monitoring
efforts, the system is not intended to be prescriptive. Individual Range States may have good reasons to
use different criteria and different systems for prioritizing elephant population surveys.
CRF
COUNTRY RANGE AREA
CONTINENTAL RANGE AREA
-------------------------------------------------------=
PFS
1 IQI+
CRF
--------------
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞log10=
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | HOW THIS REPORT IS ORGANIZED 17
H O W T H I S R E P O R T I S O R G A N I Z E D
Information in this report is presented at the continental, regional and national levels. The continental
section is followed by regional sections, each of which contains the relevant individual country sections,
in alphabetical order. Each section follows the format described below.
Overview Each section begins with a brief overview intended to supplement the information provided by the maps
and tables that follow. The overviews are not intended to provide the reader with exhaustive information
on each country, but simply to describe the current situation and to highlight any factors that may have
contributed to it. This report no longer contains Historical Background sections featured in the previous
report; readers interested in the history of elephant populations can consult the AESR 2002 (Blanc et al.,
2003).
The overview contains the following sub-sections:
General Statistics. This section provides summary statistics of country area, protected area coverage,
area of elephant range, amount of elephant range in protected areas, and the amount of range which has
been surveyed or has elephant population estimates, IQI, CITES Appendix and year of CITES listing.
Only protected areas that fall within the IUCN protected area management categories I through IV have
been included for these calculations. While many important management areas for elephants belong in
categories V (Protected Landscapes) and VI (Managed Resource Areas), their conservation importance
and effective protection is far from uniform across the continent.
Current Issues. Any issues that may, directly or indirectly, affect elephant populations and their
conservation and management. These may include poaching, political conflict, refugee crises, land use and
wildlife management policies.
Range Data. Summary information on how elephant range was determined and categorized, as well as
any changes made to the map since the last report.
Population Data. Description of the areas that have been surveyed and the methods employed, and how
the data have been interpreted and categorized. Any changes between individual and pooled estimates are
described and explained here.
Cross-border Movements. Information on movements of elephants across international borders. This
section is ommited from the Continental Overview.
The text overviews are followed by three tables that summarize elephant population estimates, changes in
estimates since the previous report, and the areas of range covered by each type of estimate. These tables
are described in turn below.
Summary
Tables
Summary Totals Table
The summary totals tables present pooled estimates at the national, regional and continental levels,
separated into four groups, DEFINITE, PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE numbers of elephants,
based on the survey reliability categories (A-E) described in the Data Types and Categorization section. It
is worth repeating that the totals presented for each country are not necessarily complete national
estimates, and depend on the amount of range that is covered by estimates (see below). Totals from the
previous report are also shown on the table.
18 HOW THIS REPORT IS ORGANIZED | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
Interpretation of Changes in Elephant Estimates since the Previous Report
This table shows the breakdown and net changes in the four categories of elephant estimates, grouped by
the ostensible reason for change, as described in Table 3. Due to the method of pooling variances to
calculate totals in the four categories, the calculated changes would not necessarily add up to the net
changes between the estimates presented in this report and the AESR 2002. Thus, and in order to make
the rows of the table add up to the net, each component figure is adjusted by dividing it by the net
difference between the two reports and multiplying that by the total change calculated through pooling
variances. In a few cases, however, the discrepancy between the net and calculated changes is such that the
sign of the components is reversed. In such cases, the change is proportional to the magnitude of change,
but not to its direction.
Area of Range Covered by Each Data Category
These tables depict the contribution of each survey type to the total area (in km²) for which estimates are
available. In addition, areas of unassessed KNOWN and POSSIBLE range are also shown on the tables.
Pooled estimates of elephant numbers for countries or regions where large areas of range remain
unassessed are likely to be underestimates. Large areas of unassessed POSSIBLE range, however, could
simply reflect inadequate information on current elephant distribution.
Table of
Estimates
and Map
A map is shown for each country, region and the entire continent, showing elephant distribution, input
zones, protected areas, national and/or regional boundaries, major towns, rivers and lakes. Neighbouring
countries and regions are shown to highlight important cross-border populations, as well as the spatial
relationships between elephant populations in different countries. A thumbnail locator map is shown at
the bottom of each map to easily identify the location of the country in the continental context.
Input zones are shown with a grey hatched pattern. The reliability of the associated population estimate
is reflected by the spacing of the hatching, with reliable surveys being depicted with a more closely spaced
hatching than guesses.
Elephant range is displayed according to the elephant range categories described in the Data Types and
Categorization section above. KNOWN range is shown in dark green, POSSIBLE range in light green, and
DOUBTFUL range is displayed in a dotted pattern, while NON-RANGE is transparent (white). POINT
SIGHTINGS are shown as crosses on the map.
Protected area boundaries are shown in khaki, and are individually labelled on national maps. The
official designations of protected areas are abbreviated on the labels; a list of these abbreviations can be
found in Appendix IV. An alphabetical list of protected areas within elephant range, including details on
surface area, year of establishment, IUCN Category, and the country in which they are found is shown in
Appendix III. Note that the IUCN Category of any given protected area is not necessarily an indication of
the effectiveness of protection.
Each country map is preceded by a national table of estimates showing an alphabetical listing of input
zones. By providing the location of the centroid of each input zone in decimal geographic coordinates, the
table also serves as a key to the input zones shown on the map. In addition, national tables of estimates
present details on estimates, their quality and other metadata, as described in Table 4. The columns shown
in the regional and continental tables are different from those shown in the country tables, and they are
described in Table 5.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 INTRODUCTION | HOW THIS REPORT IS ORGANIZED 19
Table 4. Details and survey parameters provided in national tables of estimates in this report
Column Description
INPUT ZONE Name of the input zone followed by its legal designation (if any), e.g. Kruger National
Park.
CAUSE OF CHANGE Attributed reason for the change in the estimate with respect to the previous report. As
described in the Data Types and Categorization section, causes of change are coded DA
(DIFFERENT AREA), DD (DATA DEGRADED), DT (DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE), NA (NEW
ANALYSIS), NG (NEW GUESS), NP (NEW POPULATION), PL (POPULATION LOST) and RS
(REPEAT SURVEY). Where an estimate has been retained from the previous report, a
dash (⎯) is shown to indicate that the estimate has not changed. Where a new
systematic survey has been conducted (i.e. RS, DA, DT and NP), the cause of change
code is shown in bold type.
SURVEY TYPE Type of survey conducted and its assigned quality score (1, 2 or 3), as described under
the Data Types and Categorization section.
SURVEY RELIABILITY (RELIAB.) Category (A, B, C, D or E) into which the elephant population estimate falls. Survey
reliability is dependent on survey type and additional criteria, as described in the Data
Types and Categorization section.
SURVEY YEAR Year in which the survey was conducted, or in case of guesswork, the year to which the
guess applies.
NUMBER OF ELEPHANTS Elephant population estimate from the survey or guess reported.
95% C.L. The 95% confidence limit for the estimate or, in the case of INFORMED GUESSES, the
upper range of the guess marked with an asterisk. This cell is blank for surveys in
which there are no confidence limits (e.g. total counts and unreliable dung counts), as
well as for OTHER GUESSES.
SOURCE Author(s) and year of the report, questionnaire reply, personal communication or
published source from which the estimate was obtained. All sources appear in the list
of references at the back of this report.
PRIORITY FOR FUTURE
SURVEYS (PFS)
Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for
by the input zone, the PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency of the need for
future systematic surveys. Priorities range from 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). All areas of
unassessed range (i.e. un-hatched areas on the map) are considered to be of the highest
priority (1). For full details on the how the PFS is calculated, please refer to the Data
Types and Categorization section.
AREA Size of the input zone in square kilometres (km²). Where available, the area given is as
reported by the reference source. If unreported, the area is either derived from the size
of the protected area(s) to which the estimate refers, or is calculated using the GIS in
the Lambert Azimuthal Equal area projection.
MAP LOCATION Longitude (LON) and latitude (LAT) of the centroid of the input zone, given in decimal
degrees with one decimal.
20 HOW THIS REPORT IS ORGANIZED | INTRODUCTION African Elephant Status Report 2007
Table 5. Details of the columns shown in the regional and continental tables of estimates of this report.
Column Description
COUNTRY / REGION Name of the country or region.
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Elephant numbers in the four categories (DEFINITE, PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and
SPECULATIVE).
RANGE AREA (KM²)
Estimated total elephant range area (KNOWN + POSSIBLE range) in the country or
region.
% OF REGIONAL RANGE
Percentage of the regional/continental range accounted for by the country/region in
question. Rounded to the nearest integer.
% OF RANGE ASSESSED
Percentage of elephant range in the country or region for which elephant estimates
are available.
INFORMATION QUALITY INDEX (IQI)
In the regional tables, the IQI is shown for each country, and for the entire region in
the totals row. In the continental table, the IQI is shown for each region and for
the continent in the totals row. Please refer to the Data Types and Categorization
section for details on how the IQI is calculated. A complete list of all Range States
with their IQI scores can be found in Appendix I.
PRIORITY FOR FUTURE SURVEYS
(PFS)
In the regional tables, the PFS is shown for each country, and for the entire region in
the totals row. In the continental table, the PFS is shown for each region. No
priority is shown for the continent as a whole. Please refer to the Data Types and
Categorization section for details on how the PFS score is calculated. A complete
list of all Range States with their PFS scores can be found in Appendix I.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 AFRICA | CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW 21
A F R I C A
C O N T I N E N T A L O V E R V I E W
General
Statistics
Total area: 22,617,267 km²
Range area (% of continent): 3,335,827 km² (22%)
Protected area coverage (% of continent): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 31%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.41
Current Issues In broad terms, the main issues affecting elephant conservation across the continent today are habitat loss
and fragmentation; human-elephant conflict; poaching for meat and ivory; and negative localized impacts
of elephants on their habitats. The relative importance of these issues varies considerably across countries
and regions, and these are discussed in more detail at the regional and national levels.
In response to the issues and threats identified, two regions, namely West and Central Africa, have
developed their own regional strategies for the conservation of elephants (AfESG, 2003a, 2005), and
Southern Africa has now embarked on a similar process.
The one issue that continues to engage the continent as a whole is the debate over the legalization of the
international trade in ivory, which still divides countries holding diametrically opposing views.
Range Data Elephants occur in 37 Range States in sub-Saharan Africa. Savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana)
are found predominantly in Eastern and Southern Africa, while forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)
occur primarily in the Congo Basin of Central Africa. In West Africa, elephants live in both forest and
savanna habitats, but their taxonomic status remains uncertain.
The distribution of elephants varies considerably across the four regions – from small, fragmented
populations in West Africa to vast, virtually undisturbed tracts of elephant range in Central and Southern
Africa. Southern Africa has the largest extent of elephant range of any region, and accounts for 39% of the
species’ total range area. Central and Eastern Africa follow with 29% and 26% of the continental total
respectively, while West Africa accounts for only 5%. Detailed knowledge of the status of elephant
distribution is scanty in many parts of the continent, however, particularly in Central Africa, and in
countries emerging from armed conflict, such as Angola, Sudan, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
The total area of elephant range at the continental level is currently estimated at over 3.3 million km². This
is nearly 1.6 million km², or 32%, less than the range estimated for the previous report. This change in the
estimated range is primarily due to the updating and improvement of previously unreliable information on
elephant distribution, particularly in Central Africa, and should not be construed as a rapid reduction in
actual elephant range in recent years. Improved knowledge of elephant distribution is reflected in the
proportion of range categorized as KNOWN, which has increased from 38% to 63%. Much of the remaining
information on POSSIBLE range is now over 10 years old.
Population Data This report features new or updated estimates for a total of 197 sites, over three-quarters of which are
derived from systematic surveys. The proportion of elephant range for which elephant estimates are
available, currently standing at 51%, has not changed notably since the previous report. However, the
overall reliability of estimates has increased considerably, with estimates from systematic surveys now
22 CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW | AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
accounting for 29% of total range, versus 17% in the previous report. Indeed, the overall quality of
information, as measured by the IQI, has improved by 20% since the previous report as a result of new
surveys in previously unassessed areas and the replacement of guesses with estimates from systematic
surveys.
Holding nearly 58% of the continent’s DEFINITE plus PROBABLE elephants, Southern Africa has by far the
largest known number of elephants in any region. Eastern Africa comes a distant second, with 30%. While
Central Africa is an even more distant third (10.7%), its regional estimates in the POSSIBLE and
SPECULATIVE categories are large compared to other regions. A substantial investment to improve the
quality of data for Central Africa may therefore considerably increase its ranking in this respect. With only
1.5% of the continental DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate, West Africa continues to hold the smallest
regional population by any measure.
The number of elephants in the DEFINITE category has increased by about 70,200 since the AESR 2002,
largely as a result of updated estimates for sites where comparable survey techniques were employed. The
estimate under the PROBABLE category has increased by over 23,600, primarily due to new dung count
estimates in Gabon, where estimates had previously been degraded to the category of OTHER GUESSES
because they were long out of date. Figures under the POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories, on the other
hand, have declined by around 15,500 and 49,000 respectively. This is largely due to new guesses, the
degradation of old data from the POSSIBLE to the SPECULATIVE category, the reanalysis of old data for
Gabon and the removal of guesses for areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo where elephants may
not have even been present at the time of the previous report. In other words, the changes in these two
categories are reflective of changes in the quality of information, and not of actual changes in elephant
numbers.
Estimates from methodologically comparable surveys (i.e. those labelled REPEAT SURVEY or RS in the
national tables of estimates) account for over two-thirds of the continental DEFINITE plus PROBABLE
estimate. However, most comparable surveys were conducted in Southern and Eastern Africa (see
Appendix II for a list of sites), and it would not be valid to analyze continental changes based largely on
data from these two regions. It is nevertheless possible to conduct an analysis restricted to the data from
these two regions combined (see Blanc et al. (2005) for details on methods), which together account for
88% of the continental DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate. The results of this analysis indicate an increase
of 66,302 elephants (95% CI 21,777 to 110,827) in the combined estimates for the comparable
populations. This highly significant increase (t = 2.92, p < 0.01) translates into an estimated annual rate of
increase of 4.00% (95% CI of rate 1.14% to 6.58%) in the comparable populations during the period
between the AESR 2002 and this report.
It should be emphasized that these results refer only to the relevant total numbers, as there are insufficient
data in most cases to make valid comparisons at the site level. Similarly, the results do not imply a uniform
increase across all sites, but merely an increase on average. Although the estimated rates of increase are
within biologically possible limits, it is impossible to determine whether changes are due solely to natural
population growth. While the possibility that elephant movements may have contributed to the observed
increases cannot be ruled out, it is unlikely that much of the unsurveyed range contains high densities of
elephants. It must be reiterated that this analysis says nothing about the situation in Central or West Africa,
where there are insufficient data to draw any conclusions. The results of similar analyses conducted at the
regional level can be found in the Overview sections for Eastern and Southern Africa.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 AFRICA | CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW 23
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
CONTINENTAL SUMMARY TOTALS
Aerial or Ground Total Counts 52,320 0 00
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts 416,703 36,566 036,566
Other Dung Counts 601 46,138 08,788
Informed Guesses 2,645 0 6,14838,980
Other Guesses 0 0 44,2160
TOTALS 2006 472,269 82,704 84,334 50,364
TOTALS 2002 402,067 59,024 99,813 99,307
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +53,703 +5,897 +7,715 -617
New Population +3,772 +857 +3,580 +1,480
Different Technique +10,720 +24,031 +2,582 -7,048
Different Area +24,540 -2,631 -2,286 0
New Guess -6,536 -1,283 -9,747 -4,999
New Analysis -6,816 -700 -11,058 -44,885
Population Lost 0 0 -63 -171
Data Degraded -9,180 -2,490 -6,203 +7,297
-48,943-15,479+23,680+70,202NET CHANGE
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
170,682
678,335
83,328
172,379
411,597
597,909
2,114,230
12,334
36,939
24
30,022
113,026
1,029,252
1,221,597
183,016
715,274
83,352
202,400
524,623
1,627,161
3,335,827TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
24 CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW | AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AFRICA: CONTINENTAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS & DATA QUALITY
% OF
RANGE
ASSESSED
% OF
CONTINENAL
RANGE
PFS²
RANGE
AREA
(km²)
REGION IQI¹
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITE
29 52Central Africa 43,098 34,12948,93610,383 975,079 10.22
26 45Eastern Africa 35,124 3,54329,043137,485 880,063 20.36
39 53Southern Africa 24,734 9,75323,186297,718 1,305,140 10.48
5 66West Africa 1,129 2,9397357,487 175,545 30.44
TOTAL* 472,269 82,704 84,334 50,364 3,335,827 0.4151100
* Note that totals for the Definite, Probable and Possible categories are derived by pooling the variances of
individual estimates, as described under the Data Types and Categorization section. As a result, totals do not
necessarily match the simple sum of the entries within a given category.
¹ IQI: Information Quality Index. This index quantifies overall data quality at the regional level based on the
precision of estimates and the proportion of assessed elephant range (i.e. range for which estimates are available).
The IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). See the Introduction section for
details on how the IQI is calculated.
² PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). Based on the IQI and the proportion of
continental range accounted for by the region in question, PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency for
future population surveys, particularly in areas of unassessed range and areas not surveyed in the last 10 years or
more. See the Introduction section for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 AFRICA | CONTINENTAL OVERVIEW 25
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ABUJA
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LUSAKA
BRAZZAVILLE
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KHARTOUM
PRETORIA (Tshwane)
MOGADISHU
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OUAGADOUGOU
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20°E
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30°E
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40°E
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50°E
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10°N 10°N
20°N 20°N
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Regional Boundary
International Boundary
!P
Capital Cities
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
E l e p h a n t R a n g e i n A f r i c aE l e p h a n t R a n g e i n A f r i c a
African Elephant
Specialist Group
0 1,400 2,800700 km
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
26 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
C E N T R A L A F R I C A
R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W
General
Statistics
Total Area: 5,365,550 km²
Range area (% of region): 975,079 km² (38%)
Protected area coverage (% of region): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 33%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.22
Current Issues There have been widespread reports in recent years of intense poaching for both ivory and meat
throughout much of Central Africa, and the region is believed to be the main source of ivory currently
supplying the world’s illegal trade (Hunter et al., 2004). Poaching is exacerbated by new roads for logging
operations and mineral and oil extraction, which provide both access to deep forest and routes for the
transport of ivory and meat.
A widespread lack of institutional capacity and resources, coupled with difficulties associated with
monitoring in forests, result in a general lack of reliable information on the status of elephant populations
in the region. While it is therefore difficult to ascertain the impact that the above threats may be having on
elephant populations, it is feared that elephant numbers may be declining in Central Africa as a whole.
The Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), established in 2002 under the aegis of the Council of
Ministers in charge of the Forests of Central Africa (COMIFAC), received substantial funding from the
United States government over the 2003-2005 period. Funds were largely focused on 11 priority
landscapes, all of which are in elephant range, and were aimed at improving capacity, regional cooperation
and law enforcement efforts.
In 2005, Central African Governments collaborated in the development of a regional elephant
conservation strategy (AfESG, 2005). The strategy aims to reduce the illegal killing of elephants, prevent
the fragmentation of elephant populations, improve knowledge on the status of populations and their
habitats, and to change the negative perceptions of the wider public in the region with respect to elephants.
Range Data Most of the continent’s tropical forests are found in Central Africa, with forest originally occupying much
of the current KNOWN and POSSIBLE range estimate of nearly 1 million km². The majority of this range is
inhabited by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), with savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana)
occurring in northern Cameroon, northern Central African Republic and Chad. Areas of potential
hybridization between forest and savanna elephants exist in northern and eastern Democratic Republic of
Congo and possibly in southern Central African Republic.
Central Africa ranks second amongst the regions in terms of range extent, accounting for 29% of the
continental total, but the estimated range area is less than half that reported in the AESR 2002. This results
from the re-classification as DOUBTFUL range of large tracts of formerly POSSIBLE range in Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Chad, Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo (see individual country
sections for details). The difference is a consequence of better and more updated information, and is not
necessarily an indication of a recent reduction in the extent of actual elephant range. Nevertheless,
although most (93%) of the range data for Central Africa is less than 10 years old, and the proportion of
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 27
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CENTRAL AFRICA
Aerial or Ground Total Counts 3,885 0 0 0
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts 6,166 4,260 4,260 0
Other Dung Counts 0 44,676 8,775 0
Informed Guesses 332 0 30,063 4,105
Other Guesses 0 0 0 30,024
TOTAL 2006 10,383 48,936 43,098 34,129
TOTALS 2002 16,450 32,263 64,477 82,563
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +548 +1,431 +1,768 0
New Population 0 0 +2,210 +1,376
Different Technique -3,130 +29,895 +3,641 -5,239
Different Area -1,130 -10,826 -4,363 0
New Guess -171 -1,645 -11,848 -4,749
New Analysis -21 +20 -9,536 -44,862
Data Degraded -2,163 -2,202 -3,250 +5,040
TOTAL CHANGE -6,067 -48,434-21,379+16,673
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
3,151
62,012
71,491
77,576
258,652
323,430
796,310
0
1,800
0
1,816
27,890
147,263
178,769
3,151
63,812
71,491
79,392
286,542
470,693
975,079TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
28 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
COUNTRY
DEFINITE
RANGE
AREA
(km²)SPECULATIVEPROBABLE POSSIBLE
CENTRAL AFRICA: COUNTRY AND REGIONAL TOTALS & DATA QUALITY
PFS²
% OF
REGIONAL
RANGE
% OF
RANGE
ASSESSED
IQI¹
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Cameroon 179 726 9,5174,965 118,571 112 45 0.03
Central African
Republic
109 1,689 5001,036 73,453 28 95 0.51
Chad 3,885 0 5502,000 149,443 115 26 0.15
Congo 402 16,947 7294,024 135,918 114 23 0.18
Democratic
Republic of Congo
2,447 7,955 4,4578,855 263,700 127 40 0.18
Equatorial Guinea 0 0 630700 15,008 22 13 0.00
Gabon 1,523 23,457 17,74627,911 218,985 122 94 0.33
10,383 48,936 43,098 34,129 975,079TOTAL* 129 52 0.22
* Note that totals for the Definite, Probable and Possible categories are derived by pooling the variances of individual
estimates, as described under the Data Types and Categorization section. As a result, totals do not necessarily match the
simple sum of the entries within a given category.
¹ IQI: Information Quality Index. This index quantifies overall data quality at the national and regional levels based on the
precision of estimates and the proportion of assessed elephant range (i.e. range for which estimates are available). The
IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). See the Introduction section for a detailed
explanation of how the IQI is calculated.
² PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the IQI and the proportion of
continental range accounted for by the country in question, the PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency for
future population surveys, particularly in areas of unassessed range and areas not surveyed in the last 10 years or more.
See Introduction for a more detailed explanation of how the priority ranking is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 29
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C e n t r a l A f r i c aC e n t r a l A f r i c a
African Elephant
Specialist Group
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
Regional Boundary
International Boundary
!P
CAPITAL CITIES
Rivers & Lakes
Protected Areas
Input Zones
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
0 740 1,480370 km
30 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
range classified as KNOWN has increased from 36% to 82%, knowledge of elephant distribution remains
unreliable in many parts of the region.
Two countries, namely the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, account for nearly half of the
regional range estimate. Most of the remaining half is distributed approximately equally between
Cameroon, Congo and Chad, with the Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea accounting for 8%
and 2% respectively. Although a third of the estimated range area lies within designated protected areas,
many parks and reserves in the region lack any form of management or effective protection.
Population Data Survey activity has increased in Central Africa in recent years, largely as a result of initiatives such as the
CITES MIKE Programme and the CBFP, but few surveys have provided reliable estimates of absolute
elephant abundance. Out of 27 new estimates featured in this report, 16 derive from systematic surveys,
but only six are sufficiently reliable to yield estimates in the DEFINITE category, and four of them are aerial
surveys in savanna elephant areas. Only two reliable dung counts were conducted in the forest zone since
the last report, namely in Conkouati (Congo) (Vanleeuwe, 2006) and in Lopé (Gabon) (Maisels et al., 2006).
Surveys conducted for the CITES MIKE Programme in Central Africa during 2003 and 2004 (Blake, 2005)
have only yielded estimates in the categories of OTHER DUNG COUNTS, INFORMED GUESSES and OTHER
GUESSES.
Estimates of elephant abundance are only available for just over half a million km², or 52% of the total
regional elephant range. This represents a decline in coverage with respect to the previous report, both in
relative and absolute terms. The decline is largely attributable to the removal of large tracts of former
POSSIBLE range and their associated estimates in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Reliable estimates
are only available for 13% of assessed range, while guesses still account for 73%. Consequently, elephants
in the POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories still outnumber those in the DEFINITE and PROBABLE
groups.
Although the estimate under the DEFINITE category has increased in areas where surveys have been
repeated using comparable techniques, the overall number of DEFINITE elephants has declined by over
6,000, largely caused by the downgrading of old survey estimates to the SPECULATIVE category, as well as
by new estimates obtained using different techniques and covering different areas. Numbers in the
PROBABLE category have increased by over 16,500 as a result of new estimates using different census
techniques. The considerable declines in the POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories largely result from
new guesses and data degradation, but more significantly from the removal of estimates for areas that are
no longer believed to hold elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Although overall data quality, as measured by the IQI, has improved compared to the previous report,
Central Africa continues to be the region with the lowest ranking on this score, and it is impossible to make
valid comparisons of elephant numbers over time for the region. At the country level, the quality of
available information is currently lowest in Equatorial Guinea, followed by Cameroon, which still holds
elephant populations of potential continental significance. Chad, Congo and the Democratic Republic of
Congo all have comparably low levels of data quality, while Gabon and Central African Republic have the
highest overall levels in the region.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephant movements may occur between Central and Eastern Africa, across the borders of the
Democratic Republic of Congo with Sudan and Uganda. In addition, movements occur between Central
and West Africa, across the borders of Cameroon and Nigeria.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CAMEROON 31
C A M E R O O N
General
Statistics
Country area: 475,440 km²
Range area (% of country): 118,571 km² (37%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 8%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 26%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.03
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues In 2002 Cameroon was identified as having the largest unregulated domestic ivory market in Central
Africa, and also as an important entrepôt in the illicit international ivory trade (Milliken, 2002; TRAFFIC,
2004). Consequently, and as required by the draft Action Plan for the Control of the Trade in African
Elephant Ivory adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (CITES Secretariat,
2004), Cameroon embarked on a programme to stem the illegal trade in ivory and other wildlife products.
A considerable number of arrests and ivory seizures have been made in recent years. Despite these
measures, it is widely believed that illegal logging and poaching for ivory and bushmeat continue to pose
a threat to elephant populations (Usongo, 2003).
These problems are compounded by inadequate law enforcement, particularly in the southeast, as well as
by the lack of reliable and up-to-date information on the status of elephant populations in spite of the
ubiquitous presence of international conservation organizations in the country’s major protected areas.
Cameroon continues to have a annual CITES export quota for elephant trophies of 160 tusks (80 animals)
(UNEP-WCMC, 2006), but this quota is not based on elephant population monitoring data (Blake, 2005).
The Boumba Bek and Nki Forest Reserves in southern Cameroon, both of which are believed to hold
important elephant populations, were declared national parks in October 2005 as part of a transboundary
conservation initiative, jointly developed with the Governments of Congo and Gabon.
Range Data Elephants in Cameroon occur in three distinct biogeographical regions. Savanna elephants (Loxodonta
africana africana) are found in the northern Sahelian and Sudanian regions, while forest elephants (Loxodonta
africana cyclotis) occur in the southern forested area (Tchamba et al., 1997).
The Cameroon range map has been substantially altered for this report. The extent of KNOWN range in the
southeast has been considerably reduced, with some areas categorized as DOUBTFUL range, based on
detailed information provided by Sánchez Ariño (2004). Parts of the remaining KNOWN range in the
southeast have been updated with information from de Wachter (2000).
A recent exploration of the Mbam-Djerem National Park only found signs of elephant presence around
the central and southern sectors (F.G. Maisels, pers. comm., 2006c). This area has been categorized as
KNOWN range, while the rest of the park appears as DOUBTFUL range. An area to the southeast of Mbam
Djerem has also been categorized as KNOWN range using information from an analysis of potential routes
for an oil pipeline connecting southern Chad to the Atlantic Ocean (Johnson, 1999). The same study found
evidence of elephant movements in the northeast, close to the Chadian border, and this is depicted in the
form of two crosses on the map.
32 CAMEROON | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Cross-border
Movements
Satellite tracking work suggests that elephants disperse from their northern savanna range as far as Lake
Chad and into Nigeria (Loomis, 2002) in the dry season. There is evidence that elephants leave Bouba
Ndjidah National Park in the wet season and move into the Gagal-Yapala region of Chad, where they cause
crop damage (Tchamba et al., 1997). Further south, elephants also appear to move between southwestern
Chad and Cameroon (Johnson, 1999).
A satellite tracking programme documented the sporadic movement of elephants across the Sangha River
between Cameroon and the Central African Republic (Usongo, 2003). A similar program, started more
recently in Nki National Park, has yet to find any evidence of movement across the border to Congo.
Elephants also move across to Gabon (de Wachter, 2000) and Equatorial Guinea (Bekhuis & Prins, 2003)
to the south.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CAMEROON 33
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CAMEROON
02957260Other Dung Counts
1,3204,6700179Informed Guesses
8,197000Other Guesses
179 726 4,965 9,517TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 2,006 3,058 9,017 3,160
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey 0 -368 +219 0
New Population 0 0 +1,405 +345
Different Technique 0 +178 +147 -157
New Guess +175 0 -2,212 +1,025
Data Degraded -2,002 -2,142 -3,610 +5,144
TOTAL CHANGE -1,827 -2,332 -4,052 +6,357
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,503
7,767
17,269
31,842
58,381
0
734
26,597
32,860
60,190
1,503
8,501
43,865
64,702
118,571TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
34 CAMEROON | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
CAMEROON: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
1,540Abong-Mbang Forest Reserve 1994 100 A. Ekobo, pers. comm., 1994EOG3 13.1 E 4.2 N––– 2
662Bayang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary 2001 457 Bechem & Nchanji, 2001DDC2 9.6 E 5.3 NRS´ 3
1,800Benoué National Park 1991 540 DFPN, 1991EIG3 13.8 E 8.3 N––– 2
2,200Bouba Ndjidah National Park 1991 660 DFPN, 1991EIG3 14.7 E 8.6 N––– 2
2,383Boumba-Bek National Park 2004 318 Blake, 2005DIG3 15.0 E 2.7 NNG 2
255 648Campo (South) National Park 2001 548 Bekhuis & Prins, 2003CDC2 10.1 E 2.3 N––– 3
500* 5,260Dja Faunal Reserve 1995 1,500 M.N. Tchamba, pers. comm.,
1995
EIG3 13.0 E 3.1 NDD 2
3,300Faro National Park 1991 60 Tchamba, 1993EIG3 12.7 E 8.2 N––– 2
271 1,259Korup National Park 1993 425 Powell, quest. reply, 1993EDC3 9.0 E 5.2 NDD 2
2,125 1,985Lobéké National Park 1993 3,719 Ekobo, 1995EDC2 15.9 E 2.3 NDD 2
10* 654Ma'an Region 2000 4 Matthews & Matthews, 2000DIG3 10.4 E 2.3 N––– 3
285* 1,425Mengame Wildlife Sanctuary 2003 1,354 Halford et al., 2003DIG3 12.3 E 2.3 NNP 2
53 850Mongokele Forest Reserve 1991 773 A. Ekobo, pers. comm., 1994EDC2 16.0 E 2.0 N––– 3
148 676Mt. Cameroon 2003 178 Ekobo, 2003CDC3 9.2 E 4.2 NDT 3
1,815Nki Forest Reserve 1998 2,178 A. Ekobo, pers. comm., 1998DDC3 14.5 E 2.4 N––– 2
24,985Sudanian Area 1991 360 DFPN, 1991EIG3 13.7 E 8.3 N––– 1
1025* 1,700Waza National Park 2002 475 Saleh et al., 2002DIG3 14.7 E 11.3 NNG 2
2,425Yabassi Area 2002 63 WWF Cameroon, 2003DIG3 10.3 E 4.5 NNP 2
25Yoko Area 1999 60 T. Sánchez Ariño, pers.
comm., 2004
EOG3 12.4 E 5.6 NNP 4
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CAMEROON 35
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D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P!P !P
!
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
O
uham
Niger
Vina
Djerem
Chad
Piedra Nzas NM
Babules FR
Ejaham FR
Djoli
Kera FR
Yamba
Berete FR
Fungom FR Mbambe FR
Mbam-Djerem NP
Río
Campo NR
Nana-
Barya
FnR
BinderLéré
FnR
Kamuku GR
Sambisa GR
Mandelia FnR
Kalamaloue NP
Bas
Chari
FnR
Chad
Nigeria
Niger
Equatorial
Guinea
Gabon
Cameroon
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Bata
ABUJA
Yaloke
Garoua
Maiduguri
Calabar
Kano
Port
Harcourt
Enugu
Kaduna
OyemMbini
Ouesso
Moundou
Berberati
Bossangoa
YAOUNDE
Ngotto
Douala
Bertoua
Bafoussam
Ngaoundere
Maroua
7°E
7°E
8°E
8°E
9°E
9°E
10°E
10°E
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
C a m e r o o nC a m e r o o n
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 260 520130 km
Waza
Chad Basin
(Chingurmi
-Duguma)
Gagal-Yapala
Bouba Ndjidah
Massenya-
Mandjafa
Babban Rafi
Lac Fitri
Yankari
Marguba
Sambisa
BenouéFaro
Sudanian
Area
Larmanaye
Yoko
Cross River
(Okwangwo)
Korup Bayang-Mbo
Mt. Cameroon
Yabassi
Abong-Mbang
Dja
Boumba-Bek
Nki
Lobéké
Mongokele
Dzanga-Sangha
& Dzanga-Ndoki
Nouabalé
Ndoki
Mengame
Minkébé
Odzala
Campo (South)
Ma’an
36 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
C E N T R A L A F R I C A N R E P U B L I C
General
Statistics
Country area: 622,980 km²
Range area (% of country): 73,453 km² (35%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 13%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 85%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.51
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Elephant populations in the Central African Republic (CAR) are now largely restricted to protected areas,
but the lack of law enforcement, political unrest and porous international borders continue to make
poaching, both in forest and savanna areas, the most prominent threat to the conservation of elephants in
the country.
The eastern part of the Central African Republic has been affected by the influx of refugees from both the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Sudan, putting wildlife populations under considerable
pressure. Ivory and meat trafficking are known to occur between the Central African Republic and the
Democratic Republic of Congo (Turkalo, quest. reply, 2005).
Elephant meat is found openly for sale in a number of markets around Bangui, Bangassou and Ngotto. In
this last area, which is in the process of being gazetted as a protected area, cases of crop raiding by
elephants and other instances of human-elephant conflict are frequently reported (Hakizumwami &
Luhunu, 2005).
The Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and Sangha-Ndoki National Park form part of the Sangha TriNational
Park transboundary protected area. The Government of the Central African Republic is planning
to sign agreements with its counterparts in Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo for the creation
of additional transboundary protected areas, but the success of these will depend on the availability of
sufficient financial support and the capacity to improve law enforcement and monitoring.
Range Data Three known elephant populations remain in the country: a savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana africana)
population in the north in the Manovo-Gounda - St. Floris and Bamingui-Bangoran reserve complexes;
and two forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) populations, one in the southeast, north of the town of
Bangassou; and another in the southwest, in the area stretching from the Dzanga-Ndoki Special Reserve
north into the Ngotto Forest.
Much of the north and east of the Central African Republic was believed to be elephant range until
relatively recently, but it is now thought that poaching has virtually wiped out elephant populations in the
area (T. Sánchez Ariño, pers. comm., 2004). As a result, most of the areas outside the reserve complexes
of Manovo-Gounda - St Floris and Bamingui-Bangoran have been categorized as DOUBTFUL range. A
small patch of range near the town of Yaloke has also been categorized as DOUBTFUL range (T. Sánchez
Ariño, pers. comm., 2004; Turkalo, quest. reply, 2005). There are reports that a population remains around
the town of Bria in the east of the country (Boulet, cited in Hakizumwami & Luhunu, 2005), but this could
not be confirmed.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 37
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
0820820109Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
02168690Other Dung Counts
500000Other Guesses
109 1,689 1,036 500TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 2,977 1,600 2,420 390
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique -2,868 +1,686 -264 -390
New Guess 0 -1,597 -1,120 +500
TOTAL CHANGE -2,868 +89 -1,384 +110
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
53,378
4,234
11,976
3,865
73,453
53,378
4,234
11,976
3,865
73,453TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
38 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
807 37,200Bamingui-Bangoran National Park
& Environs
2005 830 Renaud et al., 2005BAS2 20.0 E 8.0 NDT 1
500* 12,011Bangassou Forest Reserve 2004 500 Blake, 2005EOG3 23.3 E 5.2 NNG 1
216 2,554Dzanga-Sangha & Dzanga-Ndoki
National Parks
2005 869 Blake, 2005CDC1 16.2 E 2.9 NDT 2
146 37,200Manovo Gounda - St Floris
National Park
2005 99 Renaud et al., 2005BAS2 21.6 E 9.1 NDT 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 39
! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Congo
Ouham
Olou
Vina
Lomami
Uele
Chad
Rubi-Tele HZ
Djoli
Kera FR
Yamba
Berete FR
Numatina GR
Bili-Uere HR
Bomu
SNR
Zemongo
FnR
Nana-
Barya
FnR
Avakaba
PrP
OandjiaVakaga
FnR
Radom NP
BinderLéré
FnR
Andre Felix NP
Yata-
Ngaya
FnR
Aouk-
Aoukale
FnR
Bahr
Salamat
FnR
Abou
Telfane
FnR
Bas Chari FnR
Rest of
Gabon
Lac
Telé
Nouabalé-
Ndoki
Siniaka-
Minia
Gagal-
Yapala
Larmanaye
Koloudia-
Doumdoum
Lac Fitri
Massenya-
Mandjafa
Mongokele
Lobéké
Djouah
- Bélinga
Manovo Gounda
- St Floris
Bamingui-
Bangoran
Zakouma
Boumba-
Bek
Dembo
Maiko
Odzala
- Kokoua
Nki
Dzanga-Sangha &
Dzanga-Ndoki
Bangassou
Bouba
Ndjidah
Sudanian
Area
Waza
Chad Basin
(Chingurmi-
Duguma)
Chad
Sudan
Cameroon
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Yaloke
Kisangani
Libenge
Ouesso
Moundou
Sarh
NDJAMENA
Ati
Berberati BANGUI
Bangassou
Bossangoa
Bria
Ndele
Ngotto
Maroua
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i cC e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 330 660165 km
40 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
It is reported that around 100 elephants are occasionally seen in the northwest, close to the borders with
Cameroon and Chad (Oyele, cited in Hakizumwami & Luhunu, 2005), and two crosses are shown on the
map to reflect this.
Population Data All known elephant populations in the Central African Republic have been surveyed since 2004 as part of
the CITES MIKE programme. Estimates from an aerial sample count conducted in the Manovo-Gounda
- St. Floris (830 ± 807) and Bamingui-Bangoran (99 ± 146) reserve complexes (Renaud et al., 2005) have
been used to replace INFORMED GUESSES of 300 and 1,000 respectively (R.G. Ruggiero, pers. comm.,
2003).
A dung count conducted in the Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park
returned an estimate of 869 ± 216 (Blake, 2005). Although this is considerably lower than the previous
estimate of nearly 3,000, which was an INFORMED GUESS based on an individual registration study (A.K.
Turkalo, pers. comm., 2003), the new estimate has to be interpreted in the context of the larger population
of which Dzanga-Sangha’s elephants are part. This population stretches across the border to Congo, where
another dung count in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park returned an estimate of 3,032 ± 755 (Blake, 2005).
The combined estimate for both survey zones is actually higher than the combined estimate in the previous
report.
A dung survey was planned for the Bangassou Forest Reserve, but the low number of dung-piles (7)
detected in the pilot phase drove the surveyors to conclude that the line transect method would not yield
a reliable estimate for this site, and thus to cancel the planned survey (Blake, 2005). The survey team leader
nevertheless guessed the Bangassou population to be between 500 and 1,000 elephants, and this replaces
an estimate of 1,600 ± 1,200 from a 1996 dung count (Kpanou et al., 1998). Any comparison between the
two estimates would, however, be meaningless, as the later estimate is only a guess.
Only 5% of remaining range in the Central African Republic remains unsurveyed, largely as a result of the
categorization of a large portion of formerly POSSIBLE range as DOUBTFUL range. Estimates from
systematic surveys are now available for over 72% of remaining elephant range. As a result of better
information and a more systematic knowledge of the transboundary population in the southwest of the
country, estimates in the DEFINITE and POSSIBLE categories have decreased substantially with respect to
the last report, whereas those in the PROBABLE and SPECULATIVE categories have increased marginally.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants in Dzanga-Sangha are part of a single population that extends across the border with Congo
into the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (F.G. Maisels, pers. comm., 2003). Elephants may also move
sporadically across the Sangha River into Lobéké National Park in Cameroon. The northeastern part of
the Ngotto Forest is believed to be a corridor for elephants moving between Congo and the Central
African Republic, as they are only seen there seasonally (Brugière et al., 2005).
Elephants used to move to Sudan across the eastern border (J. Garang, pers. comm., 2002), but this cannot
be confirmed at present, as there is uncertainty as to the current presence of elephants on either side of
the border. Similarly, it is not known whether elephants continue to move across the northern border to
Chad as they used to (Dejace, 1996; Dejace, 1999), or from Bangassou south into the Democratic Republic
of Congo.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CHAD 41
C H A D
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,284,000 km²
Range area (% of country): 149,443 km² (21%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 16%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.15
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Desertification and drought are believed to be among the chief threats facing elephant populations in
Chad, as the southward advance of the desert increasingly puts elephants in direct competition with
people. The net result of this is increased incidence of human-elephant conflict, poaching, the disruption
of elephant migration corridors and consequent fragmentation of elephant habitat (Hakizumwami &
Luhunu, 2005; Malachie & Lassou, 2002).
The African Parks Foundation may be taking over, as from 2007, the management of Zakouma National
Park, which holds Chad’s largest elephant population (African Parks Foundation, 2006a). In mid-2006 the
illegal killing of 100 elephants outside Zakouma National Park was reported and widely publicized in the
media, but it is not known whether this was an isolated incident or part of a wider problem.
Within the framework of the Yaoundé Declaration, Chad plans to establish a transboundary conservation
area linking Zakouma National Park with the Bamingi-Bangoran and Manovo-Gounda - St. Floris reserve
complexes in the northern Central African Republic, all of which hold important elephant populations in
their respective countries (but see under Cross-Border Movements below).
Range Data Only savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) occur in Chad, distributed in pockets of Sudanian
woodland in the extreme south, as well as in the drier Sahelian Acacia wooded grasslands further north.
Herds may move seasonally between these two zones in search of surface water (Depierre, 1967), but the
largest population is concentrated in and around Zakouma National Park. No elephants are found in the
Saharan northern half of the country.
The range map for Chad has been considerably revised thanks to information provided by Sánchez Ariño
(2004), as well as to data from the Landscan 2002 human population density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002),
resulting in the categorization of much of the south as DOUBTFUL range (see Introduction section for
rationale).
A number of crosses have been added to the map in the southwest, where evidence of elephant presence
was reported by consultants working for an oil pipeline project (Johnson, 1999).
Population Data A total aerial count of Zakouma National Park conducted in 2005 returned an estimate of 3,885 (Malachie
et al., 2005). Another aerial survey was conducted in August 2006, but the survey report could not be
obtained in time for this report. Hence the result of the 2005 survey has been used to replace an estimate
of 1,989 from an aerial total count conducted in 2000 (Planton, 2000). The difference between the two
estimates can be explained by the fact that the 2000 survey was conducted at the end of the dry season,
when elephants begin to disperse beyond the park boundaries. The 2005 survey, on the other hand, was
conducted at the height of the dry season, when elephant density is highest in the park, and when leaf cover
is at its lowest. Thus the 2005 figure is believed to be a more accurate estimate of the elephant population
42 CHAD | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
in Zakouma. The resulting increase in the number of elephants under the DEFINITE category is therefore
likely to reflect better information, rather than an increase in the elephant population.
The rest of the estimates featured on the table have been retained unchanged from the previous report.
Despite the categorization of large areas of formerly POSSIBLE range as DOUBTFUL range, nearly threequarters
of estimated range area in Chad remain unsurveyed. Although these unsurveyed areas are unlikely
to contain large numbers of elephants, the estimates reported here cannot be considered a national
estimate.
Cross-border
Movements
Between 300 and 400 elephants migrate between Lake Chad and northern Cameroon, but spend most of
their time in the latter (Tchamba et al., 1997). It is thought that these elephants come into conflict with
human communities on their migration between the two countries. Dejace (1996) also believed that
elephants move between Chad and the Central African Republic, but this has not been verified.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CHAD 43
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CHAD
0003,885Aerial or Ground Total Counts
5502,00000Informed Guesses
3,885 0 2,000 550TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 1,989 0 2,000 550
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +1,896 0 0 0
TOTAL CHANGE +1,896 0 0 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
3,151
35,048
63,045
101,244
0
12
48,187
48,200
3,151
35,061
111,232
149,443TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
44 CHAD | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
CHAD: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
100* 2,409Dembo Area 2002 600 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 18.0 E 8.2 N––– 2
100* 4,640Gagal-Yapala Area 2002 400 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 14.9 E 9.1 N––– 2
50* 2,180Koloudia-Doumdoum Area 2002 50 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 15.3 E 13.4 N––– 2
100* 11,670Lac Fitri Area 2002 200 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 17.6 E 12.9 N––– 2
50* 2,180Larmanaye Area 2002 100 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 15.5 E 8.1 N––– 2
50* 10,864Massenya-Mandjafa Area 2002 150 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 16.3 E 11.3 N––– 2
100* 4,740Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve 2002 500 Malachie & Lassou, 2002DIG3 18.2 E 10.4 N––– 2
2,987Zakouma National Park 2005 3,885 Malachie et al., 2005AAT2 19.7 E 10.8 NRS´ 3
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CHAD 45
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! ! !
! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D !P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Olou
Vina
O
uham
Chad
Djoli Kera FR
Yamba
Berete FR
Zemongo FnR
Nana-
Barya
FnR
Avakaba
PrP
OandjiaVakaga
FnR
Radom
NP
BinderLéré
FnR
Andre
Felix NP
Yata-
Ngaya
FnR
Aouk-
Aoukale
FnR
Bahr
Salamat
FnR
Sambisa GR
Abou Telfane FnR
Bas Chari FnR
Marguba
Siniaka-Minia
Gagal-Yapala
Larmanaye
Koloudia-
Doumdoum
Lac
Fitri
Massenya-
Mandjafa
Manovo Gounda
- St Floris
Bamingui-
Bangoran
Zakouma
Dembo
Gashaka-Gumti
Faro Benoué
Kambari
Bouba
NdjidahSudanian
Area
Yankari
WazaSambisa
Chad Basin
(Chingurmi-
Duguma)
Chad
Sudan
Nigeria
Niger
Libya
Egypt
Algeria
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
Garoua
Maiduguri
Moundou
Sarh
NDJAMENA
Ati
Abeche
Ndele
Ngaoundere
Maroua
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
18°N 18°N
19°N 19°N
20°N 20°N
21°N 21°N
22°N 22°N
23°N 23°N
C h a dC h a d
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 390 780195 km
46 CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
C O N G O
General
Statistics
Country area: 342,000 km²
Range area (% of country): 135,918 km² (73%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 10%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 20%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.18
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Poaching of elephants for ivory and meat, fuelled by the proliferation of firearms, along with the
commercial exploitation of timber and petroleum are believed to be the most important threats facing
elephants in Congo. These problems are aggravated by lack of resources and weak institutional capacity to
enforce regulations. Human-elephant conflict, particularly in the form of crop raids, is reported to be a
problem, particularly in the areas around Odzala, Conkouati and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Parks
(Hakizumwami & Luhunu, 2005).
Congo is a signatory of a number of regional agreements that aim to promote the conservation of the
rainforest, to harmonize logging regulations and to curb illegal logging. These include the Yaoundé
Declaration and the Brazzaville Process. In addition, Congo participates in two transboundary
conservation initiatives with neighbouring countries. The Sangha Tri-National Park, which includes
Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (Congo), Lobéké National Park (Cameroon) and the Dzanga-Ndoki
National Park and Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve (Central African Republic), was the first of these to be
established, and has resulted in a number of joint anti-poaching operations. In addition, Congo has begun
collaboration with Cameroon and Gabon for the creation of a transboundary protected area that includes
Odzala National Park in Congo, Minkébé National Park in Gabon and Dja Faunal Reserve and Nki and
Boumba-Bek National Parks in Cameroon.
Range Data Most of Congo’s elephant range lies in the northern forested area, where only forest elephants (Loxodonta
africana cyclotis) are believed to occur. For this report, much of centre and south of the country has been
categorized as DOUBTFUL range, based on information provided by Sánchez Ariño (2004). The area of
KNOWN range in and around Conkouati-Douli National Park has been extended based on data provided
by Vanleeuwe (2006).
Population Data A dung count of Odzala-Kokoua National Park conducted in 2005 gave an estimate of 13,545 elephants
with an asymmetric confidence interval of 10,836 to 17,608 (Wildlife Conservation Society, 2006). This
replaces an estimate of 18,222 from a dung count conducted in 2000 (Hart & Beyers, 2002). In spite of the
area covered in the 2006 survey being 73% larger, the estimate is lower by 4,677 elephants. This difference,
however, is not statistically significant.
An estimate of 3,032 ± 755 from a dung count of Nouabalé Ndoki National Park and an adjacent logging
concession, conducted in 2003 (Blake, 2005), replaces a previous INFORMED GUESS of 431 (Maisels,
2002b). The 2003 estimate must be interpreted in conjunction with that for the Dzanga-Sangha and
Dzanga-Ndoki National Parks in the Central African Republic which, together with Nouabalé-Ndoki,
constitute a single transboundary population estimated at around 3,400 elephants (Blake, 2005).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CONGO 47
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CONGO
0370370402Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
03,33816,5770Other Dung Counts
72931600Informed Guesses
402 16,947 4,024 729TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 431 18,222 6,572 2,300
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 +429 +729
Different Technique -29 +3,404 +170 -2,300
Different Area 0 -4,679 -3,146 0
TOTAL CHANGE -29 -1,275 -2,548 -1,571
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
2,592
21,952
5,733
87,640
117,918
345
0
121
17,535
18,001
2,937
21,952
5,854
105,176
135,918TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
48 CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
CONGO: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
370 3,850Conkouati National Park 2005 772 Vanleeuwe, 2006BDC2 11.5 E 3.9 SDT 2
729* 4,400Lac Telé Community Reserve 2004 316 Iyenguet et al., 2007DDC3 17.3 E 1.1 NNP 2
755 6,660Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park 2003 3,032 Blake, 2005CDC2 16.7 E 2.7 NDT 2
3,252 13,545Odzala - Kokoua National Park 2005 13,545 Wildlife Conservation Society,
2006
CDC2 14.9 E 1.0 NDA 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | CONGO 49
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Congo
L.Mai-
Ndombe
Piedra Nzas NM
Altos de
Nsork NP
Dimonika BR
Waka NP
Pleateaux
Batéké NP
Biringou NP
Monte
Temelón NR
Piedra Bere NM
Mont Fouari FnR
Mont Mavoumbou HR
Nyanga Nord FnR
Nyanga Sud FnR Lefini
FnR
Rest of Gabon
Lac
Telé
Ivindo
Minkébé
Gamba
Monts de
Cristal
Mengame
Conkouati
Nouabalé-
Ndoki
Lopé
Mongokele
Lobéké
Djouah
- Bélinga
Boumba-
Bek
Mwagne
Odzala
- Kokoua
Nki
Dzanga-Sangha &
Dzanga-Ndoki
Dja
Equatorial
Guinea
Gabon
Cameroon
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Angola
BRAZZAVILLE
Tchibanga
Franceville
Makokou
Oyem
KINSHASA
Libenge
Pointe-Noire
Sibiti
Djambala
Ouesso
YAOUNDE
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
5°S 5°S
4°S 4°S
3°S 3°S
2°S 2°S
1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
C o n g oC o n g o
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 210 420105 km
50 CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
A number of dung counts have been conducted in Conkouati-Douli National Park in recent years. The
result of 772 ± 370 from the most recent of these surveys (Vanleeuwe, 2006) replaces an INFORMED
GUESS of 1,000 by Maisels (2003).
The Lac Telé Community Reserve was surveyed in 2003 and 2004 (Iyenguet et al., 2007; Rainey, 2004).
The 2003 survey was conducted when most of the park was flooded and it was difficult to detect elephant
dung. The 2004 survey, conducted in the dry season, estimated 316 elephants, with an asymmetric 95%
confidence interval of 98 to 1,045 (Iyenguet et al., 2007). This estimate has been categorized as an
INFORMED GUESS, as the low number of dung-piles encountered makes it unreliable.
Elephant estimates have declined across all four categories in Congo as a result of changes in the quality
and coverage of data. These declines are therefore not indicative of changes in actual elephant numbers,
but rather the result of better information. However, nearly 80% of estimated elephant range in Congo
remains unsurveyed, and it is therefore impossible to ascertain changes in elephant numbers at the national
level, as significant numbers of elephants may be found in the unsurveyed areas.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants are known to move between Nouabalé-Ndoki in northern Congo and Dzanga-Sangha in the
Central African Republic, and these elephants form a single transboundary population (A.K. Turkalo, pers.
comm., 2003; Maisels, 2001). Cross-border movements are also likely to occur between Congo and Gabon
to the west and Cameroon to the north. However, a radio-collaring project in Nki National Park in
Cameroon has yet to find evidence of transboundary movement into Congo.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 51
D E M O C R A T I C R E P U B L I C O F C O N G O
General
Statistics
Country area: 2,345,410 km²
Range area (% of country): 263,700 km² (39%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 6%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 53%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.18
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Poaching for ivory and meat remains the most important threat to elephant populations in the Democratic
Republic of Congo (DRC). The situation is particularly serious in the east, where outbursts of fighting have
continued even after the signing of a peace deal in 2003.
Large amounts of ivory originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo have been confiscated in
recent years (Hakizumwami & Luhunu, 2005), with a total of 17 tonnes of ivory estimated to have been
moved from the Okapi Faunal Reserve alone in the last six months of 2004 (Amboya Apobo, 2004). Most
of the ivory is destined for consumption overseas and is moved through neighbouring countries,
particularly Uganda, the Sudan and Angola (Milliken et al., 2006).
The once significant internal ivory market (Martin & Stiles, 2000) seems to have declined in relative
importance in recent years. A survey of a Kinshasa market in 2005, which is supplied mainly from elephant
populations in central Democratic Republic of Congo, revealed relatively low levels of activity in
comparison to the exports from the east of the country (Mubalama & Hart, in press).
Following widespread reports of incursions of Sudanese poachers into Garamba, the management of the
park and its surrounding hunting reserves was taken over by the African Parks Foundation in 2005.
Although surveys and anti-poaching operations in Garamba and its environs commenced soon after the
new management took over, compliance with the CITES MIKE programme is being implemented more
slowly.
Human-elephant conflict is reported to be a problem particularly around Upemba and Virunga National
Parks, as well as in the Ituri forest, where it intensified as elephants retreated from remote areas where they
were being hunted to areas closer to settlements.
Range Data The Democratic Republic of Congo is transversed by an equatorial forest belt surrounded by savanna
woodlands in the northeast and south of the country. Forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) occur in
the north and central parts, with savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) and forest-savanna hybrids
in the north and the east.
The range map has been drastically altered for this report, with the re-categorization of most of the
country’s POSSIBLE range into DOUBTFUL range based on information from Hart (2006) and the Landscan
2002 human population density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002; see Introduction section for details).
Although nearly 650,000 km² of former POSSIBLE range have been converted into DOUBTFUL range, this
is not necessarily the result of a recent reduction in actual extent of elephant range, but rather a better
reflection of the uncertainty associated with elephant distribution in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
A reconnaissance conducted in the northern and southern parts of the lowland sector of Kahuzi Biega
52 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
National Park in 2005 found no evidence of elephant presence, and these areas have also been categorized
as DOUBTFUL range (Liengola, 2006).
Range in the northern and central sectors of Garamba National Park has been removed, as elephants have
not been seen there for many years (Hillman Smith et al., 2003a). The southern sector of the park and its
surrounding hunting reserves remain as KNOWN range.
An area in the upper Tshuapa basin to the to the east of Salonga National Park, and a patch in the Luamba
area have been categorized as KNOWN range (Hart, 2006; Mubalama, quest. reply, 2006; T. Sánchez Ariño,
pers. comm., 2004).
Population Data The regular survey programme at Garamba National Park conducted two surveys since the last report, one
in May 2003, which returned an estimate of 6,948 ± 3,910 (Hillman Smith et al., 2003a), and another in
April 2004 (Hillman Smith et al., 2006). The estimate of 6,354 ± 3,975 from this latter survey is featured
in this report, and replaces a previous estimate of 5,983 ± 2,320 from a methodologically comparable
survey conducted in 2002. Following widespread reports of heavy poaching in Garamba since 2003
(Hillman Smith et al., 2003b), a reconnaissance survey in August 2005 counted 1,202 elephants in the
southern sector of the park (de Merode et al., 2005). Although the reconnaissance was intensive, the
possibility that elephants could have moved to surrounding hunting reserves or to the central and northern
sectors cannot be ruled out. No evidence of active poaching was detected at the time of the survey. An
aerial total count of Garamba’s southern sector and part of the adjacent Domaine de Chasse de Gangala
na Bodio was conducted in April 2006, and while the final survey report was not available in time for
inclusion in this report, the estimate was 3,800 elephants (Emslie & Lobao Tello, 2006), which is within
the confidence interval of the 2004 estimate.
The Salonga National Park was systematically surveyed in 2004 as part of the CITES MIKE programme.
This survey, which only covered two-thirds of the park, returned an estimate of 1,186 with an asymmetric
95% confidence interval of 666 to 2,114 (Blake, 2005). Hart (2006) estimates that 4,000 elephants occur in
the Salonga ecosystem. The approximate difference of 2,800 between this and the MIKE survey estimate
has been entered in the category of OTHER GUESSES for the unsurveyed areas inside and outside the park.
These two estimates replace a previous INFORMED GUESS of 12,500 for the entire ecosystem (Hart, 2003).
Another survey of Salonga in 2005 explored areas not covered in the MIKE survey, but no attempt was
made to estimate elephant numbers (Hart, 2006).
A dung count of the central sector of Okapi Faunal Reserve conducted in 2006 produced an estimate of
2,688 with an asymmetric 95% confidence interval of 1,624 to 4,424 (Grossmann et al., 2006). This
replaces an estimate of 3,808 with an asymmetric confidence interval of 2,649 to 5,464 (Thomas et al.,
2001). While the two results are not significantly different, it must be noted that the 2000 survey covered
a larger area.
The central sector of Virunga National Park was the subject of an aerial sample survey in June 2006. An
estimate of 348 ± 177 was reported (Kujirakwinja et al., 2006), but the calculation of the estimate excluded
a herd of 120 elephants seen in one of the transects, which were subsequently added to the calculated
estimate. According to the survey report, this was done to avoid inflating the estimate and variance beyond
what the surveyors considered likely for the park. For the present report, the estimate of 348 with an upper
range of 177 has been categorized as an INFORMED GUESS, and replaces an older INFORMED GUESS of
486 (Mubalama, 2000).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 53
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
04,0814,0812,294Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
01,5163,8740Other Dung Counts
2073,2580153Informed Guesses
4,250000Other Guesses
2,447 7,955 8,855 4,457TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 7,667 2,631 34,996 17,554
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey -1,682 +2,123 +1,508 0
New Population 0 0 +37 0
Different Technique 0 +1,430 -10,118 -2,323
Different Area -3,111 +1,748 +94 0
New Guess -403 0 -8,505 -5,920
New Analysis -23 +23 -9,157 -4,854
TOTAL CHANGE -5,220 +5,324 -26,141 -13,097
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,402
29,959
10,665
59,610
121,100
222,736
1,455
0
949
1,290
37,269
40,964
2,857
29,959
11,614
60,900
158,369
263,700TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
54 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
5,232Bushimae 1987 120 Won wa Musiti, quest. reply,
1991
EIG3 23.0 E 7.4 S––– 2
450* 9,671Gangala-na-Bodio 2002 1,000 Hart, 2003EOG3 29.3 E 3.9 NNA 2
4,081 5,525Garamba National Park 2004 6,354 Hillman Smith et al., 2006BAS3 29.5 E 4.2 NRS 2
30* 154Kahuzi-Biega (Upland) National
Park
2005 20 Hart, 2006DIG3 28.7 E 2.2 SNG 4
15* 9,469Luama Hunting Zone 2002 110 Mubalama, quest. reply, 2006EOG3 28.0 E 4.5 SNG 2
10,830Maiko National Park 2005 3,000 Hart, 2006DIG3 27.6 E 0.4 SNG 2
1,348 5,600Okapi (Central) Faunal Reserve 2006 2,688 Grossmann et al., 2006CDC3 28.5 E 1.5 NDA 2
692 22,100Salonga National Park 2004 1,186 Blake, 2005CDC3 21.2 E 2.1 SDT 2
25,140Salonga (Outside) 2006 2,800 Hart, 2006EOG3 21.1 E 2.5 SNG 2
11,730Upemba National Park 2005 145 Mubalama, quest. reply, 2006EOG3 26.6 E 9.0 SNG 2
177* 2,597Virunga (Central) National Park
Sector
2006 348 Kujirakwinja et al., 2006DAS2 29.4 E 0.4 SNG 3
256Virunga (Mikeno) National Park 2003 43 Gray, quest. reply, 2005DIG3 29.5 E 1.4 SNP 4
39 1,550Virunga (North) National Park
Sector
2003 21 Hillman Smith et al., 2003cBAS2 29.8 E 0.6 NNA 3
1,290Virunga (South) National Park
Sector
2002 75 L.K. Mubalama, pers. comm.,
2003
EOG3 29.2 E 1.4 S––– 3
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 55
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D
D
DDD
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Congo
Lomam
i
Cuango
Cassai
Uele
Zambeze
Cubango
Cuando
AlbertNile
L.Tanganyka
L.Victoria
L.A
lbe
rt
L.Mai-
Ndombe
Rubi-Tele HZ
Bire Kpatuos GR
Mbarizunga GR
Dimonika BR
Chimalavera RNP
Pleateaux Batéké NP
West Zambezi GMA
Chizera
GMA
Lukwakwa GMA
Chibwika-Ntambu GMA
Bangweulu GMA
Biringou NP
Bili-Uere HR
MbamDjerem
NP
Mahale Mountains NP
Lefini FnR
Bengangai GRBomu
SNR
Southern
NP
Zemongo FnR
Sagara-
Nyamagoma
Salonga
(Outside)
Salonga
Rest of
Gabon
Lac
Telé
Ivindo
Luama
Yoko
Kafue
Minkébé
Gangala-
na-Bodio
Virunga
(North)
Quiçama
Kahuzi-
Biega
(Upland)
Upemba
Nouabalé-Ndoki
Cáua Camp
Nyampala
Kasonso-
Busanga
Lunga-
Luswishi
West Lunga
Kasanka
Luangwa
Lavushi Manda
Kafinde
Isangano
Nsumbu
Moyowosi-
Kigosi
Okapi
(Central)
Lopé
Rwenzori
Mgahinga
Virunga (Mikeno)
Lobéké
Queen Elizabeth
Mweru wa Ntipa
Boumba-Bek
Mwagne
Bushimae
Katavi-
Rukwa
Virunga
(South)
Virunga
(Central)
Volcans
Bwindi
Maiko
Kibale
Odzala
- Kokoua
Nki
Dzanga-Sangha &
Dzanga-Ndoki
Dja
Abong-Mbang Garamba
Bangassou
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania
Sudan
Gabon
Cameroon
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Burundi
Angola
Huambo
Benguela
Malange
LUANDA
Cabinda
Ndola
Malengue
Luena
BRAZZAVILLE
Juba
Nyanza
KIGALI
Yaloke
Arua
Franceville
Makokou
Lubumbashi
KINSHASA
Goma
Kisangani
Libenge
Pointe-
Noire
Sibiti
Djambala
Ouesso
Berberati
BANGUI
Bangassou
Ngotto
Yoko
Bertoua
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
14°S 14°S
13°S 13°S
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
10°S 10°S
9°S 9°S
8°S 8°S
7°S 7°S
6°S 6°S
5°S 5°S
4°S 4°S
3°S 3°S
2°S 2°S
1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f C o n g oD e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f C o n g o
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 470 940235 km
56 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
The estimate of 21 shown for Virunga North (Hillman Smith et al., 2003c) has been retained from the
previous report, where it appeared as an INFORMED GUESS. As the survey report has since become
available, the estimate is now correctly categorized as a category 2 aerial sample count. The estimate for
Virunga South has been retained unchanged from the previous report.
A reconnaissance of the northeastern sector of Maiko National Park (Amsini et al., 2005) found elephant
densities to be comparable to those recorded in a dung count more than a decade earlier (Hart &
Sikubwabo Kiyengo, 1993). A later survey of the southern sector, however, found comparatively few signs
of elephant presence (Amsini et al., 2006). While neither of these surveys attempted to produce estimates
of abundance, Hart (2006) believes the number of elephants to stand at around 3,000 in Maiko. This
estimate has been entered as an INFORMED GUESS and replaces an estimate of 6,500 from a dung count
conducted in 1992 (Hart & Sikubwabo Kiyengo, 1993).
New guesses for the Luama area and the and Upemba National Park have been provided by Mubalama
(2006), replacing guesses by Hart (2003). Guesses featured in the previous report for Lomami-Lualaba and
Wamba-Lopori, as well as for portions of the Kivu, Equateur and Orientale Provinces (Hart, 2003), have
been removed in this report, as these areas are no longer thought to be elephant range (Hart, 2006). OTHER
GUESSES for Upper Tshuapa and Bili-Uere, also provided by Hart (2003) have been removed, as they were
deemed to be unreliable.
The considerable decline in the POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories caused by the removal of these
estimates should not be interpreted as a recent decline in actual elephant numbers, but rather as the result
of better information. The increase in the PROBABLE category resulting from the Salonga and Okapi
surveys is matched by a decrease of similar magnitude in the DEFINITE category. These changes are largely
due to the lower precision of the 2004 Garamba survey, and to survey estimates obtained using different
techniques (Salonga) and different areas (Okapi).
Despite the re-categorization of a large proportion of the DRC’s POSSIBLE elephant range into DOUBTFUL
range, nearly 30% of remaining range is still only covered by guesses of unknown reliability, and 60% of
range remains unassessed.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants move seasonally between the Virunga National Park and the southern sector of Queen
Elizabeth National Park in Uganda (Keigwin, 2001; Mubalama, 2000). Movements may also take place
between Virunga’s northern sector and the Toro/Semliki range in western Uganda (F. Michelmore, pers.
comm., 1998). Movement between the Bili Uere area and Bangassou Forest in the Central African
Republic is also possible, but has not been confirmed.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | EQUATORIAL GUINEA 57
E Q U A T O R I A L G U I N E A
General
Statistics
Country area: 28,050 km²
Range area (% of country): 15,008 km² (54%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 17%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 27%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Logging and subsistence agriculture are the predominant forms of land use in continental Equatorial
Guinea. Elephant hunting and snaring is reported to be widespread, particularly in the dry season, but most
elephant meat is consumed locally and does not appear to feature prominently in the bushmeat trade. Crop
raiding by elephants is reported to be a problem in some areas, often resulting in retaliatory shooting of
elephants, often without the requisite permit from the authorities (Malabo) (Rist, quest. reply, 2005).
Despite the recent development of a model for forest concession management, none of the logging
concerns in the country is under best practice management or makes any substantial efforts to control
illegal hunting. Preliminary management plans have been drafted for Equatorial Guinea’s newly created
protected areas, but these remain largely on paper, as the agency mandated with their implementation, the
National Institute for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), lacks financial and political support from its
parent ministry (CARPE, 2005).
An agreement is expected to be signed between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon, leading to the creation
of a transfrontier conservation area encompassing the Río Campo Nature Reserve and the Campo-Ma’an
protected areas in Cameroon.
Range Data Much of continental Equatorial Guinea is still covered in tropical forest, and is therefore possible elephant
habitat. Nevertheless, elephants are thought to be largely absent from the northern half of the territory,
where human population densities are higher than in the south. An exception to this is the Río Campo
Nature Reserve in the northwest, where an elephant population of unknown size remains. Only forest
elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) are believed to occur in the country.
The area of KNOWN range in Equatorial Guinea has been considerably expanded to cover the Montes
Mitra sector of Monte Alén National Park, as well as an area to the east of it, based on information
provided by Rist (2005).
Population Data A survey of the remainder of Monte Alén National Park was to be conducted under the auspices of the
CITES MIKE programme by 2004, but was postponed for lack of funds (Blake, 2005). As a result, the
guess for Monte Alén featured in the previous report has been retained.
A dung count of the Montes Mitra extension of Monte Alén National Park, conducted between October
2003 and February 2004, estimated elephant density at 0.55 per km², with an asymmetric 95% confidence
interval ranging between 0.37 and 0.81 (Puit & Ghiurghi, 2007). The authors combined this estimated
density with data from reconnaissance walks and provided an approximate estimate of 700 elephants in
the study area, with a maximum estimate of 1,100. In view of this, as well as of the fact that no confidence
limits of elephant numbers were provided, the estimate has been treated as an INFORMED GUESS. The
inclusion of the estimate for this previously unsurveyed area has resulted in increases of 700 and 330 in the
58 EQUATORIAL GUINEA | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories respectively. However, the vast majority (88%) of estimated range
in Equatorial Guinea remains unsurveyed.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants may move between Gabon and southern Equatorial Guinea (L. Arranz, pers. comm., 1995) and
possibly between Cameroon’s southern forest range and the Río Campo Forest Reserve in northwest
Equatorial Guinea (Bekhuis & Prins, 2003), although more survey work is required to establish whether
this is the case.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | EQUATORIAL GUINEA 59
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA
33070000Informed Guesses
300000Other Guesses
0 0 700 630TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 0 300
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 +700 +330
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 +700 +330
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,084
793
1,715
3,593
0
4
11,411
11,415
1,085
797
13,126
15,008TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
60 EQUATORIAL GUINEA | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
EQUATORIAL GUINEA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
800Monte Alén National Park 2002 300 S. Engonga, pers. comm.,
2002
EOG3 10.2 E 1.6 N––– 2
330* 1,200Montes Mitra Sector, Monte Alén
National Park
2004 700 Puit & Ghiurghi, 2007DDC3 10.0 E 1.4 NNP 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | EQUATORIAL GUINEA 61
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
!P
!P
!P
Piedra
Nzas NM
Altos de
Nsork NPEstuario del Muni NR
Mbé NP
Mt Seni NP
Monte
Temelón NR
Piedra
Bere NM
Río Campo NR
Rest of Gabon
Montes Mitra
Sector, Monte Alén
Monts de Cristal
Campo (South)
Ma'an
Monte Alén
Equatorial
Guinea
Gabon
Cameroon
Bata
Nguelensoc
Mbini
10°E
10°E
11°E
11°E
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
E q u a t o r i a l G u i n e aE q u a t o r i a l G u i n e a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 50 10025 km
62 GABON | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
G A B O N
General
Statistics
Country area: 267,670 km²
Range area (% of country): 218,985 km² (86%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 15%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 17%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.33
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Poaching for bushmeat and ivory is believed to be the chief threat to elephant populations in Gabon,
although elephant meat is believed to play a relatively minor role in the bushmeat trade (Lahm, 2002).
Poaching is also believed to have been exacerbated in recent years by the opening up of new areas for
timber exploitation which, while generally resulting in improved habitat for elephants, also increases access
for poachers and facilitates the movement of ivory and bushmeat to market centres.
A number of forest logging companies are nevertheless collaborating with the Government and
conservation organizations in monitoring poaching and elephant presence or absence in their concessions.
In addition, the Government of Gabon has established provincial wildlife brigades to fight poaching and
the Directorate of Wildlife and Game is collaborating with the army on anti-poaching operations
(Hakizumwami & Luhunu, 2005).
Gabon is part of the TRIDOM initiative, which aims to create a transboundary conservation area linking
Minkébé National Park in Gabon with Odzala-Kokoua National Park in Congo and the Dja Forest
Reserve, Nki and Boumba-Bek National Parks in Cameroon.
Range Data Elephants are believed to occur through much of Gabon, with the exception of a number of areas with
high human population densities. Three-quarters of the country are forested, with a few islands of savanna
mainly in the south. Only forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) are believed to occur in Gabon, even
in the savanna islands.
Most of the range map is still based on information provided by Lahm (2003), but an area corresponding
to the Massif Chaillu, which lies on the border with Congo and to the east of the town of Tchibanga has
been categorized as NON-RANGE, based on data from Sánchez Ariño (2004). The southeastern half of
Plateaux Batéké National Park, where no signs of elephant presence were found in a recent survey (Bout,
2006), has been similarly categorized as NON-RANGE. A strip of land along the northern coast of Pongara
National Park has been categorized as DOUBTFUL range, as the mangrove forest prevalent in the area is
generally avoided by elephants (Latour, 2006).
Population Data A line transect dung count of Minkébé National Park, conducted in 2004 as part of the CITES MIKE
programme, found high densities of elephants in the park and surrounding area, giving an estimate of
21,070 ± 7,942 (Blake, 2005).
A dung count of Lopé National Park conducted in 2005, returned an estimate of 2,350 elephants with an
asymmetric confidence interval of 1,385 to 4,200 (Maisels et al., 2006). This replaces a previous dung count
estimate of 8,132 with an asymmetric confidence interval of 5,229 to 11,766 (Thomas et al., 2001). The
apparent difference in the estimates may be explained by the fact that the older survey extended well
beyond the park boundaries and covered an area over three times as large.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | GABON 63
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR GABON
08278271,523Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
07,96522,6300Other Dung Counts
96919,11900Informed Guesses
16,777000Other Guesses
1,523 23,457 27,911 17,746TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 8,132 14,712 58,309
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique 0 +22,630 +15,878 0
Different Area +1,523 -7,305 -2,679 0
New Analysis 0 0 0 -40,563
TOTAL CHANGE +1,523 +15,325 +13,199 -40,563
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
4,640
13,843
17,278
169,003
14,222
218,985
4,640
13,843
17,278
169,003
14,222
218,985TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
64 GABON | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
GABON: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
4,339Djouah - Bélinga 2002 4,035 Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply,
2006
DIG3 13.6 E 1.2 NDT 2
969* 10,485Gamba Reserve Complex 1999 11,205 Thibault et al., 2001DIG3 10.1 E 2.4 S––– 2
572 3,475Ivindo National Park & western
buffer zone
2005 1,216 F.G. Maisels, pers. comm.,
2006a
CDC2 12.6 E 0.1 NDT 3
827 4,486Lopé National Park 2005 2,350 Maisels et al., 2006BDC2 11.5 E 0.6 SDA 2
7,942 7,338Minkébé National Park 2004 21,070 Blake, 2005CDC2 12.7 E 1.8 NDT 2
2,083Monts de Cristal 2001 1,396 Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply,
2006
DIG3 10.3 E 0.7 NDT 3
473Mwagne 2001 2,483 Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply,
2006
DIG3 13.8 E 0.5 NDT 3
152 380Pongara National Park 2006 344 Latour, 2006CDC2 9.4 E 0.1 NDT 3
69,018Rest of Gabon Forest Range 1988 16,777 Barnes et al., 1995EDC2 11.7 E 0.7 SNA 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 CENTRAL AFRICA | GABON 65
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1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
G a b o nG a b o n
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 150 30075 km
66 GABON | CENTRAL AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Ivindo National Park was surveyed in 2005 using the line transect dung count method. This survey gave
an estimate of 1,216 with an asymmetric confidence interval of 730 to 2,000 (F.G. Maisels, pers. comm.,
2006a). Pongara National Park was also surveyed in 2006 using the same method, giving an estimate of
344 with an asymmetric confidence interval of 276 to 675 (Latour, 2006).
Surveys of Birougou and Loango National Parks were being conducted at the time of writing, but
preliminary results suggest densities ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 elephants per km² in Bigougou and
between 0.6 and 1.0 per km² in Loango (F.G. Maisels, pers. comm., 2006b).
Based on reconnaissance and systematic transect surveys, Lahm (2006) has provided INFORMED GUESSes
for the Djouah-Belinga area as well as Monts de Cristal and Mwagne National Parks. The same informant
has also surveyed a number of small areas in the west in recent years, but these have been left out as they
overlapped with the Gamba complex, the estimate for which has been retained from the previous report.
With the exception of the estimate for Lopé, all new estimates for Gabon featured in this report replace
parts of a nationwide elephant estimate from Barnes (1995, 1997). In order to avoid double counting, an
estimate for the areas not covered by the recent surveys has been calculated by applying the density from
the lowest elephant density stratum in Barnes (Barnes et al., 1995). The resulting estimate of 16,777 for the
rest of the Gabon forest range appears under the SPECULATIVE category, as the original survey is over 10
years old. As a result of this, the numbers in the DEFINITE, PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories for Gabon
have increased since the previous report, but these increases are outweighed by a decrease in the
SPECULATIVE category. None of the new surveys are comparable to the previous estimates, as different
areas were covered and different methodologies were employed in some cases. It would therefore be
inappropriate to make any comparisons in elephant numbers for Gabon between the previous and this
report.
Cross-border
Movements
There may be some cross-border movement across the southern border of Equatorial Guinea with Gabon,
around the Monts de Cristal area (Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply, 2006), although hunting pressure in the
area may be restricting movement. There is also movement between Cameroon and Gabon to the north
of Minkébé National Park (Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply, 2006; de Wachter, 2000). Elephants have been
seen to cross between northeastern Gabon and northwest Congo across the Ivindo-Ayina and Djouah
rivers (Lahm & Barnes, quest. reply, 2006). Movement may also occur between the Plateaux Batéké
National Park and Congo, although elephant densities in this area are believed to be low (Lahm & Barnes,
quest. reply, 2006). A recent survey in the Mayumba National Park (not shown on map), a coastal and
marine national park in the southwest, adjacent to Conkouati-Douli National Park in Congo, confirmed
elephant presence right up to the Gabon-Congo border, thus confirming continued elephant movement
between the two countries (F.G. Maisels, pers. comm., 2006b).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 67
E A S T E R N A F R I C A
R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W
General
Statistics
Total Area: 6,182,037 km²
Range area (% of region): 880,063 km² (16%)
Protected area coverage (% of region): 7%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 30%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.36
Current Issues As elephant populations in Eastern Africa recover from the poaching episodes of the 1970s and 1980s,
human population growth and the concomitant loss and fragmentation of habitats are now the chief
threats facing elephants in the region. The resulting high levels of human-elephant conflict prevalent in
many areas, coupled with the generalized lack of economic incentives for those sharing their resources
with wildlife, highlight the need for sound land use planning policies and incentive systems to ensure the
long-term viability of Eastern Africa’s elephant populations. The viability of some populations, including
those in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Somalia and certain parts of Uganda is already uncertain, while the
status of elephants in Sudan remains unknown.
In 2007, Tanzania became the first country in the region to seek a downlisting of its elephant population
from CITES Appendix I to Appendix II (see Tanzania section for details). While Tanzania is also the only
country in the region to have developed and implemented a national elephant management policy
(Department of Wildlife, 1995; Wildlife Division, 2001), Kenya is in the process of developing its own
national elephant conservation strategy. As many of the challenges facing the conservation of elephants
are common to several countries in the region, and since a number of important transboundary
populations exist, the formulation of a regional strategy would be desirable.
Range Data Savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) are found in the grasslands and woodlands that dominate the
Eastern African landscape, as well as in coastal and montane forest areas. Remnants of Central African
forest, along the western edge of the region, may hold forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) or
hybrids.
Elephant range in Eastern Africa is currently estimated to span over 880,000 km², and accounts for 26%
of continental range. The region ranks third in terms of range extent, behind Southern and Central Africa.
The estimated range area has declined by 10% compared with the previous report, largely as a result of
updates and improvements in the quality of information available. Approximately 30% of total range lies
within designated protected areas.
Elephant distribution is relatively well known, with 57% of range being currently categorized as KNOWN,
and three-quarters of the data being less than 10 years old. Considerable uncertainty remains, however, as
to the distribution of elephants in southern Sudan and Somalia, as well as in unprotected parts of western
Tanzania. It is noteworthy that Tanzania and Sudan together account for 80% of the region’s estimated
range area.
Population Data The overall quality of information for Eastern Africa, as measured by the IQI, has not changed
substantially since the AESR 2002. The IQI for the region, which remains relatively low at 0.36, is only
68 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
higher than the score for Central Africa. This is due largely to the poor quality of information available for
Sudan, which accounts for a sizeable proportion of continental and regional range.
Eastern Africa’s largest known populations are found in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, with Tanzania
alone holding about 80% of the regional population. Elephant population estimates are only available for
45% of the estimated range area (approximately 394,000 km²), but estimates for 86% of this area originate
from systematic surveys and are therefore considered to be reliable. Out of 41 new estimates for Eastern
African input zones featured in this report, 27 originate from systematic surveys.
Estimates from methodologically comparable, systematic surveys have caused the number of elephants
under the DEFINITE category to increase by about 19,770. As a result of new estimates from repeated
surveys, but also influenced by estimates from surveys conducted using different techniques or covering
different areas, numbers in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have increased by about 11,340 and
12,610 respectively. Estimates from new guesses and from surveys conducted using different techniques
are largely responsible for the decrease of nearly 2,200 in the SPECULATIVE category.
The combined estimate from methodologically comparable surveys (i.e. those labelled REPEAT SURVEY or
RS in the tables of estimates; see Appendix II for a list of sites), which accounts for 78% of the regional
DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate, has increased by 18% compared with the previous report. However,
the actual difference of 19,948 ± 32,356 in the methodologically comparable estimates for Eastern Africa
is not statistically significant (t = 1.21, p > 0.10). An analysis of changes in methodologically comparable
estimates for Eastern and Southern Africa combined can be found in the Continental Overview section
of this report.
Cross-border
Movements
Cross-border populations of elephants occur along the western border of the region with Central Africa
and between its southern border and the Southern Africa region.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 69
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR EASTERN AFRICA
Aerial or Ground Total Counts 24,003 0 0 0
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts 112,111 27,990 27,990 0
Other Dung Counts 449 1,053 462 0
Informed Guesses 922 0 6,671 1,534
Other Guesses 0 0 0 2,009
TOTAL 2006 137,485 29,043 35,124 3,543
TOTALS 2002 117,716 17,702 22,511 5,738
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +22,019 +6,003 +5,929 -550
New Population -326 +777 +789 +83
Different Technique -1,202 +2,921 +2,698 -1,108
Different Area -2,511 +2,509 +2,478 0
New Guess +811 0 +2,563 -1,556
New Analysis +978 -870 -859 0
Data Degraded 0 0 -985 +936
TOTAL CHANGE +19,769 -2,195+12,613+11,341
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
98,936
213,940
3,150
27,622
10,082
145,148
498,878
9,054
11,840
0
15,950
3,089
341,252
381,185
107,989
225,779
3,150
43,572
13,171
486,400
880,063TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
70 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
COUNTRY
DEFINITE
RANGE
AREA
(km²)SPECULATIVEPROBABLE POSSIBLE
EASTERN AFRICA: COUNTRY AND REGIONAL TOTALS & DATA QUALITY
PFS²
% OF
REGIONAL
RANGE
% OF
RANGE
ASSESSED
IQI¹
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Eritrea 96 0 08 5,293 31 100 0.92
Ethiopia 634 0 206920 38,365 24 68 0.24
Kenya 23,353 1,316 2,0214,946 107,113 212 82 0.64
Rwanda 34 0 4637 1,014 40 100 0.29
Somalia 0 0 700 4,526 31 68 0.00
Sudan 20 0 0280 318,239 136 0 0.00
Tanzania 108,816 27,937 90029,350 390,366 144 66 0.54
Uganda 2,337 1,985 3001,937 15,148 32 74 0.49
137,485 29,043 35,124 3,543 880,063TOTAL* 226 45 0.36
* Note that totals for the Definite, Probable and Possible categories are derived by pooling the variances of individual
estimates, as described under the Data Types and Categorization section. As a result, totals do not necessarily match the
simple sum of the entries within a given category.
¹ IQI: Information Quality Index. This index quantifies overall data quality at the national and regional levels based on the
precision of estimates and the proportion of assessed elephant range (i.e. range for which estimates are available). The
IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). See the Introduction section for a detailed
explanation of how the IQI is calculated.
² PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the IQI and the proportion of
continental range accounted for by the country in question, the PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency for
future population surveys, particularly in areas of unassessed range and areas not surveyed in the last 10 years or more.
See Introduction for a more detailed explanation of how the priority ranking is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 71
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania
Chad
Somalia
Sudan
Rwanda
Mozambique
Malawi
Libya
Kenya
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Egypt
Djibouti
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Burundi
Angola
KHARTOUM
MOGADISHU
KIGALI
KAMPALA
DAR ES SALAAM
ADDIS
ABABA
ASMARA
NAIROBI
20°E
20°E
30°E
30°E
40°E
40°E
50°E
50°E
10°S 10°S
0° 0°
10°N 10°N
20°N 20°N
E a s t e r n A f r i c aE a s t e r n A f r i c a
African Elephant
Specialist Group
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
Regional Boundary
International Boundary
!P
CAPITAL CITIES
Rivers & Lakes
Protected Areas
Input Zones
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
0 700 1,400350 km
72 ERITREA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
E R I T R E A
General
Statistics
Country area: 121,320 km²
Range area (% of country): 5,293 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 0%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 0%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.92
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Continued tensions between Eritrea and Ethiopia make conservation and research work difficult. The area
in which elephants live continues to be unprotected, and conflicts with farmers are common.
Implementation of a plan to fit a number of elephants with radio collars to investigate their movement
patterns met with unexpected delays and had not commenced at the time of writing.
Range Data Elephants in Eritrea are confined to the south of the Gash Barka District, along the Ethiopian border in
the southwest of the country. The area where elephants are found is bound by the seasonal Gash River to
the north and the permanent Setit River, which forms the border with Ethiopia, to the south.
No changes have been made to the range map for this report, and the information depicted is still based
on a study of elephant sign and spoor conducted by Shoshani et al. (2004).
Population Data A systematic survey of the Gash-Setit population was planned for 2004 (Shoshani et al., 2004), but did not
take place. Sightings of large groups continue to be regularly reported by farmers, United Nations
personnel and researchers. A total of 83 elephants were seen during an expedition to the area in early 2003
(Hagos et al., 2003). Later in 2003, two distinct groups were photographed from the air, one composed of
at least 79 elephants and a smaller one of at least 17. These sightings are believed to have nearly covered
Eritrea’s elephant population, estimated at around 100 animals, in its entirety (J. Shoshani, pers. comm.,
2006; Shoshani et al., 2004). These sightings have been entered as an INFORMED GUESS, replacing a 2003
INFORMED GUESS by the same authors. Changes in the DEFINITE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories
therefore reflect better information, rather than changes in the size of the elephant population.
Cross-border
Movements
Eritrea’s elephants form part of a single transboundary population that straddles the border with Ethiopia
to the south. There appears to be a regular movement pattern, with elephants spending the dry season
(October to March) in Eritrea and crossing the border twice every year to spend the wet season in Ethiopia
(Shoshani et al., 2004). The mapped elephant range extends to the Sudanese border, but Shoshani et al.
(2004) believe that elephants do not cross that border.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | ERITREA 73
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR ERITREA
0000Aerial or Ground Total Counts
08096Informed Guesses
96 0 8 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 83 0 17 20
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess +13 0 -9 -20
TOTAL CHANGE +13 0 -9 -20
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
18
5,275
5,293
18
5,275
5,293TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
74 ERITREA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
ERITREA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
5,275Gash-Setit 2003 104 Shoshani et al., 2004DIG3 37.3 E 14.8 NNG 1
534Sheraro 1997 0 Litoroh, 1997aAAT2 37.6 E 14.4 N–––
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | ERITREA 75
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Tekezze (Setit)
Tana
ShiraroKefta
WCA
Gash-
Setit
Sheraro
Shire
Tekezze
Valley
Sudan
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Djibouti
Haicota
Kassala
Gonder
Axum
Barentu
Assab
ASMARA
Antore
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
41°E
41°E
42°E
42°E
43°E
43°E
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
18°N 18°N
E r i t r e aE r i t r e a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 170 34085 km
76 ETHIOPIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
E T H I O P I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,127,127 km²
Range area (% of country): 38,365 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 11%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 61%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.24
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Despite the creation of some new wildlife areas, resources for protection within reserves remain limited,
and non-existent outside. In order to address this issue, the Ethiopian Government is experimenting with
new management approaches in some of its parks and reserves. In 2005 the African Parks Foundation
took over the management of Nechisar National Park. Although Nechisar does not have any elephants,
development plans include the translocation of this and other species into the park. The management of
Omo, a national park that is periodically visited by elephants, was also taken over by African Parks the
following year. African Parks aims to generate revenue from tourism and to share benefits with local
communities, but both projects have been controversial amidst claims that indigenous peoples were
forcibly resettled or denied access to traditional subsistence resources (IUCN/CEESP, 2005).
At the 12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES, held in Santiago, Chile in 2002, and
following a 2002 report identifying it as having the largest unregulated ivory market in Eastern Africa
(Milliken et al., 2002), Ethiopia was placed in a list of 10 “priority countries” where action was most needed
to control the global ivory trade. At the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2004,
Ethiopia remained on the global “priority list”, but more recent reports suggest that the country has made
significant progress towards controlling its domestic ivory market (Milledge & Abdi, 2005).
Poaching is reported to continue in areas such as Gambella National Park (Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006),
and there is still a need to accurately assess the status of elephant populations at the national level.
Range Data Most of Ethiopia’s elephant range is concentrated in the west. Elephant populations are small, fragmented
and highly mobile, and their movements are poorly understood. Several areas previously classified as
POSSIBLE range around Mizan Teferi Controlled Hunting Area and along the border with Sudan, have
been re-categorized as DOUBTFUL range, based on the Landscan 2002 human population data set. This has
reduced the estimated total range area for Ethiopia by around 13,000 km².
A recent study has established that a remnant population in the newly created Chebera-Churchura
Regional Park is resident in the park throughout the year. This population is believed to be isolated from
the highly mobile population that visits the nearby Omo and Mago National Parks (M. Admassu, cited by
Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006), and the area is now shown as KNOWN range.
The seasonal presence of elephants has been confirmed in the newly created Alatash Wildlife Conservation
Area. They are said to come from Dinder National Park, across the border in Sudan. As the boundary for
Alatash is currently unavailable, this is shown as a cross on the map.
As in the previous report, a number of crosses are also shown in areas where elephants are known to
appear only sporadically. These include the Tama Wildlife Reserve, Murle Controlled Hunting Area and
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | ETHIOPIA 77
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR ETHIOPIA
0006Aerial or Ground Total Counts
2009200628Informed Guesses
6000Other Guesses
634 0 920 206TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 396 0 965 335
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess +238 0 -45 -129
TOTAL CHANGE +238 0 -45 -129
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
8,988
1,129
646
10,763
15,907
0
11,695
27,602
24,895
1,129
12,341
38,365TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
78 ETHIOPIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
ETHIOPIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
3,508Babille Elephant Sanctuary 2005 264 Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006DIG3 42.3 E 8.7 NNG 2
4,212Chebera-Churchura Wildlife
Reserve
2001 60 Chago et al., 2001DIG3 36.8 E 6.9 N––– 2
2,127Dabus Valley Controlled Hunting
Area
1998 200 M. Abdi, pers. comm., 1998DIG3 35.1 E 10.6 N––– 2
5,061Gambella National Park 2002 200 EWCO, 2002DIG3 33.9 E 8.0 N––– 1
200* 6,230Mago & Omo National Parks 2002 324 Demeke, 2003DIG3 36.0 E 5.8 N––– 1
3,160Mizan Teferi Controlled Hunting
Area
1998 500 M. Abdi, pers. comm., 1998DIG3 35.7 E 7.4 N––– 2
1,123Shire 1997 6 Litoroh, 1997aAAT2 37.8 E 14.3 N––– 2
1,130Tekezze Valley Wildlife Reserve 1996 6 Litoroh, 1997aEAT2 37.2 E 14.2 N––– 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | ETHIOPIA 79
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D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
DD
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Wabe Shebele
Genale
W
ebi Shabeelli
Tekezze (Setit)
Juba
Turkana
Tana
Murle
CHA
Shiraro-Kefta WCA
Borana CHA
Akobo CHA
Tedo
CHA
Jikao CHA
Losai NlR
Mount Elgon NP
Nasolot NlR
South Turkana NlR
Malka Mari NP
Chew
Bahr WR
Tama WR
Boma NP
Dinder
NP
Samburu
- Laikipia
Gash-
Setit
Sheraro
Shire
Kerio
Valley
Chebera-
Churchura
Mt Elgon
Mago
& Omo
Loroki
Marsabit
Kidepo
Valley
Mizan
Teferi
Gambella
Babille
Dabus
Valley
Tekezze
Valley
Uganda
Somalia
Sudan
Kenya
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Djibouti
Jowhar
Baidoa
Haicota
Kassala
MOGADISHU
Hargeysa
Berbera
Gonder
Axum
Barentu
ADDIS ABABA
Harar
Debre Markos
Assab
ASMARA
Antore
Marsabit
Lodwar
Alatash
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
41°E
41°E
42°E
42°E
43°E
43°E
44°E
44°E
45°E
45°E
46°E
46°E
47°E
47°E
48°E
48°E
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
E t h i o p i aE t h i o p i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 380 760190 km
80 ETHIOPIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Borana Controlled Hunting Area, where a small number of elephants are thought to move along the Dawa
River valley (Chago et al., 2001; Demeke, quest. reply, 2002).
Population Data No systematic surveys have been conducted in Ethiopia since 2002, and most estimates have been retained
from the previous report. The only new figure for Ethiopia is an INFORMED GUESS for the Babille
Elephant Sanctuary, where a long-term study reports an estimate of 264 elephants, of which 244 have been
individually verified (Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006). This estimate replaces a 1998 INFORMED GUESS of
65 to 135 (F. Tekle, pers. comm., 1998).
The resident population in Mago National Park is now believed to be under 150 elephants (Y. Demeke,
pers. comm., 2006), but the previous combined estimate for Mago and Omo (324 elephants) has been
retained, since it is likely to include the mobile Omo population, which is not reflected elsewhere in the
AED.
The Chebera-Churchura Regional Park population was incorrectly depicted in the previous report as being
in the Chew Bahr Wildlife Reserve, on the border with Kenya. Although the estimate remains unchanged,
the name and location have been corrected for this report.
There are no estimates of elephant abundance for nearly a third of Ethiopia’s estimated elephant range.
Most of the remaining two-thirds are only covered by INFORMED GUESSES.
Cross-border
Movements
A transboundary population occurs in the north, around the Shire Wildlife Reserve (recently renamed
Shiraro-Kefta Wildlife Conservation Area). Elephants cross over the border into Eritrea, where they spend
the dry season (November-April).
Although elephants were believed to have disappeared from Dinder National Park in Sudan by the early
1990s (Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Forces, 1991), signs of elephant presence continue to be
reported in the newly created Alatash Wildlife Conservation Area (not shown on the map). It would appear
that these elephants move to and from Dinder (Demeke, quest. reply, 2002; Mohammed & Kassa, 1998;
Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006).
Elephants may also move between Ethiopia and Sudan in the Gambella area and further south, but the
presence of camps of armed refugees near the border may restrict their movements (Thouless, 1995). A
small population of between 50 and 100 elephants may still exist in the desert between Moyale and
Mandera in northern Kenya, and it is possible that these move in and out of Ethiopia (Thouless et al.,
2003).
Elephants in Omo National Park are not resident in the park, and are believed to arrive seasonally from
neighbouring Sudan, in what presumably is a circular movement pattern connecting Omo National Park
and Akobo Controlled Hunting Area in Ethiopia with Boma National Park in Sudan. Another suspected
migration route would connect Omo with Sudan’s Kidepo Game Reserve (Frederick, 2005).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | KENYA 81
K E N Y A
General
Statistics
Country area: 582,650 km²
Range area (% of country): 107,113 km² (19%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 8%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 33%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.64
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Human-elephant conflict continues to be among the most prominent issues affecting elephant
conservation in Kenya. In 2003 the country embarked on a process to amend its current wildlife law, but
progress has been hampered by controversy between proponents of consumptive utilization of wildlife
and those against it. Meanwhile, another process was begun in 2005 to develop a national elephant
conservation strategy.
An operation to translocate 400 elephants from the Shimba Hills National Reserve to Tsavo East National
Park, budgeted at US$3.2 million, commenced in August 2005. At the time of writing, a total of 150
elephants had been moved successfully (P. Omondi, pers. comm., 2006). An additional 150 elephants were
being moved by lorry out of the fenced Ngulia Rhino sanctuary, situated in Tsavo East National Park, into
the main park.
In October 2005 the Government issued a legal notice to revert the status of Amboseli National Park to
a National Reserve, thus transferring the responsibility over its management to local Government. An
injunction against the move was sought and obtained by a number of conservation lobby groups. At the
time of writing, the situation remained unresolved due to delays in the legal process.
Range Data Kenya's elephants occur in both savanna and forest habitats, but are all believed to be savanna elephants
(Loxodonta africana africana). The largest savanna ranges are those of the Tsavo ecosystem and the Samburu
and Laikipia Districts. The main highland forest populations are those of the Aberdare range and Mount
Kenya. There are other smaller, isolated populations in coastal forests and other inland areas.
A few new areas of range have been added to the map. An extensive survey of elephant sightings in
Kenya’s southern Rift Valley (Mwathe et al., 2006) has resulted in the eastward extension of the Nguruman
range, the westward extension of the Amboseli range, and the addition of two small patches of range
between the two ecosystems. Around this area, and to the north and west of it, a number of crosses
corresponding to elephant sightings have been added. The eastern sector of the Tana River Primate
Reserve has been categorized as KNOWN range based on information provided by Knocker (2005).
Although elephants have been seen in the western sector of the reserve, they are not believed to be resident
on the right bank of the river, and this area has been categorized as POSSIBLE range. Knocker (2005) has
also provided additional information on the distribution of elephants in the in the Tana River Delta, and
the map has been corrected accordingly.
Population Data Relatively little survey activity has taken place in Kenya since the last report. An aerial total count of Tsavo
National Park conducted in 2005 returned an estimate of 10,397 elephants (Omondi & Bitok, 2005). This
replaces an estimate of 9,211 from a 2002 survey (Omondi et al., 2002d). The survey included the South
Kitui National Reserve, previously excluded from Tsavo counts. However, as no elephants were found in
the area, South Kitui appears on the table with an estimate of zero.
82 KENYA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
While Samburu District has not been surveyed since 2002, three aerial sample counts have been conducted
in Laikipia District since then, returning estimates of 3,742 ± 1,926 in 2003, 4,612 ± 1,746 in 2004 and
4,652 ± 2,002 in 2005 (Georgiadis et al., 2003; Georgiadis et al., 2004). As none of these estimates are
significantly different, and since elephants are known to move between Samburu and Laikipia, the
combined total count estimate for both districts has been retained from the previous report.
An aerial sample count was conducted in Masai Mara by Kenya’s Department of Resource Surveys and
Remote Sensing (DRSRS) in 2004, but results were not available in time for this report. In consequence,
the aerial total count estimate of 1,655 from the previous report has been retained.
The Amboseli Elephant Research Project (AERP) continues to maintain an individual registration record
of elephants in the ecosystem. At the end of 2005, there were 1,417 individually registered elephants in the
population (Poole, quest. reply, 2005). This figure replaces a 2002 estimate of 1,100 also provided by the
AERP (C.J. Moss, pers. comm., 2003).
Three dung counts based on the “reconnaissance transect” method were conducted in the Aberdare
ecosystem between 2003 and 2005. These surveys included, for the first time, the Kipipiri Forest Reserve
(Bitok & Kones, 2005). As the method uses lines of least resistance and thus tends to result in considerable
overestimates, only the lower confidence limit of the estimate has been used in this report, categorized as
an INFORMED GUESS. The estimates from this survey must be treated with caution, as they are likely to
remain on the high side. They replace a 1990 dung count estimate of 1822 ± 729 (Blom et al., 1990) for
the Aberdare National Park and a guess of 700 for the surrounding area (Butynski, 1999).
An INFORMED GUESS of 139 for Mount Elgon, obtained from a team who have been tracking elephants
on the ground since 2002 (Bitok, 2002), replaces a 1999 INFORMED GUESS of 400 (Thouless et al., 2003).
For Marsabit, an INFORMED GUESS of 150 provided by Omondi (2006), based on ground monitoring
activities, replaces a 1999 INFORMED GUESS of 500 (P.O.M. Omondi, pers. comm., 1998).
In March 2005 a group of 120 elephants was sighted in Shompole, in the Nguruman area (Mwathe et al.,
2006). While the informants believe that Chege's (1998) estimate of 150, featured in the previous report,
may still represent a reasonable INFORMED GUESS, the 2005 sighting represents a more reliable and up-todate
minimum estimate for the Nguruman area (Mwathe et al., 2006), and has been used to replace Chege's
estimate.
Knocker (2005) estimates there to be around 30 elephants in the Tana River Primate Reserve, and this is
reflected in a new entry in the table of estimates.All other estimates have been retained from the previous
report. The number of elephants under the DEFINITE category has increased by 1,317, largely due to
reported increases in the Tsavo and Amboseli populations. Changes in the other three categories are, for
the most part, given by new guesses and the degradation of old estimates to the SPECULATIVE category.
Cross-border
Movements
Cross-border movements occur mainly across the Kenya-Tanzania border, in the Serengeti-Mara, TsavoMkomazi
and Amboseli-Kilimanjaro ecosystems. There may also be movement of elephants between Boni
National Reserve in northeastern Kenya and Lag Badana Bushbush in Somalia. It is also possible that
elephants move between northern Kenya and Ethiopia, but the number involved is likely to be small
(Thouless et al., 2003). Limited cross-border movements may occur between Kenya and Uganda in the
vicinity of Kidepo National Park and on Mount Elgon. However, elephants have not been seen on the
Ugandan side of the mountain for many years (F. Michelmore, pers. comm., 1998).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | KENYA 83
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR KENYA
00020,376Aerial or Ground Total Counts
06416412,454Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
0412675434Other Dung Counts
9883,893089Informed Guesses
1,033000Other Guesses
23,353 1,316 4,946 2,021TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 22,036 1,101 3,097 2,572
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +1,452 0 0 0
New Population 0 0 +12 +55
Different Technique -224 +215 +142 0
New Guess +89 0 +2,636 -1,609
Data Degraded 0 0 -941 +1,003
TOTAL CHANGE +1,317 +215 +1,849 -551
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
68,714
2,530
2,357
4,276
1,166
12,597
91,640
8,846
0
0
43
0
6,584
15,473
77,560
2,530
2,357
4,319
1,166
19,181
107,113TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
84 KENYA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
KENYA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
461* 767Aberdare National Park 2005 1,840 Bitok & Kones, 2005DIG3 36.7 E 0.4 SNG 3
472* 663Aberdare (Outside) 2005 1,700 Bitok & Kones, 2005DIG3 36.7 E 0.6 SNG 3
5,547Amboseli Ecosystem 2005 1,417 Poole, quest. reply, 2005AIR1 37.4 E 2.6 SRS 2
43 415Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve 2002 184 Litoroh, 2002bBDC1 39.9 E 3.3 S––– 3
606Bisanadi National Reserve 2002 100 Omondi et al., 2002aAAT2 38.4 E 0.1 N––– 3
46 1,643Boni & Dodori National Reserves 2000 50 M. Litoroh, pers. comm., 2003CDC3 41.2 E 1.8 S––– 2
4,616Kerio Valley Conservation &
dispersal areas
2002 490 Omondi et al., 2002bAAT3 35.7 E 1.6 N––– 2
25* 43Kipipiri Forest Reserve 2005 13 Bitok & Kones, 2005DIG3 36.6 E 0.4 SNP 4
1,789Kora National Park 2002 5 Omondi et al., 2002aAAT2 38.7 E 0.2 S––– 3
5,964Lamu District 2000 82 M. Litoroh, pers. comm., 2003AAT3 40.6 E 2.1 S––– 2
354 596Loroki Forest 1997 210 Bitok et al., 1997CDC3 36.8 E 1.1 N––– 3
142Marsabit National Park 2005 150 P.O.M. Omondi, pers. comm.,
2006
DIG3 38.0 E 2.2 NNG 3
1,510Masai Mara National Reserve 2002 1,655 Muriuki, 2002AAT3 35.1 E 1.5 S––– 3
1,978Masai Mara (Outside) 2002 461 Muriuki, 2002AAT3 35.3 E 1.4 S––– 3
1,267Mau Forest Complex 1995 1,003 Njumbi et al., 1995EDC3 35.5 E 0.5 SDD 2
884Meru National Park 2002 272 Omondi et al., 2002aAAT2 38.2 E 0.1 N––– 3
3,516Meru North Dispersal Areas 2002 36 Omondi et al., 2002aAAT3 38.3 E 0.5 N––– 2
1,083Mt Elgon National Park & Forest
Reserve
2002 139 Bitok, 2002DIG3 34.6 E 1.0 NNG 3
640 2,007Mt Kenya National Park & Forest
Reserve
2001 2,911 Vanleeuwe, 1997BDC1 37.4 E 0.2 S––– 2
68Mwea National Reserve 1998 55 Manegene & Musoki, 1998AGT1 37.6 E 0.8 S––– 4
30* 2,197Nguruman 2005 120 Mwathe et al., 2006DIG3 36.0 E 1.8 SNG 2
745North Kitui National Reserve 2002 0 Omondi et al., 2002aAAT2 38.5 E 0.3 S–––
28,530Samburu - Laikipia Ecosystem 2002 5,447 Omondi et al., 2002cAAT3 37.3 E 0.8 N––– 1
151 250Shimba Hills Ecosystem 2002 649 Litoroh, 2002aCDC2 39.4 E 4.2 SDT 3
1,827South Kitui National Reserve 2005 0 Omondi & Bitok, 2005AAT3 38.8 E 1.8 SNP
145Tana River Delta 2002 20 W.I. Knocker, pers. comm.,
2003
DIG3 40.4 E 2.5 S––– 3
72Tana River Primate National
Reserve
2005 30 W.I. Knocker, pers. comm.,
2005
EOG3 40.1 E 1.8 SNP 4
139 300Transmara Forest 1997 200 Wamukayo et al., 1997CDC3 Not Shown––– 3
20,812Tsavo National Park 2005 9,021 Omondi & Bitok, 2005AAT3 38.6 E 3.0 SRS 2
16,570Tsavo (Outside) Ecosystem 2005 1,335 Omondi & Bitok, 2005AAT3 39.0 E 3.2 SRS 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | KENYA 85
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!P
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!P
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Tana
Juba
G
enale
Wembere
Eyasi
Natron
Magadi
Masinga
Naivasha
Nakuru
Bogoria
L.Victoria
Baringo
Turkana
Murle CHA
Borana
CHA
Kidepo GR
Taita Hills NlR
Rahole NlR
Rimoi
NlR
Losai
NlR
Mkungunero GR
Arusha NP
Tsavo
West NP
Chyulu
Hills NlR
Grumeti GR
Tsavo
East NP
Ikorongo GR
Buffalo Springs NlR
Samburu NlR
Maralal NS
Mount Elgon NP
South Turkana NlR
Malka
Mari NP
Chew
Bahr WR
Tana
River
Delta
Kilimanjaro
Samburu
- Laikipia
Lake Manyara
Ngorongoro Crater
Ngorongoro
South
Maswa
Longido
Aberdare
(Outside)
Mt
Kenya
Lamu
Amboseli
Serengeti
Tana
River
Primate
Makao
Aberdare
North
Kitui
Bisanadi
Kora
Meru
Meru
North
Kerio
Valley
Tsavo
(Outside)
West
Loliondo
South
Kitui
Kipipiri
Shimba HillsMkomazi
Tarangire
Tsavo
Boni & Dodori
Arabuko Sokoke
Nguruman
Masai
Mara
Masai Mara
(Outside)
Lag Badana Bushbush
Mwea
Mau
Mt Elgon
Tarangire
(Outside)
Loroki
Marsabit
Kidepo
Valley
Uganda
Tanzania
Somalia
Sudan
Kenya
Ethiopia
Kismayo
Jinja
Tororo
Arusha
Mombasa
Malindi
NAIROBI
Kisumu
Nanyuki
Marsabit
Lodwar
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
41°E
41°E
42°E
42°E
4°S 4°S
3°S 3°S
2°S 2°S
1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
K e n y aK e n y a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 220 440110 km
86 RWANDA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
R W A N D A
General
Statistics
Country area: 26,340 km²
Range area (% of country): 1,014 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 100%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.29
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Rwanda’s elephant populations are small and fragmented, while human settlement is dense and widely
distributed. Human-elephant conflict is prevalent in the environs of Akagera National Park, and farmers
in the area are calling for the enactment of laws to address the problem of crop raiding.
Range Data Rwanda is one of Africa’s smallest and yet most densely populated nations and natural habitats are scarce
as a result. Only two fragments of elephant range remain: the Akagera National Park on the northeastern
border with Tanzania, to which elephants were translocated in the mid-1970s, and the Parc National des
Volcans, to which elephants have returned since the end of the civil war in the 1990s (Gray, quest. reply,
2005; Williamson et al., 2000). Elephants were no longer present in the Nyungwe Forest by the late 1990s
(Plumptre et al., 2002).
Population Data A point transect dung survey conducted in 2003 returned an estimate of 89 elephants for the entire
Virunga-Volcans range, thus including, in addition to the Parc National des Volcans, the Mikeno sector of
Virunga National Park in Democratic Republic of Congo and Mgahinga National Park in Uganda (Owiunji
et al., 2004). This estimate has been split between the three parks in proportion to their area, giving an
estimate of 37 for the Parc National des Volcans. Dung density was found to be highest in the Mikeno
sectors of the survey, close to ranger stations and where signs of human disturbance were lowest. The area
used to extrapolate the elephant dung densities in the sampled plots included high altitude areas not
normally visited by elephants and, as a result, the elephant population may have been overestimated in this
survey. For these reasons, the estimate has been categorized as an INFORMED GUESS and used to replace
a 1989 guess of 20-30 (Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux, 1991). This replacement is
the cause of an increase of 37 in the POSSIBLE category and a decrease of 20 in the SPECULATIVE category.
The estimate shown for Akagera Mutara has been retained unchanged from the previous report.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants in the Parc National des Volcans are part of a single transboundary population that includes the
Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda and the Mikeno sector of Virunga National Park in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
Elephants used to move between Akagera and Ibanda, Burigi and Biharamulo in Tanzania, but their
passage is now restricted by high levels of refugee settlement on the Tanzanian side.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | RWANDA 87
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR RWANDA
4637034Informed Guesses
34 0 37 46TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 34 0 0 66
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess 0 0 +37 -20
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 +37 -20
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,014
1,014
1,014
1,014TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
88 RWANDA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
RWANDA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
46* 3,463Akagera-Mutara National Park 2002 34 Lamprey, 2002DIG3 30.6 E 1.6 S––– 1
150Volcans National Park 2003 37 Gray, quest. reply, 2005DIG3 29.5 E 1.5 SNG 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | RWANDA 89
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Sake
Mugesera
Muhazi
L.Kivu
Bulera
Nyungwe NP
Rumanyika GR
Ibanda GR
Akagera-
Mutara
Mgahinga
Gorilla
Virunga
(Mikeno)
Virunga
(South)
Virunga
(Central)
Burigi-
Biharamulo
Volcans
Bwindi
Uganda
Tanzania
Rwanda
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Burundi
Nyanza
KIGALI
Nyarugumba
Ruhengeri
Goma
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
3°S 3°S
2°S 2°S
1°S 1°S
R w a n d aR w a n d a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 50 10025 km
90 SOMALIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
S O M A L I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 637,660 km²
Range area (% of country): 4,526 km² (1%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 0%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 0%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Ongoing instability in Somalia has made any conservation assessment work impossible for over 15 years.
While a recent report found an abundance of ivory carvings for sale in Mogadishu markets, the ivory is
thought to originate from other countries (Amir, 2006).
Range Data The presence of elephants in Somalia remains unknown, and only one area, in the far south of the country
and adjacent to the border with Kenya, remains categorized as POSSIBLE range.
Population Data No new population estimates are available for Somalia. The only estimate remaining, that for Lag Badana
Bushbush (Bauer, quest. reply, 1995), has been degraded to the category of OTHER GUESSES, as it is now
over 10 years old.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants in the northeastern corner of Kenya and the southern tip of Somalia once formed a continuous
population, and while movement between the two areas may continue, information is lacking.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | SOMALIA 91
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SOMALIA
70000Other Guesses
0 0 0 70TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 70 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Data Degraded 0 0 -70 +70
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 -70 +70
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
3,089
1,436
4,526
3,089
1,436
4,526TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeData Category
92 SOMALIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SOMALIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
4,500Lag Badana Bushbush 1995 70 Bauer, quest. reply, 1995EIG3 41.7 E 1.1 SDD 1
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | SOMALIA 93
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Wabe Shebele
W
ebi Shabeelli
Juba
Genale
Tana
Borana CHA
Malka
Mari NP
Boni & Dodori
Lag Badana Bushbush
Babille
Somalia
Kenya
Ethiopia
Djibouti
Jowhar
Baidoa
Kismayo
MOGADISHU
Hargeysa
Berbera
Harar
40°E
40°E
41°E
41°E
42°E
42°E
43°E
43°E
44°E
44°E
45°E
45°E
46°E
46°E
47°E
47°E
48°E
48°E
49°E
49°E
50°E
50°E
51°E
51°E
52°E
52°E
53°E
53°E
2°S
1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
S o m a l i aS o m a l i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 325 650162.5 km
94 SUDAN | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
S U D A N
General
Statistics
Country area: 2,505,810 km²
Range area (% of country): 318,239 km² (13%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 4%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 15%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Refugees and internally displaced persons have begun to return to their homes in Southern Sudan after the
signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005. Elephants were reported to have thrived
in areas previously depopulated by the war, and the consequences of the return of refugees to areas of
elephant range have not been assessed.
A recent report identified Sudan as a key entrepôt in the international ivory trade (Martin, 2005a). Ivory
from the Democratic Republic of Congo arrives in Khartoum where it is carved and sold, largely to
Chinese contract workers, or re-exported.
Range Data Large, undisturbed and uninhabited areas of swamp, woodland and grassland could still provide suitable
habitat for elephants in southern Sudan, but there remains little direct evidence or updated information on
distribution (L.I. Ojok, pers. comm., 2002).
The range map for Sudan has nevertheless been considerably altered using data from the Landscan 2002
human population density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002), resulting in the conversion of several large areas
of KNOWN and POSSIBLE range into DOUBTFUL range (see Introduction section for rationale). Using the
same data set, information on human settlement patterns previously provided by Gaunt (2002) has been
refined and the range map altered accordingly. The resulting range map is similar to the depiction of
elephant distribution in the Sudan section of the AED 1995 (Said et al., 1995). Several crosses have been
added to the map in areas where recent elephant sightings have been made (Frederick, 2005; L.I. Ojok,
pers. comm., 2004).
Population Data No quantitative survey work has been undertaken in Sudan since the early 1980s, and any information
available on the status of elephants is based on anecdotal observations from local people and humanitarian
relief workers. A wet season pilot survey of Nimule National Park conducted in 2000 estimated 156 ± 69
elephants (Marjan et al., 2000), but the higher estimate of 300 from direct sightings made in 2001 (L.I.
Ojok, pers. comm., 2002) has been retained from the previous report.
Recent visits to Southern (Delfino & Achaye, 2003) and Boma (Deng et al., 2001) National Parks found
evidence of elephant presence in both parks, but no attempts were made to estimate elephant numbers.
Virtually all of Sudan’s range remains unassessed.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants may still migrate between southeastern Sudan and western Ethiopia (Deng et al., 2001).
Although elephants are thought to have disappeared from Dinder National Park, recent reports suggest
that there is movement between that park and the newly created Alatash Wildlife Conservation Area in
Ethiopia (Y. Demeke, pers. comm., 2006). There are unverified reports that elephants move into Sudan
from Omo National Park in Ethiopia, possibly across the northwest corner of Kenya, and back into Sudan
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | SUDAN 95
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SUDAN
0280020Informed Guesses
20 0 280 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 20 0 280 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
779
53,356
54,135
0
264,104
264,104
779
317,460
318,239TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
96 SUDAN | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SUDAN: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
779Nimule National Park 2002 300 L.I. Ojok, pers. comm., 2002DIG3 32.0 E 3.7 N––– 3
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | SUDAN 97
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Tekezze (Setit)
Uele
Genale
Olou
Jur
Wabe Shebele
Bahr El Ghazal
Turkana
Tana
Murle CHA
Borana
CHA
Akobo CHA
Tedo CHA
Jikao CHA
Kidepo GRBire Kpatuos GR
Zeraf GR
Numatina GR
Bili-Uere HR
Bengangai GR
Bomu
SNR
Chew Bahr WR
Bandingilo GR
Tama WR
Southern NP
Boma
NP
Shambe GRZemongo
FnR
Radom NP
Andre Felix NP
Yata-
Ngaya
FnR
Aouk-
Aoukale
FnR
Dinder NP
Gangala-
na-Bodio
Nimule
Gash-
Setit
Sheraro
Shire
Chebera-
Churchura
Manovo Gounda
- St Floris
Bamingui-
Bangoran
Mago
& Omo
Otze
Kidepo Valley
Garamba
Bangassou
Mizan
Teferi
Gambella
Dabus
Valley
Tekezze Valley
Uganda
Chad
Sudan
Libya
Kenya
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Egypt
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Haicota
Juba
Malakal
Kassala
KHARTOUM
Bur
Sudan
Arua
Gonder
Axum
Barentu
Rumbek
Wau
ADDIS ABABA
Debre
Markos
ASMARA
Antore
Abeche
Bangassou
Bria
Ndele
Lodwar
Alatash
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
18°N 18°N
19°N 19°N
20°N 20°N
21°N 21°N
22°N 22°N
23°N 23°N
S u d a nS u d a n
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 475 950237.5 km
Nile
Whilte Nile BlueNile
98 SUDAN | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
to reach the Kidepo Game Reserve, from which they could presumably also move to Kidepo Valley
National Park in Uganda (Frederick, 2005).
Elephants also move between Nimule National Park and the Otze Forest in Uganda (F. Michelmore, pers.
comm., 1998). While movements between Numatina Game Reserve in southwestern Sudan and the
Central African Republic were reported recently (J. Garang, pers. comm., 2002), it is unlikely that many
elephants remain on the western side of the border (T. Sánchez Ariño, pers. comm., 2004).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | TANZANIA 99
T A N Z A N I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 945,090 km²
Range area (% of country): 390,366 km² (48%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 16%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 37%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.54
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Expansion of human settlement and farming are reported to be reducing the extent of elephant range,
particularly along migratory routes and corridors (Mbano, quest. reply, 2006). Human-elephant conflict is
prevalent in many areas, including east of the Selous ecosystem (Malima et al., 2005), west of the Serengeti
(Walpole et al., 2004) and east of Ruaha-Rungwa (Mbano, quest. reply, 2006).
Tanzania has developed a National Elephant Management Plan (Wildlife Division, 2001) to supersede its
1995 Policy for Management of the African Elephant (Department of Wildlife, 1995). The new plan aims
to protect elephant populations through sustainable utilization and community-based conservation
schemes to promote benefit sharing, while controlling the numbers of elephants where appropriate
(Wildlife Division, 2001).
In early 2007, Tanzania submitted a proposal for consideration at the 14th Meeting of the Conference of
the Parties to CITES, to transfer its elephant population from Appendix I to Appendix II (Government
of the United Republic of Tanzania, 2007). The proposal will be subject to review by a panel of experts,
whose recommendations will be taken into account by the Conference of the Parties in June 2007.
Range Data Elephants are widely distributed in Tanzania, with major populations in the south and west. The range map
has been altered using information from the Landscan 2002 human population density data set (ORNL/
GIST, 2002). Based on this data set, several areas where the estimated human population density is above
15 persons per km² have been categorized as DOUBTFUL range (see Introduction section for rationale).
This has resulted in the removal of over 60,000 km² of POSSIBLE range, mainly in the west. An area
stretching to the southeast from Tarangire National Park towards Saadani Game Reserve has also been
categorized as DOUBTFUL range, based on the Management Plan for Elephants in Tanzania (Wildlife
Division, 2001). Information from the same source and from recent surveys (TAWIRI 2007) has been
used to categorize an area between Ugalla River Game Reserve and the Katavi-Rukwa and Ruaha-Rungwa
ecosystems as KNOWN range.
The Ruaha-Rungwa population is connected by a corridor to the range in Mikumi and Udzungwa
Mountains National Parks (Mbano, quest. reply, 2006), and this is now shown as KNOWN range. The area
of KNOWN range to the east of the Selous-Masasi corridor has been expanded, and an area of DOUBTFUL
range has been created around the town of Tunduru (M. Mantheakis, pers. comm., 2005).
A number of crosses have been added to the map in and around Mahale Mountains National Park,
corresponding to recent sightings or signs of elephant presence (Plumptre, quest. reply, 2005). A cross has
also been added to the west of the town of Pangani, in northeastern Tanzania, where elephants are believed
to move to and from the Saadani Game Reserve to the south (Foley & Foley, quest. reply, 2006).
100 TANZANIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Other crosses corresponding to recent sightings have been added north of Morogoro, west of Udzungwa
Mountains National Park (D. Erickson et al., pers. comm., 2004) and south of Swaga Swaga Game Reserve
(Foley & Foley, quest. reply, 2006).
Population Data Between August and November 2006, surveys of all of Tanzania’s major elephant populations were
conducted by the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI 2007).
An aerial sample count of the Selous ecosystem, including the Selous Game Reserve, Mikumi National
Park, Kilombero Game Controlled Area and surrounding areas, returned an overall estimate of 70,406 ±
24,843 (TAWIRI 2007). This estimate replaces estimates from methodologically comparable surveys
conducted in 2002 in the Selous Game Reserve (39,907 ± 11,464) and surrounding areas (17,979 ± 8,908);
the Mikumi National Park (1,144 ± 923) and its environs (578 ± 594); and the Kilombero Game
Controlled Area (6,203 ± 4,639) (TAWIRI 2007).
An aerial sample count conducted in the Selous-Niassa corridor in 2006 returned an estimate of 3,330 ±
1,424. However, the north of the area surveyed overlaps with the Selous ecosystem census zone, and all
the elephants counted in the Selous-Niassa corridor were in fact seen in the area of overlap (TAWIRI
2007). As the Selous estimate is therefore likely to include all the elephants estimated in the Selous-Niassa
corridor, an estimate of zero has been entered in place of the estimate of 2,486 ± 937 featured in the
previous report (CIMU, 2001). This change has been categorized as a NEW ANALYSIS of previous data.
An estimate of 35,409 ± 11,507 from an aerial sample count of the Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem (TAWIRI
2007) has been used to replace estimates from a methodologically comparable survey of Ruaha National
Park (11,827 ± 4,161), Rungwa Game Reserve (10,005 ± 3,849) and surrounding areas (2,271 ± 1,520)
(CIMU 2002).
Aerial sample count estimates for Katavi National Park (4,102 ± 1,615), Rukwa Game Reserve (1,200 ±
902) and surrounding areas (915 ± 606) from a 2006 survey (TAWIRI, 2007) replace methodologically
comparable estimates of 4,897 ± 4,465 for Katavi National Park, 263 ± 339 for Rukwa Game Reserve and
591 ± 804 for the surrounding areas.
Aerial surveys conducted in and around Moyowosi, Kigosi and Ugalla River Game Reserves included
previously unsurveyed areas outside the game reserves (TAWIRI 2007). An estimate of 9,541 ± 3,657 for
Moyowosi-Kigosi and surrounding areas to the north replaces a 2000 estimate of 2,861 ± 956 (H.
Frederick, pers. comm., 2003). The difference in the estimates may be partly explained by the fact that the
2006 survey covered a considerably larger area. The aerial sample count estimate for Ugalla River Game
Reserve (4,133 ± 1,778) replaces a 1999 aerial survey estimate of 1,911 ± 1,313 (S. Mduma, pers. comm.,
2002b). The estimate of 1,353 ± 857 for the area to the southeast of Ugalla River Game Reserve is a new
entry in the table of estimates, while the estimate of 4,635 ± 3,028 for the Sagara-Nyamangoma area
replaces an INFORMED GUESS of between 800 and 1,600 for an overlapping area comprising the Niensi
and Luganzo hunting blocks (D. Hurt, pers. comm., 2002).
Two aerial total counts have been conducted in the Serengeti ecosystem since the AESR 2002. Both
surveys included areas that had not been covered for many years, such as the Maswa Game Reserve and
parts of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Estimates for the Serengeti National Park were 1,806 in 2003
(CIMU, 2003b) and 1,472 in 2006 (TAWIRI 2007). The latter replaces an estimate of 1,631 from an aerial
total count conducted in 2000 (TAWIRI, 2000b). The West Loliondo Game Controlled Area, which was
included in the Serengeti survey zone in the AESR 2002, was estimated to have 422 elephants in 2003
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | TANZANIA 101
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR TANZANIA
0003,167Aerial or Ground Total Counts
027,93727,937105,594Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
3001,413055Informed Guesses
600000Other Guesses
108,816 27,937 29,350 900TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 92,453 17,231 18,501 2,285
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +18,138 +7,140 +7,279 -513
New Population -258 +925 +943 0
Different Technique -1,119 +692 +640 -872
Different Area -1,986 +2,984 +3,042 0
New Guess +814 0 0 0
New Analysis +773 -1,035 -1,055 0
TOTAL CHANGE +16,363 +10,706 +10,849 -1,385
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
29,290
205,092
6,151
6,153
74,627
321,313
208
11,476
0
0
57,370
69,053
29,498
216,567
6,151
6,153
131,997
390,366TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
102 TANZANIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
TANZANIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
821 7,295Burigi-Biharamulo Ecosystem 2000 761 S. Mduma, pers. comm.,
2002b
BAS3 31.3 E 2.4 S––– 2
6,050Inyonga Game Conservation Area 2002 600 G. Angelides, pers. comm.,
2003
EOG3 32.8 E 6.8 S––– 2
1,615 4,272Katavi National Park 2006 4,102 TAWIRI, 2007BAS2 31.3 E 6.9 SRS 3
606 3,739Katavi-Rukwa (Outside) 2006 915 TAWIRI, 2007BAS2 31.3 E 6.9 SRS 3
499Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve 2003 793 Munishi & Maganga, 2003DIG3 37.2 E 3.0 SDT 3
1,368Lake Manyara National Park 2006 36 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 35.9 E 3.6 SDT 3
6,909Longido Game Conservation Area 2002 70 CIMU, 2003aAAT3 36.5 E 2.8 S––– 3
1,019Makao Hunting Block 2006 0 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 34.7 E 3.5 SDT
2,200Maswa Game Reserve 2006 158 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 34.6 E 3.1 SRS´ 3
3,509Mkomazi Game Reserve 2005 41 Omondi & Bitok, 2005AAT3 38.3 E 4.2 SRS 3
3,657 20,262Moyowosi-Kigosi Game Reserve 2006 9,541 TAWIRI, 2007BAS3 31.3 E 4.2 SDA 2
274Ngorongoro Crater Conservation
Area
2006 0 Renaud et al., 2006EOG3 35.6 E 3.2 SNG
4,275Ngorongoro South Conservation
Area
2006 0 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 35.1 E 3.4 SRS´
100* 2,223Piti East Hunting Block 2002 200 D. Hurt, pers. comm., 2002DIG3 33.3 E 7.1 S––– 3
11,507 45,800Ruaha-Rungwa Ecosystem 2006 35,409 TAWIRI, 2007BAS2 34.4 E 6.8 SRS 2
400Rubondo Island National Park 2002 20 M. Borner, pers. comm., 2003DIG3 31.8 E 2.3 S––– 3
902 3,666Rukwa Game Reserve 2006 1,200 TAWIRI, 2007BAS2 31.9 E 7.2 SRS 3
200* 3,658Rungwa South Hunting Block 2002 400 D. Hurt, pers. comm., 2002DIG3 33.6 E 7.6 S––– 3
2,753Saadani Game Reserve 1998 55 S. Mduma, pers. comm.,
2002b
DIG3 38.8 E 6.0 S––– 3
3,028 12,726Sagara-Nyamagoma 2006 4,635 TAWIRI, 2007BAS3 31.2 E 5.2 SDT 2
24,843 81,046Selous Ecosystem 2006 70,406 TAWIRI, 2007BAS3 37.5 E 8.8 SRS 1
107 14,082Selous-Masasi Corridor 2000 1,076 S. Mduma, pers. comm.,
2002a
BAS2 37.9 E 10.8 S––– 2
0 9,096Selous-Niassa Corridor 2000 0 TAWIRI, 2000BAS2 36.6 E 11.1 SNA
14,763Serengeti National Park 2006 1,472 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 34.8 E 2.3 SRS 2
2,726Tarangire National Park 2006 1,119 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 36.1 E 4.1 SDT 3
6,708Tarangire (Outside) 2006 183 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 36.3 E 4.2 SDT 3
1,778 4,778Ugalla River Game Reserve 2006 4,133 TAWIRI, 2007BAS3 31.9 E 5.8 SRS 3
837 5,498Ugalla River (Outside) 2006 1,353 TAWIRI, 2007BAS3 32.6 E 6.1 SNP 3
422West Loliondo Game Controlled
Area
2006 88 TAWIRI, 2007AAT3 35.3 E 2.1 SRS 4
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | TANZANIA 103
! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
DD
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
G
reatR
uaha
Tana
Wembere
L.Malawi
L.Mweru
L. Rukwa
L.Tanganyka
Eyasi
Sake
Natron
Muhazi
Magadi
L.Kivu
Masinga
Naivasha
Nakuru
L. Victoria
Swaga
Swaga GR
Taita Hills NlR
Nyungwe
NP
Kalinzu FR
Bangweulu
GMA
Kaputa
GMA
Kilombero
CA
Lukwati GR
Udzungwa
Mountains NP
Selous GR
Mikumi NP
Ruaha NP
Rungwa GR
Mkungunero GR
Kizigo GR
Mahale Mountains NP Muhesi GR
Arusha NP
Tsavo
West NP
Chyulu
Hills NlR
Grumeti GR
Tsavo
East NP
Ikorongo GR
Rumanyika GR
Ibanda GR
Sagara-
Nyamagoma
r
Kilimanjaro
Musalangu
Lake
Manyara
Ngorongoro Crater
Ngorongoro
South
Maswa
Inyonga
Longido
Rukwa
Katavi
Ugalla
River
(Outside)
Cabo
Delgado
Mt Kenya
Lamu
AmboseliSerengeti
Quirimbas
Makao
Rungwa
South
Piti
East
Aberdare
Chanjuzi
North Kitui
Akagera-
Mutara
Selous-
Masasi
Selous-
Niassa
Lavushi
Manda
Kafinde
North
Luangwa Niassa
Isangano
Vwaza Marsh
Nyika
Nsumbu
Ugalla
River
Moyowosi-
Kigosi
Tsavo
(Outside)
Selous
Mweru
wa Ntipa
West
Loliondo
Mukungule
South
Kitui
Ruaha-
Rungwa
Katavi-Rukwa
(Outside)
Shimba HillsMkomazi
Tarangire
Tsavo
Saadani
Virunga
Arabuko Sokoke
Rubondo
Island
Burigi-
Biharamulo
Nguruman
Masai Mara
Masai Mara(Outside)
Bwindi
Luawata
Sango Bay
Mwea
Mau
Tarangire
(Outside)
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania
Rwanda
Mozambique
Malawi
Kenya
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Burundi
Mwanza
Nyanza
KIGALI
Itigi
Tunduru
Tabora
Iringa
Morogoro
Tanga
Mbarara
DAR ES SALAAM
Dodoma Zanzibar
Arusha
Ruhengeri
Mzuzu
Goma
Pangani
Mombasa
Malindi
NAIROBI
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
10°S 10°S
9°S 9°S
8°S 8°S
7°S 7°S
6°S 6°S
5°S 5°S
4°S 4°S
3°S 3°S
2°S 2°S
1°S 1°S
T a n z a n i aT a n z a n i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 290 580145 km
104 TANZANIA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
(Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit, 2003b), but the more recent estimate of 88 from the
2006 survey is shown in the table of estimates instead. The Maswa Game Reserve and the southern part
of Ngorongoro Conservation Area were also combined into a single survey zone in the AESR 2002, which
featured a 1992 aerial total count estimate of 315 for these areas (B.P. Farm, pers. comm., 1995). The 2003
and 2006 total counts, conducted as part of the Serengeti survey, produced estimates of 132 and 158
respectively for the Maswa Game Reserve, and the latter figure is shown on the table of estimates. No
elephants were seen in Ngorongoro South in either of the two recent surveys, and an estimate of zero
therefore appears on the table for this area. The fluctuation in elephant numbers in the Serengeti
ecosystem is likely to be influenced by elephant movements into the Masai Mara National Reserve in
neighbouring Kenya.
Dry season aerial total counts of the Tarangire Ecosystem, conducted in 2004 (Conservation Information
and Monitoring Unit, 2004) and 2006 (TAWIRI 2007), included, for the first time in many years, the Lake
Manyara National Park in its entirety. Parts of Manyara were previously covered as part of the Tarangire
ecosystem, but in this report Lake Manyara features as a separate entry in the table of estimates. The
estimates of 1,119 for Tarangire National Park and of 183 for the surrounding areas, are from the 2006
survey and replace a 1999 aerial sample count estimate of 2,855 ± 1,961 (Tanzania Wildlife Conservation
Monitoring, 2000a). The combined estimate for the entire Tarangire ecosystem in 2004 was 1,880
(Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit, 2004).
The Mkomazi Game Reserve was covered as part of a 2005 transboundary aerial total count of the Tsavo
ecosystem (Omondi & Bitok, 2005). The resulting estimate of 41 replaces a figure of 63 from a
methodologically comparable survey conducted in 2002 (Omondi et al., 2002d).
An estimate of 759 for the western half of the Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve (Munishi & Maganga, 2003)
replaces a 1990 dung count estimate of 220 (Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring, 1992). The new
estimate is based on a reconnaissance survey, and although confidence intervals were provided, it has been
categorized as an INFORMED GUESS due to the low sampling intensity and incomplete description of
methods employed.
A dung count of the thickets around the town of Itigi to the north of the Ruaha-Rungwa ecosystem
suggested a density of between 0.38 and 0.48 elephants per km² based (Shemdoe, 2004). The survey did
not, however, produce an estimate of elephant numbers, and could not be included in the table. Part of
this area was covered in the Ruaha-Rungwa aerial survey mentioned above.
Other estimates shown on the table have been retained from the previous report. The estimate in the
DEFINITE category for Tanzania has increased by over 16,350, largely as a result of new estimates from
methodologically comparable surveys. Estimates in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have
increased by over 10,700 each, largely due to lower precision of repeated surveys and to surveys covering
different areas, as well as to the inclusion of estimates from previously unsurveyed areas. The estimate in
the SPECULATIVE category has decreased by nearly 1,400, as guesses and degraded estimates have been
replaced by higher quality estimates.
Recent surveys of previously unsurveyed areas have shown that significant numbers of elephants remain
outside national parks and game reserves in Tanzania. Although over 60% of the country’s estimated
elephant range is covered by good quality counts, over a third of the estimated range remains unassessed.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | TANZANIA 105
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants move between the Selous Game Reserve and the Niassa Game Reserve in northern
Mozambique along corridors connecting the two ecosystems (Mpanduji et al., 2002). The elephants in the
Longido-West Kilimanjaro area constitute a single transboundary population with the Amboseli
ecosystem in Kenya. Between 150 and 400 elephants are found on the Tanzania side of the border at any
one time (F. Nelson, pers. comm., 2003). Other transboundary populations shared with Kenya are those
in the Serengeti-Mara and Tsavo-Mkomazi ecosystems. There may also be some movement of elephants
between Ibanda Game Reserve in the northwest of the country and Akagera National Park in Rwanda,
although refugee settlement is believed to have restricted passage routes in recent years.
106 UGANDA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
U G A N D A
General
Statistics
Country area: 236,040 km²
Range area (% of country): 15,148 km² (5%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 8%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 76%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.49
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Most of Uganda’s elephant populations are fragmented and surrounded by cultivation. As a result, humanelephant
conflict is common. Uganda is currently believed to be an important entrepôt for the
international trafficking of ivory from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (TRAFFIC,
2004).
Range Data Elephants in Uganda are largely confined to protected areas along the west of the country, where forests
alternate with savanna. Forest-savanna hybrids are believed to occur in the southwest (Plumptre, quest.
reply, 2005). There are three major populations in the country, namely in the Queen Elizabeth
Conservation Area, Murchison Falls Conservation Area and Kidepo Valley National Park. No elephants
are thought to remain on the Ugandan side of Mount Elgon.
A number of changes have been made to the range map based on information from various sources. In
Kidepo Valley, KNOWN range has been extended eastwards based on the results of a recent survey
(Rwetsiba & Wanyama, 2005). KNOWN range has also been extended northward from Murchison Falls
National Park all the way up to East Madi Wildlife Reserve, to which elephants from Murchison Falls
move on occasion (Keigwin, quest. reply, 2005; R.H. Lamprey, pers. comm., 2006). The presence of
elephants in the Rwenzori Mountains has been confirmed by Keigwin (2005), and the whole national park
is now shown as KNOWN range. Elephants from Queen Elizabeth National Park move to Kalinzu and
Kashoya-Kitomi Forest Reserves (Keigwin, quest. reply, 2005; R.H. Lamprey, pers. comm., 2006), and
these areas are shown as KNOWN range. A small remnant population is found in the Katonga Game
Reserve, east of Kibale National Park. This population is thought to have been once part of a larger
population extending to Kibale National Park, but is now isolated (M. Polanski, pers. comm., 2004), and
its range is also shown as KNOWN.
Elephant range in the Sango Bay area in the south has been modified with data from the Landscan 2002
human population density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002), with part of the range area being categorized as
DOUBTFUL (see Introduction section for rationale).
Population Data Systematic surveys of all major populations in Uganda were conducted between 2004 and 2005. An aerial
sample count conducted in Murchison Falls Conservation Area returned an estimate of 564 ± 635
(Rwetsiba & Wanyama, 2005), and this replaces an estimate of 692 from a 2002 aerial total count (Rwetsiba
et al., 2002). The wide confidence limits around the estimate are explained by the fact that the 2005 sample
count was not stratified, thus resulting in wide variation of elephant sightings between transects.
The estimate shown for Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area, obtained in a 2004 aerial sample count
replaces a 2002 aerial total count estimate of 998 (Rwetsiba et al., 2002). An aerial total count estimate of
454 for Kidepo Valley National Park (Rwetsiba & Wanyama, 2005) replaces an INFORMED GUESS of 374
(D. Aleper, pers. comm., 2002). Finally, an estimate of 393 ± 210 from a 2005 dung count of Kibale
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | UGANDA 107
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR UGANDA
000454Aerial or Ground Total Counts
01,6071,6071,868Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
021037815Other Dung Counts
012000Informed Guesses
300000Other Guesses
2,337 1,985 1,937 300TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 2,064 0 210 460
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 +8 +40
Different Technique +273 +1,985 +1,719 -200
TOTAL CHANGE +273 +1,985 +1,727 -160
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
914
6,318
794
1,138
1,634
3,922
14,720
0
364
0
0
0
64
428
914
6,682
794
1,138
1,634
3,986
15,148TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
108 UGANDA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
UGANDA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
336Bwindi Impenetrable Forest
National Park
2002 30 A. McNeilage, pers. comm.,
2003
DIG3 29.7 E 1.0 S––– 2
10* 214Katonga Game Reserve 2003 20 M. Polanski, pers. comm.,
2004
EOG3 30.8 E 0.2 NNP 2
210 795Kibale National Park 2005 393 Wanyama, 2005CDC3 30.4 E 0.5 NDT 2
1,442Kidepo Valley National Park 2005 454 Rwetsiba & Wanyama, 2005AAT3 33.8 E 3.8 NDT 2
67Mgahinga Gorilla National Park 2003 10 Gray, quest. reply, 2005DIG3 29.6 E 1.4 SNP 3
635 4,064Murchison Falls Conservation Area 2005 516 Rwetsiba & Wanyama, 2005BAS3 31.8 E 2.2 NDT 1
200Otze Forest 1998 200 F. Michelmore, pers. comm.,
1998
EOG3 31.9 E 3.7 N––– 2
1,476 2,148Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area 2006 2,959 Freeman, 2006BAS2 30.0 E 0.2 SDT 2
929Rwenzori National Park 2003 20 Keigwin, quest. reply, 2005EOG3 30.0 E 0.4 NNP 2
305Sango Bay 1998 30 F. Michelmore, pers. comm.,
1998
EOG3 31.7 E 0.9 S––– 2
195Semliki National Park 1998 30 F. Michelmore, pers. comm.,
1998
EOG3 30.0 E 0.8 N––– 2
784Toro (Semliki Valley) Wildlife
Reserve
1998 80 F. Michelmore, pers. comm.,
1998
DIG3 30.4 E 1.0 N––– 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 EASTERN AFRICA | UGANDA 109
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D
DD D
DD
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Uele
AlbertNile
L. Edw
ard
L. Victoria
L. A
lbert
KashoyaKitomi
FR
Kidepo GR
Kalinzu FR
Rumanyika GR
Ibanda GR
Kyambura WR
Rwenzori
Mountains NP
Mount Elgon NP
Gangala-
na-Bodio
Virunga
(North)
Katonga
Serengeti
Nimule
Akagera-
Mutara
Rwenzori
Mgahinga Gorilla
(Mikeno)
Queen
Elizabeth
Virunga
(Central)
Volcans
Masai
Mara
Bwindi Sango Bay
Kibale
Semliki
Mt
Elgon
Toro
Murchison
Falls
Otze
Kidepo
Valley
Garamba
Uganda
Tanzania
Sudan
Rwanda
Kenya
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Arua
Nyarugumba
Mbarara
Entebbe
KAMPALA Jinja
Fort
Portal
Tororo
Gulu
Ruhengeri
Kisumu
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
1°S 1°S
0° 0°
1°N 1°N
2°N 2°N
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
U g a n d aU g a n d a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 140 28070 km
110 UGANDA | EASTERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
National Park (Wanyama, 2005) replaces an INFORMED GUESS of 100 (Cochrane, cited in Naughton et al.,
1999).
Two guesses for previously unsurveyed areas, Rwenzori and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, appear on
the table of estimates. The Mgahinga estimate was obtained from a dung point transect survey conducted
in 2003, which returned an estimate of 89 elephants for the entire Virunga-Volcans range, thus including,
in addition to Mgahinga, the Mikeno sector of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of
Congo and the Parc National des Volcans in Rwanda (Owiunji et al., 2004). This estimate has been split
between the three parks in proportion to their area, giving an estimate of 10 for Mgahinga.
The number of elephants in the DEFINITE category for Uganda has decreased by 465, while the numbers
in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have increased by about 2,000 each. These changes are due to
the lower precision of recent aerial sample counts, compared to the aerial total counts featured in the
previous report.
About half of Uganda’s elephant range is covered by good quality estimates. The remaining range is split
between areas covered by guesses and unsurveyed areas. The latter may be important as dispersal areas for
Uganda’s major elephant populations, but are not likely to contain large numbers of uncounted elephants.
Cross-border
Movements
It is believed that movement of elephants from Virunga National Park into Queen Elizabeth National Park
may have increased in recent years as a result of armed conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
(Keigwin, 2001). There is also evidence of elephant movement between Toro/Semliki and the northern
sector of Virunga National Park in Democratic Republic of Congo (F. Michelmore, pers. comm., 1998),
as well as between Kidepo National Park and adjacent range in southern Sudan (D. Aleper, pers. comm.,
2002) and, sporadically, into northwestern Kenya (Thouless et al., 2003).
Elephants in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park move across the borders of Rwanda and the Democratic
Republic of Congo (Gray, quest. reply, 2005). Movement between the Kenyan and Ugandan sides of
Mount Elgon is unlikely, however, as elephants have not been seen on the Ugandan side for many years
(F. Michelmore, pers. comm., 1998).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 111
S O U T H E R N A F R I C A
R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W
General
Statistics
Total Area: 5,973,020 km²
Range area (% of region): 1,305,140 km² (28%)
Protected area coverage (% of region): 12%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 28%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.48
Current Issues Southern Africa holds the largest elephant populations on the continent, and many of the management
challenges associated with high elephant densities in large populations are common to a number of
countries in the region. As elephant numbers continue to increase in the region’s largest populations, the
debate on the need for management action has continued in a number of countries, particularly in South
Africa.
In 2004, the Southern African Range States embarked on a process to develop a regional strategy for the
management of elephants, and a draft strategy document was produced following a workshop held in
2005. The draft strategy aims to foster regional cooperation in elephant management and monitoring,
calling for coordinated surveys across international boundaries. It is noteworthy that only three countries
in Africa fund their regular elephant survey programmes out of their national budgets, and all three –
Botswana, Namibia and South Africa – are in Southern Africa. Every other Range State in the region, and
indeed on the continent, depends on external aid for elephant survey work.
Four countries in the region, namely Botswana (DG Ecological Consulting, 2003b), Namibia (Ministry of
Environment and Tourism, 2005c), South Africa (South African National Parks, 2004b) and Zambia
(Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, 2003) have recently developed or updated
their respective national elephant management policies.
The development of transfrontier conservation areas has continued in Southern Africa. A Memorandum
of Understanding was signed in late 2006 by Ministers from five Southern African countries to facilitate
the development the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA). An area the
size of Italy which holds nearly half of the continental elephant population, the KAZA TFCA spans some
of the most important populations in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The international sale of 50 tons of legally acquired ivory from Botswana, South Africa and Namibia,
approved in 2002 at the 12th
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES held in Santiago, Chile,
was still pending at the time of writing, awaiting the finalization of an agreed baseline of data from the
CITES MIKE Programme. At the 13th
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held in Bangkok,
Thailand, in 2004, a proposal was approved to allow Namibia non-commercial trade in individually marked
and certified ekipas, a type of traditional ivory amulet (CITES, 2004).
In January 2007, a number of proposals were submitted for consideration at the 14th
Meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to CITES in The Hague, The Netherlands, in June 2007. Botswana and Namibia
submitted a proposal to maintain their elephant populations, as well as those of South Africa and
Zimbabwe, in CITES Appendix II, and to establish annual export quotas for these four countries to trade
112 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
in raw ivory to approved trading partners (Government of Botswana & Government of Namibia, 2007).
Botswana submitted an additional proposal to be allowed to trade in hides and leather goods for
commercial purposes; to be allocated an annual export quota of up to eight tons of Government-owned
raw ivory to approved destinations; and to conduct a one-off sale of no more than 40 tons of raw ivory
stocks to similarly approved destinations (Government of Botswana, 2007).
At the same time, Kenya and Mali submitted a proposal to bar any international trade in raw or worked
ivory from any of the above four Southern African countries for a period of 20 years, except for raw ivory
from hunting trophies for non-commercial purposes and the export of ivory pursuant to the conditional
sale of government-owned ivory stocks from Botswana, Namibia and South Africa agreed at the 12th
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (Government of Kenya & Government of Mali, 2007).
Range Data Savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) predominate throughout the region, although small
populations of forest elephants are found in the Angolan exclave of Cabinda and perhaps also in
northwestern Angola. With an estimated total elephant range spanning over 1.3 million km², Southern
Africa is the region with the largest elephant range area, and accounts for 39% of the continental total.
While this is 22% less than the region’s estimated range area in the AESR 2002, the difference is largely a
result of better information, rather than a recent reduction in actual elephant range. Southern Africa is the
region with the smallest proportion of elephant range in protected areas (28%).
The quality of range data varies considerably across the region. Although three-quarters of the range
information is less than 10 years old, only 53% of total range currently falls within the KNOWN category.
Although elephant range is expanding in Botswana and spreading into neighbouring countries such as
Angola and Namibia, the overall range area may decline in future as more detailed information is obtained,
particularly from Angola and Mozambique, where range data are least reliable, but which together account
for 57% of the regional range estimate.
Population Data Southern Africa is the region with the highest overall quality of elephant information, as measured by the
IQI. There is, however, wide variation amongst countries, with nearly perfect information available for
Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana, but virtually no reliable information for Angola.
This report features 96 new estimates for Southern Africa, 84 of which originate from systematic counts.
Overall, elephant population estimates are available for some 690,000 km², or 53% of estimated elephant
range in Southern Africa, with estimates from systematic surveys covering two-thirds of that area. Some
countries such as South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe have complete coverage, in contrast with Angola,
where estimates are only available for 5% of estimated elephant range.
Southern Africa also holds by far the largest number of elephants on the continent. At nearly 321,000, the
number of DEFINITE plus PROBABLE elephants, is nearly twice as high as the corresponding number for
Eastern Africa, the next most populous region with about 166,500 DEFINITE plus PROBABLE elephants.
Over three-quarters of the regional DEFINITE plus PROBABLE population in Southern Africa occur in just
two countries, namely Botswana and Zimbabwe. These two countries together also account for nearly
47% of the continental DEFINITE plus PROBABLE population.
The estimated number of DEFINITE elephants in Southern Africa has increased by over 51,000 (19%)
compared to the previous report, largely as a result of higher estimates from recent, methodologically
comparable surveys in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The total number of
elephants estimated in such surveys (namely from those sites marked REPEAT SURVEY or RS in the national
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 113
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA
Aerial or Ground Total Counts 18,431 0 0 0
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts 278,283 23,137 23,137 0
Other Dung Counts 27 49 9 0
Informed Guesses 977 0 1,588 201
Other Guesses 0 0 0 9,552
TOTAL 2006 297,718 23,186 24,734 9,753
TOTALS 2002 246,592 23,722 26,098 7,508
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +47,808 +105 -137 0
New Population +300 -48 +181 0
Different Technique +448 +167 -709 -44
Different Area +2,697 -951 -94 0
New Guess -73 0 +85 +1,442
New Analysis +26 -9 -11 -67
Population Lost 0 0 -28 0
Data Degraded -79 +201 -651 +914
TOTAL CHANGE +51,126 +2,245-1,364-536
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
43,478
397,261
482
14,801
134,788
102,833
693,643
0
23,300
0
10,988
69,029
508,179
611,497
43,478
420,561
482
25,789
203,817
611,012
1,305,140TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
114 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
COUNTRY
DEFINITE
RANGE
AREA
(km²)SPECULATIVEPROBABLE POSSIBLE
SOUTHERN AFRICA: COUNTRY AND REGIONAL TOTALS & DATA QUALITY
PFS²
% OF
REGIONAL
RANGE
% OF
RANGE
ASSESSED
IQI¹
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Angola 818 801 60851 406,946 131 5 0.03
Botswana 133,829 20,829 020,829 100,265 28 99 0.87
Malawi 185 323 1,587632 7,538 31 89 0.17
Mozambique 14,079 2,396 6,9802,633 334,786 126 77 0.48
Namibia 12,531 3,276 03,296 146,921 211 55 0.46
South Africa 17,847 0 22638 30,455 22 100 0.96
Swaziland 31 0 00 50 50 100 1.00
Zambia 16,562 5,948 8135,908 201,247 115 61 0.47
Zimbabwe 84,416 7,033 2917,367 76,931 26 99 0.91
297,718 23,186 24,734 9,753 1,305,140TOTAL* 139 53 0.48
* Note that totals for the Definite, Probable and Possible categories are derived by pooling the variances of individual
estimates, as described under the Data Types and Categorization section. As a result, totals do not necessarily match the
simple sum of the entries within a given category.
¹ IQI: Information Quality Index. This index quantifies overall data quality at the national and regional levels based on the
precision of estimates and the proportion of assessed elephant range (i.e. range for which estimates are available). The
IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). See the Introduction section for a detailed
explanation of how the IQI is calculated.
² PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the IQI and the proportion of
continental range accounted for by the country in question, the PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency for
future population surveys, particularly in areas of unassessed range and areas not surveyed in the last 10 years or more.
See Introduction for a more detailed explanation of how the priority ranking is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 115
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!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Zimbabwe
Zambia
South Africa
Tanzania
Swaziland
Namibia
Mozambique
Malawi
Lesotho
Congo
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Botswana
Angola
LUANDA
HARARE
LUSAKA
MBABANE
PRETORIA (Tshwane)
DAR ES
SALAAM
WINDHOEK
MAPUTO
LILONGWE
GABORONE
20°E
20°E
30°E
30°E
40°E
40°E
30°S 30°S
20°S 20°S
10°S 10°S
S o u t h e r n A f r i c aS o u t h e r n A f r i c a
African Elephant
Specialist Group
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
Regional Boundary
International Boundary
!P
CAPITAL CITIES
Rivers & Lakes
Protected Areas
Input Zones
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
0 600 1,200300 km
116 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
tables of estimates; see Appendix II for a list of sites) accounts for over three-quarters of the region’s
DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate. A comparison of estimates for these sites between this and the previous
report, as described in Blanc et al. (2005), indicates a significant increase of 46,354 ± 30,588 in the pooled
comparable estimate since the AESR 2002 (t = 2.97; p < 0.01). This translates into an overall average
annual rate of increase of 3.88% (95% CI of rate 1.06% to 6.39%) in the comparable populations.
The numbers of elephants in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have declined by about 540 and
1,360 respectively, reflecting a marginal overall improvement in the precision of estimates. The figure
under the SPECULATIVE category, on the other hand, has increased by 2,245, primarily as a result of new
guesses and the degradation of old estimates to the category of OTHER GUESSES.
Cross-border
Movements
Movements of elephants are known to occur between Mozambique and Tanzania (Eastern Africa). The
only other area in Southern Africa where cross-border movement may take place is between northern
Angola and the southwest of the Democratic Republic of Congo, but there are no reliable reports of such
movements.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ANGOLA 117
A N G O L A
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,246,700 km²
Range area (% of country): 406,946 km² (53%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 7%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 9%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.03
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Although conservation and monitoring work has begun after the end of hostilities in Angola, it has
concentrated largely on the southeast, with little or no assessment effort taking place elsewhere. A detailed
nationwide study of elephant distribution and density needs to be undertaken.
A project to clear landmines from the Luiana Partial Reserve got underway in 2005 as part of a plan to
establish the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, which will span five countries and will
cover part of the Upper Zambezi Basin, the Okavango Basin and the Okavango Delta.
A recent survey found over 1,500 kg of ivory openly for sale in Luanda. Although most of the stock is
believed to originate in neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo, it is thought that some of the ivory
may be sourced within Angola, and particularly from the northwest and southeast of the country. Although
Angola formally approved its membership of CITES in 2001, the decision has yet to be formally gazetted,
and it therefore officially remains a non-party to the convention (Milliken et al., 2006).
A recent study found human-elephant conflict in the province of Cabinda to be widespread, and the
severity of the problem is reported to be increasing (Heffernan, 2005). There have also been recent reports
of crop raiding and destruction of property by elephants between Malengue and the Bicuar National Park
(Anon., 2004).
Range Data Elephants are believed to be present in the far north and far south of the country. Forest elephants
(Loxodonta africana cyclotis) are believed to occur in the northwest and savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana
africana) in the northeast and south (Enock, quest. reply, 2002).
Two major changes have been made to the southern portion of the range map for Angola for this report,
both based on information provided by Chase (2006). The area of KNOWN range around the Luiana Partial
Reserve has been expanded northward and eastward, and the area of southern Angola north of the 15th
parallel has been re-categorized as DOUBTFUL range. Nevertheless, a herd of elephants was reported in
August 2004 in the village of Capembe, to the southwest of the town of Malengue (Anon., 2004), and this
is shown as a cross on the map. Further southeast, also shown as a cross on the map, is a sighting of 17
elephants (in four herds) along the Cuito River, 120 km north of the Namibian border during a
reconnaissance flight in November 2005 (Chase & Griffin, 2005b). The straight boundaries of these
changes in the range map are a reflection of limited knowledge in this area and do not represent actual
elephant distribution. The hard boundaries of elephant range along the border with the Democratic
Republic of Congo to the north, and with Namibia to the south, on the other hand, reflect marked
differences in human population densities on either side of the border.
118 ANGOLA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
The area of KNOWN range in the exclave of Cabinda has been extended to the southwest based on
information in Heffernan (2005). Despite these updates, the range map for Angola remains, for the most
part, highly speculative, with over three-quarters of the available range data being over 10 years old.
Population Data A series of surveys of the Luiana Partial Reserve have been conducted since 2003 by Chase and Griffin
(2005b). The estimates from these surveys have consistently increased from 263 in 2003 to 1583 in 2005,
suggesting that elephants are moving into Angola from neighbouring countries in increasing numbers. In
all three surveys, elephants were found invariably in the southeastern sectors of the park, with no elephants
detected in the western sector. In consequence, two entries are shown for Luiana in the table of estimates,
one for Luiana (West) with an estimate of zero and another for Luiana (East) with an estimate of 1,583 ±
801 from the 2005 survey. These replace an INFORMED GUESS of 100 by Hanks (J. Hanks, pers. comm.,
2003). The resulting increases in the DEFINITE, PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories reflect better
information as well as the movement of elephants from other countries into Angola.
All other estimates for Angola remain unchanged from the previous report. Despite the considerable
reduction in elephant distribution shown in this report, nearly 95% of Angola’s estimated elephant range
remains unsurveyed.
Cross-border
Movements
As mentioned above, there is evidence that elephants are moving into southeastern Angola from Botswana
through neighbouring Namibia in increasing numbers. Cross-border movement is also possible between
Luiana and Sioma Ngwezi National Park (Zambia).
Movement across Angola’s northern border with the Democratic Republic of Congo is unlikely to take
place, as elephants are no longer thought to occur in that part of the DRC, where human population
densities are relatively high.
Elephant distribution in the exclave of Cabinda is spread along the border with Congo, and there is likely
to be movement of elephants across that border (Heffernan, 2005).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ANGOLA 119
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR ANGOLA
00036Aerial or Ground Total Counts
0801801782Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
05000Informed Guesses
60000Other Guesses
818 801 851 60TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 36 0 150 60
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique +782 +801 +701 0
TOTAL CHANGE +782 +801 +701 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
468
10,510
0
0
51,254
62,232
0
3
8,396
1,502
334,814
344,714
468
10,512
8,396
1,502
386,068
406,946TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
120 ANGOLA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
ANGOLA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
1,505Bongola Area 1992 60 Anstey, 1993EIG3 17.6 E 17.3 S––– 3
9,500Cáua Camp 2002 36 P. Vaz Pinto, pers. comm.,
2003
AIR1 13.3 E 9.3 S––– 2
801 4,032Luiana (East) Partial Reserve 2005 1,583 Chase & Griffin, 2005bBAS2 22.8 E 17.4 SDT 3
4,368Luiana (West) Partial Reserve 2005 0 Chase & Griffin, 2005bBAS2 22.3 E 17.4 SDT
9,500Quiçama National Park 2002 50 P. Vaz Pinto, pers. comm.,
2003
DIG3 13.6 E 9.8 S––– 2
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ANGOLA 121
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Cubango
Cuango
Cuando
Cassai
Congo
Zam
beze
Lomami
Iona NP
Mupa
NP
Moçamedes PR
Mavinga PR
Dimonika BR
Mudumo NPSkeleton
Coast GP
Bikuar NP
Chimalavera RNP
West
Zambezi
GMA
Chizera
GMA
Lukwakwa
GMA
Kunene
Khaudom
- Kavango
Luiana
(West) Luiana
(East)
Chobe
Quiçama
Conkouati
Cáua Camp
Bongola
Sioma
Ngwezi
West
Lunga
Caprivi
Bushimae
Zambia
Namibia
Congo
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Angola
Namibe
Huambo
Benguela
Malange
LUANDA
Cabinda
Mongu
Malengue
Luena
BRAZZAVILLE
Lubango
KINSHASA
Pointe-
Noire
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
18°S 18°S
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
15°S 15°S
14°S 14°S
13°S 13°S
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
10°S 10°S
9°S 9°S
8°S 8°S
7°S 7°S
6°S 6°S
5°S 5°S
A n g o l aA n g o l a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 310 620155 km
122 BOTSWANA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
B O T S W A N A
General
Statistics
Country area: 600,370 km²
Protected area coverage (% of country): 18%
Range area (% of country): 100,265 km² (17%)
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 19%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.87
CITES Appendix: II
Listing Year: 1997
Current Issues Botswana’s elephant population continues to grow, and controversy over its impact on vegetation and
biodiversity has become increasingly heated in recent years. There have been numerous calls for control
measures to be put in place to prevent biodiversity loss, as changes to vegetation, particularly along the
river fronts, have become more apparent. Some authors, however, believe that no action should be taken,
and that the ecosystem is reverting to its condition before hunting reduced elephant numbers in the 19th
century (Skarpe et al., 2004). Still other experts believe that Botswana’s population is now beyond feasible
control measures (Cumming & Jones, 2005), and that only a drought or disease outbreak can reduce the
population.
These and other issues were addressed in a review of the 1991 Elephant Conservation and Management
Plan (Department of Wildlife and National Parks, 1991), which resulted in a new draft policy and strategy
for the conservation and management of elephants in Botswana (DG Ecological Consulting, 2003a,b). The
primary objectives of the strategy are to reduce human-elephant conflict to acceptable levels; to prevent,
reduce or reverse unacceptable elephant-induced environmental changes; to maximize benefits from
sustainable utilization of elephants; and to protect elephants through law enforcement.The strategy sets
targets to reduce human-elephant conflict, which is reportedly intensifying as the elephant population
expands (DG Ecological Consulting, 2003a), with up to 40% of the potential annual harvests of
subsistence farmers being destroyed by elephants in some areas (Mosojane, 2004). As the strategy awaits
final approval and implementation, a number of measures aimed at reducing human-elephant conflict and
the impact of the growing elephant population have been planned or taken. These include the granting in
2005 of citizen hunting permits for elephant in the Tuli area (Mojaphoko, pers comm. 2005), and a plan
to translocate 500 elephants from Botswana to Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, scheduled for
2004, but which did not take place.
A number of TFCAs are in the process of being established to provide for elephant dispersal beyond
Botswana’s borders. The largest of these will be the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA, which is expected
to cover over 287,000 km², and which will include parts of northern Botswana, the Luiana Partial Reserve
in Angola, Sioma Ngwezi National Park in Zambia and Babwata National Park in Namibia. This TFCA is
in its conceptual phase, and a Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of these
countries was signed in late 2006.The signing of a similar Memorandum of Understanding to pave the way
for the creation of the Limpopo-Sashe TFCA met with unexpected delays in 2005 (Peace Parks
Foundation, 2006). This TFCA will encompass the Tuli Game Reserve, the new Mapungubwe National
Park in South Africa and the Tuli Circle Safari Area in Zimbabwe, and will include a large proportion of
privately owned land in all three countries.
In 2006 Botswana notified CITES of an increase in its export quota for elephant trophies to 540 tusks (270
animals), up by 120 tusks from the quota it had maintained for the previous four years (UNEP-WCMC,
2006). In January 2007, Botswana submitted a proposal for consideration at the 14th
Meeting of the
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | BOTSWANA 123
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR BOTSWANA
020,82920,829133,829Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
133,829 20,829 20,829 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 100,629 21,237 21,237 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +34,128 +643 +643 0
Different Technique -928 -1,051 -1,051 0
TOTAL CHANGE +33,200 -408 -408 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
88,352
722
89,075
11,190
0
11,190
99,543
722
100,265TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
124 BOTSWANA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
BOTSWANA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
10,539 12,195Chobe National Park & Environs 2006 40,767 DWNP, 2006BAS2 24.6 E 18.5 SRS 2
1,950 11,476Nxai Pan & Makgadikgadi National
Parks
2006 1,436 DWNP, 2006BAS3 24.8 E 20.4 SRS 2
7,191 17,160Okavango Delta 2006 31,191 DWNP, 2006BAS2 23.1 E 19.4 SRS 2
16,334 18,303Rest of Northern Botswana 2006 80,226 DWNP, 2006BAS2 23.5 E 19.7 SRS 1
685 3,510Tuli Game Reserve 2006 1,038 DWNP, 2006BAS2 29.1 E 22.2 SDT 2
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | BOTSWANA 125
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P !P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Cubango
Cuando
Deka SA
Mamili NP
Kazuma Pan NP
Mudumo NP
Bwabwata NP
West
Zambezi
GMA
Moremi GRN#a-
Jaqna
Khaudom
- Kavango
Luiana
(West)
Luiana
(East)
Rest of
Northern
Botswana
Nxai Pan &
Makgadikgadi
Chobe
Okavango Delta
Nyae
Nyae
Home Farm
& Greystone
Kavira
Mambali
Bubiana
Shangani
Venetia-
Limpopo
Welgevonden
Pilanesberg
Madikwe
Atherstone Marakele
Tuli
Tuli Circle
Matabeleland
Ngamo &
Sikumi
Hwange
Lusulu
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Matetsi
Hartley
Chirisa
Chizarira
Sijarira
North
Gokwe
Chete Binga
Sioma
Ngwezi
Caprivi
Zimbabwe
Zambia
South Africa
Namibia
Botswana
Angola
Bulawayo
Victoria
Falls
Johannesburg
PRETORIA
(Tshwane)
Pietersburg
LivingstoneKasane
GABORONE
Maun
Ghanzi
Francistown
Lobatse
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
27°S 27°S
26°S 26°S
25°S 25°S
24°S 24°S
23°S 23°S
22°S 22°S
21°S 21°S
20°S 20°S
19°S 19°S
18°S 18°S
B o t s w a n aB o t s w a n a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 230 460115 km
126 BOTSWANA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Conference of the Parties to CITES, to be allowed to trade in hides and leather goods for commercial
purposes; to be allocated an annual export quota of up to eight tons of Government-owned raw ivory of
Botswana origin to approved destinations; and to conduct a one-off sale of no more than 40 tons of raw
ivory stocks to similarly approved destinations (Government of Botswana, 2007).
Range Data Most of the country’s elephant range is situated in the north and spans around 100,000 km². The expansion
of elephant range in Botswana continues, and portions of KNOWN range have been added to the southern
sector of Nxai Pan National Park and along the watercourse marking the western boundary of
Magkadigkadi National Park, where elephants were sighted in recent surveys and have become permanent
residents (G.C. Craig, pers. comm., 2006). An area of range to the southeast of Maun, featured in the
previous report, has been removed for lack of recent evidence of elephant presence (G.C. Craig, pers.
comm., 2006). Nevertheless, elephant spoor has been regularly seen in a small holding close to Maun (D.
Gibson, pers. comm. 2006).
The only other area where elephants occur in Botswana is considerably smaller than the northern range
and lies in the eastern tip of the country, covering around 1,000 km² at the confluence of the Shashe and
Limpopo rivers. Two small areas of KNOWN range have been added to the northwest of Tuli: a narrow
strip along the Sashe River on the border with Zimbabwe and a small area south of Francistown (DG
Ecological Consulting, 2003a; G.C. Craig, pers. comm., 2006; M.E. Gadd, pers. comm., 2006). In 2004,
two elephants were shot on Wayside Farm, outside Francistown (Chase & Griffin, 2005a), and this is
shown as a cross on the map. Another cross is shown further south, where elephants were seen in 2000
(M.E. Gadd, pers. comm., 2006).
Population Data Most of Botswana is covered by regular aerial sample counts that include the entire northern elephant
range. Five surveys have been conducted since 2002, but the 2005 survey did not cover the entire survey
area due to logistical problems (C. Taolo, pers. comm. 2006). The national estimates for the other surveys
were 123,152 ± 17,152 in 2002 (Department of Wildlife and National Parks, 2002), 109,471 ± 18,443 in
2003 (Department of Wildlife and National Parks, 2003), 151,000 ± 20,004 in 2004 (Department of
Wildlife and National Parks, 2004) and 154,658 ± 21,253 (Department of Wildlife and National Parks,
2006). The estimates presented here, obtained from the 2006 survey report, have been split to show
separate figures for the survey blocks containing national parks and the Okavango Delta. These replace a
1999 combined aerial sample count estimate of 120,604 ± 21,237 (Department of Wildlife and National
Parks, 1999). The estimate for the Tuli Game Reserve, also from the 2006 national survey, replaces an
aerial total count estimate of 1,262 (Selier et al., 2002).
The number of elephants in the DEFINITE category has increased by over 33,000 as recorded by
methodologically comparable surveys. The numbers in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have
dropped by approximately 410 elephants each due to an overall increase in precision of the national
estimate.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants in northern Botswana are part of a larger population that stretches east into Zimbabwe (Craig,
1996b), north into the Caprivi Strip in Namibia and possibly into Zambia and Angola as well (Chase &
Griffin, 2005a). It constitutes the largest known population of elephants in Africa, and one of the largest
continuous stretches of KNOWN range on the continent. As part of a continuing westward expansion in
northern Botswana, elephants are reported to be crossing into the Khaudom and Nyae Nyae areas of
Namibia. Elephants also move from the eastern range portion of Botswana to Zimbabwe and into private
reserves in northern Limpopo Province (South Africa).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | MALAWI 127
M A L A W I
General
Statistics
Country area: 118,480 km²
Range area (% of country): 7,538 km² (7%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 84%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.17
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Elephant populations in Malawi are small and fragmented, and are further threatened by encroachment.
Human-elephant conflict is prevalent as a result, and poaching for meat and ivory is believed to be further
reducing certain populations (Bhima et al., 2003). The long-term viability of several of Malawi's elephant
populations is already in doubt.
In July 2006, 70 elephants from Liwonde National Park and Mangochi Forest Reserve were translocated
to Majete Wildlife Reserve, where elephants had been absent for over 10 years (Sherry & Tattersall, 1996).
The African Parks Foundation, which conducted the translocation, had taken over the management of
Majete in 2003 (African Parks Foundation, 2006b).
Range Data Because of its small size and high human population densities, Malawi's elephants are almost entirely
confined to protected areas, including national parks and forest reserves, with only a small part of range
outside protected areas in the southeast (Bhima, 1996). The main elephant populations occur in Liwonde
and Kasungu National Parks and the Nkhota-Kota and Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserves.
For this report, an area of KNOWN range has been added within the boundary of the Majete Wildlife
Reserve, to which elephants have been recently translocated. The shape of KNOWN range in Thuma Forest
Reserve has been altered with information from the Landscan 2002 human population density data set
(ORNL/GIST, 2002; see Introduction section for rationale). Based on the same data, an area of POSSIBLE
range to the north of Mangochi Forest Reserve has been categorized as DOUBTFUL range.
Population Data Aerial sample counts of Kasungu National Park and Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve were conducted in 2005
(Ferreira et al., 2005). Although relatively high sampling intensities were employed in these surveys, the
lack of stratification resulted in wide confidence intervals around the estimates. In addition, neither of
these surveys employed a radar altimeter, which further compromises the reliability of the estimates.
The Kasungu survey, with an estimate of 58 ± 218, replaces a 1995 aerial sample count estimate of 391 ±
349. As the lower confidence interval in the 2005 survey is larger than the estimate, the number of
elephants seen in the survey (25) contributes to the DEFINITE category in the summary table. A dung count
of Kasungu had been conducted in 2002, giving an estimate of 117 with an asymmetric confidence interval
of 96 to 142, but this estimate only covered the southern part of the park (Bhima et al., 2003).
The survey of Vwaza Marsh could not be completed due to aircraft failure (Ferreira et al., 2005), and its
estimate of 270 has been categorized as an INFORMED GUESS for this report, with the number of elephants
seen in the survey (41) appearing under the DEFINITE category. This guess replaces a 1997 INFORMED
GUESS of 35 (Gibson, 1997).
128 MALAWI | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
The same team also conducted a survey of Nyika National Park using a point transect design (Ferreira et
al., 2005). The survey returned an estimate of zero, but the sampled area excluded the north of the park,
where elephants are found. For this reason, the estimate of 339 from the previous report has been retained.
As mentioned under Current Issues above, 70 elephants were translocated from Liwonde National Park
to a 140 km² fenced sanctuary within Majete Wildlife Reserve in July 2006. As the Majete population was
previously extinct, a figure of 70 now appears as a new population in the table of estimates.
Prior to the Majete translocation, Liwonde National Park was said to hold in excess of 600 elephants
(African Parks Foundation, 2006b), but no details could be obtained on the basis of the estimate. The
difference between this figure and the 70 elephants translocated to Majete, (i.e. 530 elephants) has been
entered for Liwonde in the category of OTHER GUESSES. This new estimate replaces a figure of 414 from
an aerial sample count conducted in 1995 (Bhima, 1996).
The estimate of 1,037 for Nkhota-Kota Wildlife Reserve (Japan International Cooperation Agency &
Government of Malawi, 1997) has been degraded to the category of OTHER GUESSES for the same reason,
as it is now over 10 years old.
There have been substantial decreases in the estimates for the DEFINITE, PROBABLE and POSSIBLE
categories compared to the previous report. These decreases in estimates are mainly due to the degradation
of old data to the SPECULATIVE category or their replacement by low quality guesses. Estimates from
recent systematic surveys only contribute marginally to these decreases. Although estimates are available
for nearly 90% of Malawi’s elephant range, over half of that area is covered by guesses.
Cross-border
Movements
Cross-border movement between Kasungu National Park in Malawi and the North Luangwa ecosystem
was documented by Jachmann and Bell (1985), but a recent survey of Zambia’s Lukusuzi National Park,
across the border from Kasungu, failed to find any elephants in the park (Fourie et al., 2005). Furthermore,
the area between the two parks is densely settled (Bhima et al., 2003), and it is unlikely that elephant
movement continues.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | MALAWI 129
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR MALAWI
032332374Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
203090111Informed Guesses
1,567000Other Guesses
185 323 632 1,587TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 647 1,569 1,649 20
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey -18 -308 -94 0
New Population +75 0 0 0
New Guess -439 0 +165 +530
Data Degraded -80 -938 -1,087 +1,037
TOTAL CHANGE -462 -1,246 -1,017 +1,567
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
2,908
1,511
2,316
0
6,735
0
0
0
804
804
2,908
1,511
2,316
804
7,538TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
130 MALAWI | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
MALAWI: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
218 2,463Kasungu National Park 2005 58 Ferreira et al., 2005BAS1 33.1 E 12.9 SRS´ 1
538Liwonde National Park 2006 530 African Parks Foundation,
2006b
EOG3 35.3 E 14.9 SNG 2
140Majete Wildlife Reserve 2006 70 African Parks Foundation,
2006b
DIG3 34.7 E 16.0 SNP 3
1,511 1,802Nkhota-Kota Wildlife Reserve 1995 1,037 JICA & Government of Malawi,
1997
EAS2 34.0 E 12.9 SDD 1
239 3,134Nyika National Park 1997 339 Gibson, 1997BAS1 33.8 E 10.6 S––– 1
640Phirilongwe Forest Reserve 1998 50 S.M. Munthali, pers. comm.,
1998
DIG3 35.0 E 14.6 S––– 2
20* 370Thuma Forest Reserve 1998 30 S.M. Munthali, pers. comm.,
1998
DIG3 34.2 E 13.9 S––– 2
976Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve 2005 270 Ferreira et al., 2005DIG3 33.4 E 11.0 SNG 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | MALAWI 131
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Shire
L. Cabora Bassa
L.Chilwa
L.Malawi
Mangochi FR
Mwabvi WR
Lengwe NP
Luambe NP
Bangweulu GMA
Selous GR
Majete
Doma
Musalangu
Mwanya
Zambezi Valley
Gilé
Cabora
Bassa
North
Chanjuzi
Selous-
Masasi
Nyatana
Selous-
Niassa
Mavuradonha
Nyampala
Liwonde
Phirilongwe
West Petauke
Thuma
Chisomo
& Sandwe
Lupande
Nkhota-
Kota
Kasungu
Lukusuzi
South
Luangwa
Lavushi
Manda
Kafinde
North
Luangwa Niassa
Magoe
Isangano
Vwaza
Marsh
Nyika
Selous
Tete
Manica
Sofala
Mukungule
Luawata
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Tanzania
Mozambique
Malawi
Chipata
Tunduru
Tete
Blantyre
Zomba
LILONGWE
Mzuzu
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
15°S 15°S
14°S 14°S
13°S 13°S
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
10°S 10°S
M a l a w iM a l a w i
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 180 36090 km
132 MOZAMBIQUE | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
M O Z A M B I Q U E
General
Statistics
Country area: 801,590 km²
Range area (% of country): 334,786 km² (52%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 7%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 15%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.48
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues A June 2005 survey in Maputo found considerable amounts of carved ivory openly for sale and export,
including in the departure lounge of the international airport. It is believed that most of the ivory originates
from within the country. Although the report found Mozambique’s implementation of its obligations
under CITES to be lacking, two weeks before the survey, the Government had initiated a campaign to
encourage owners of ivory to register and regularize their stocks, and a number of ivory seizures were made
thereafter (Milliken et al., 2006).
The Maputo Special Reserve is being expanded to link it to the Futi corridor and the Tembe Elephant Park
in South Africa as a transfrontier conservation area. An electric fence will be erected along the western
boundary of the enlarged Maputo Special Reserve, and the fence on the northern boundary of the Tembe
Elephant Park will be removed (Peace Parks Foundation, 2006).
A translocation of 500 elephants from Chobe National Park (Botswana) to Gorongosa National Park
(Mozambique) was planned for 2004, but did not take place.
In 2006, the United States Government denied applications for CITES import permits for a number of
elephant trophies, originating from areas other than the Niassa Game Reserve, on the grounds that there
was insufficient information on elephant populations in such areas to set rational trophy quotas (Jackson,
2006). In 2005 Mozambique increased its CITES export quota from 20 to 80 tusks (40 animals) (UNEPWCMC,
2006).
Range Data Reliable knowledge on the distribution of elephants in Mozambique is scanty in many areas. The country’s
most important population is in the far north, in and around the Niassa Game Reserve. Smaller known
populations occur in the west and far south.
Two new areas of KNOWN range have been added to the north and to the east of Limpopo National Park,
where elephants are known to be moving to (Anderson, quest. reply, 2005). Based on information
provided by the same source, the area of range in Banhine National Park has been categorized as
DOUBTFUL.
A total of 20 areas across the country have been categorized as DOUBTFUL range based on data from the
Landscan ambient human population data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002). All areas re-categorized are estimated
to have a human population density of at least 15 persons per km², which makes elephant presence unlikely
(see Introduction section for details). These changes reflect better information rather than recent real
changes in elephant distribution. The Gilé Game Reserve, incorrectly shown as NON-RANGE in the
previous report, is now depicted as KNOWN range.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE 133
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR MOZAMBIQUE
000630Aerial or Ground Total Counts
02,3962,39613,427Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
68237022Informed Guesses
6,912000Other Guesses
14,079 2,396 2,633 6,980TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 11,647 2,786 3,073 6,902
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +428 +749 +1,032 0
Different Technique +730 0 +97 -4
Different Area +1,254 -1,139 -1,569 0
New Guess +19 0 0 +82
TOTAL CHANGE +2,432 -390 -440 +78
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
10,786
48,309
4,831
123,197
33,853
220,977
0
0
2,592
66,794
44,423
113,809
10,786
48,309
7,423
189,991
78,276
334,786TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
134 MOZAMBIQUE | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
MOZAMBIQUE: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
6,510Banhine National Park 2005 0 Anderson, quest. reply, 2005DIG3 32.9 E 22.8 SNG
43,780Cabo Delgado Province 1998 670 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 39.2 E 12.4 S––– 1
807 3,708Cabora Bassa North 2003 1,718 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 30.7 E 15.4 SDA 3
18* 2,100Gilé Game Reserve 2002 15 C.P. Ntumi, pers. comm., 2003DIG3 38.4 E 16.6 S––– 3
3,689Gorongosa National Park 2004 22 Dunham, 2004bDIG3 34.3 E 18.8 SNG 3
2,235Inhambane Province 1998 260 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 34.0 E 22.7 S––– 3
10,000Limpopo National Park 2006 630 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.9 E 23.3 SDT 2
794 2,621Magoe District 2003 1,628 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 30.7 E 15.9 SRS 3
36,441Manica Province 1998 260 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 33.5 E 19.1 S––– 1
50* 900Maputo GR & Futi Corridor 2002 200 R. Morley, pers. comm., 2002DIG3 32.7 E 26.6 S––– 3
5* 195Mecuburi Forest Reserve 2002 5 Anderson, quest. reply, 2002EOG3 39.0 E 14.3 S––– 4
185Moribane-Chimanimani Forest
Reserve
2002 22 C.P. Ntumi, pers. comm., 2003DIG3 33.4 E 19.5 S––– 4
2,111 42,612Niassa Game Reserve & Buffer
Zone
2004 12,477 Craig & Gibson, 2004BAS2 37.2 E 12.1 SRS 2
7,845Quirimbas National Park 2005 2,000 Cumming & Jones, 2005EOG3 40.0 E 12.5 SNG 2
200* 33,138Sofala Province 1999 800 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 34.5 E 18.8 S––– 2
1650* 63,581Tete Province 1998 2,260 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 32.5 E 15.5 S––– 1
01,289Zambezia Province 1998 657 DNFFB, 1999EOG3 35.9 E 17.8 S––– 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE 135
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D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Shire
Komati
L. Cabora
Bassa
L. Kariba
L.Chilwa
L.Malawi
Mangochi FR
Chipinge SA
Zinave NP
Umfuli RP
Mwabvi WR
Lengwe NP
Luambe NP
Bangweulu
GMA
Manjirenji RP
Majete
Malolotja
Musalangu
Mthetomusha
Zambezi
Valley
Cabo
Delgado
Moribane-
Chimanimani
Gilé
Malipati
Tembe
Cabora
Bassa
North
Gorongosa
Limpopo
Banhine
Zambezia
Quirimbas
Gonarezhou
Chanjuzi
Mecuburi
Selous-
Masasi
Malilangwe
Sengwe
Nyatana
Bubi
Valley
Bubiana
Shangani
Venetia-Limpopo
Songimvelo
Selati
Welgevonden
Mkhaya
Maputo
GR &
Futi
Hlane
Sabie Sands
Manyeleti
Marakele Timbavati
Umbabat
Makuya
Kruger
Selous-
Niassa
Tuli
Tuli Circle
Mahenye
Chiredzi River
Save Valley
Matabeleland
Hwange
HartleyChirisa
Chizarira
Sijarira
Binga
Matusadona
Kariba
Mavuradonha
Lower Zambezi
Rufunsa
Liwonde
Phirilongwe
Luano
West
Petauke
Thuma
Chisomo
& SandweLunga-Luswishi
Lupande
Nkhota-
KotaKasungu
Lukusuzi
Kasanka
South Luangwa
Lavushi
MandaKafinde
North Luangwa
Niassa
Magoe
Isangano
Vwaza
Marsh
Nyika
Selous
Tete
Inhambane
Manica
Sofala
Zimbabwe
Zambia
South
Africa
Tanzania
Swaziland
Mozambique
Malawi
Mutare
Bulawayo
HARARE
Kariba
Chipata
Ndola
LUSAKA
iniMBABANE
Johannesburg
PRETORIA (Tshwane)
Pietersburg
Tunduru
Pemba
Beira
Tete
Nampula
MAPUTO
Blantyre
Zomba
LILONGWE
Mzuzu
Lubumbashi
Francistown
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
34°E
34°E
35°E
35°E
36°E
36°E
37°E
37°E
38°E
38°E
39°E
39°E
40°E
40°E
41°E
41°E
42°E
42°E
43°E
43°E
27°S 27°S
26°S 26°S
25°S 25°S
24°S 24°S
23°S 23°S
22°S 22°S
21°S 21°S
20°S 20°S
19°S 19°S
18°S 18°S
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
15°S 15°S
14°S 14°S
13°S 13°S
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
M o z a m b i q u eM o z a m b i q u e
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 380 760190 km
Sofala
Inhambane
Manica
136 MOZAMBIQUE | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Population Data An aerial sample count of Niassa Game Reserve and Buffer Zone (Craig & Gibson, 2004) estimated 12,477
± 2,111 elephants. Although this is lower than the estimate of 13,061 ± 2,433 (Craig & Gibson, 2002)
which it replaces, the difference between the two estimates is not statistically significant, and the low
carcass counts in both surveys is indicative of a secure population.
Much of the Cabora Bassa North area was surveyed for the first time in 2003 as part of a cross-border
aerial sample count covering the Zambezi Valley between Lakes Kariba and Cabora Bassa (Dunham,
2004a). The same survey also covered the Magoe South District, and the estimate for this area replaces a
2002 estimate of 1,264 ± 1,359 from a similar survey (Mackie, 2001). These areas were surveyed again in
2005, but a survey report had not been produced at the time of writing.
The Limpopo National Park was systematically surveyed for the first time in 2006, as part of the regular
aerial counts that cover Kruger National Park in South Africa. The estimate of 630 from this survey
(Whyte, 2006) replaces an INFORMED GUESS of 150 to 200 (Anderson, quest. reply, 2002).
An aerial sample count of Gorongosa National Park conducted in 2004 failed to detect any elephants
within the search strips, but a herd of 20-22 and a single bull were seen when flying back to camp
(Dunham, 2004b). These sightings have been entered as an INFORMED GUESS in the table of estimates.
The previous estimate of 8 for Banhine National Park (Anderson, quest. reply, 2002) has been replaced by
a new guess of zero, as elephants do not currently occur there (Anderson, quest. reply, 2005). All other
estimates have been retained from the previous report.
The number of elephants in the DEFINITE category has increased by nearly 2,450, largely due to the
inclusion of the considerably larger area covered by the Cabora Bassa (Magoe) North survey and new
survey estimates for Limpopo. An overall increase in precision is responsible for the decreases of around
400 in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories. Less than a fifth of Mozambique’s elephant range is
covered by good quality estimates, nearly 60% is covered by guesses, and the remaining quarter remains
unassessed.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants in the Niassa Game Reserve are part of a transboundary population whose range includes the
Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania (Mpanduji et al., 2002), and which constitutes one of the most important
populations on the continent.
Although most of the fence separating Limpopo National Park and Kruger National Park in South Africa
has yet to be removed, elephants are reported to be moving out of Kruger and into Limpopo and north
of it out of their own volition (Anderson, quest. reply, 2005; Marshall, 2005; Peace Parks Foundation,
2006).
It is expected that elephant movement between the Maputo Special Reserve and Tembe Elephant Park in
South Africa will resume once the electric fence along Tembe’s northern boundary is removed (Peace
Parks Foundation, 2006).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | NAMIBIA 137
N A M I B I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 825,418 km²
Range area (% of country): 146,921 km² (18%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 13%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 23%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.46
CITES Appendix: II
Listing Year: 1997
Current Issues Namibia has developed a national management plan for elephants. The plan foresees the devolution of
authority to landowners, both communal and private, to manage elephants on their land as a pre-requisite
for the adoption of successful adaptive co-management. It also calls for range expansion and the removal
of veterinary fences that restrict elephant movement, but does not rule out management intervention to
reduce populations in the future (Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 2005c).
New conservancies are being created north of Etosha National Park in areas into which elephant range
has been expanding. The expansion of elephant range in the northeast, due largely to immigration from
Botswana is causing levels of human-elephant conflict to escalate (Martin, 2005b; Ministry of
Environment and Tourism, 2005a).
Namibia’s proposal to be allowed to export individually marked and certified traditional ivory amulets,
known as ekipas, for non-commercial purposes was approved at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the
Parties to CITES, held in 2004 in Bangkok, Thailand (CITES, 2004). In January 2007 Namibia and
Botswana submitted a joint proposal to CITES to maintain their elephant populations, as well as those of
South Africa and Zimbabwe, in Appendix II, and to establish annual export quotas for these four countries
to trade in raw ivory to approved trading partners (Government of Botswana & Government of Namibia,
2007).
Range Data Elephants are only found in the north of the country. While large populations are found in Etosha
National Park, Khaudom Game Reserve and the Caprivi region, Namibian elephants range widely in
search of water depending on annual rainfall patterns, and have some of the largest home ranges recorded
anywhere on the continent (Lindeque, 1995).
Few changes have been made to the range map for this report. Some areas of POSSIBLE range in the
Caprivi strip have been re-categorized as KNOWN range (Kolberg, 2004; Martin, 2005b), and KNOWN range
has been slightly extended to the northwest of Etosha (C.R. Thouless, pers. comm., 2006) and to the west
of Khaudom Game Park (Kolberg, 2004). Five elephants were seen in a survey of the N#a-Jaqna
Conservancy, to the southwest of Khaudom, and this sighting is shown as a cross on the map (Kolberg,
2004).
Population Data Aerial sample counts of all major elephant populations in Namibia were conducted between 2004 and
2005, as part of Namibia’s regular survey programme. A 2004 survey of Etosha National Park estimated
2,057 ± 598 elephants in the park (Kilian & Kolberg, 2004). This replaces a 2002 aerial sample count
estimate of 2,417 ± 663 (Kilian, 2003). The difference between the two estimates, however, is not
statistically significant.
138 NAMIBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
The estimate for Caprivi, on the other hand, has nearly doubled from the previous estimate of 4,576 ±
1,223 (Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1998) to 8,725 ± 2,206 (Kolberg, 2004). This significant
difference cannot be due to natural population increase alone and is most likely to have been influenced
by elephant immigration from Botswana.
The estimate of 1,966 ± 973 for Khaudom/Nyae-Nyae featured in the previous report, which originated
from an aerial sample count conducted in 2000 (Craig, 2003), has been replaced by the results of two
simultaneous surveys conducted in Khaudom/Kavango and Nyae-Nyae by different survey teams in 2004
(Kolberg, 2004; Stander, 2004). While the Nyae Nyae estimate of 967 ± 481 from the 2004 survey is
comparable in magnitude to the estimate of 755 ± 554 from the 2000 survey (Craig, 2003), the 2004
Khaudom/Kavango estimate is nearly three times higher than corresponding estimate from the 2000
survey. This difference cannot be accounted for by natural population increase alone. The area surveyed
was larger in 2004 than in 2000, but only by 10%. Thus, the difference in area is unlikely to be a major
contributor to the difference in the estimates. Elephants are reported to be moving from Botswana into
Khaudom in increasing numbers (Martin, 2005b), and this could account for much of the difference.
An estimate of 210 ± 157 from a 2005 survey in Kunene (Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 2005b)
replaces an estimate of 663 ± 790 from an aerial sample count conducted in 2000 (Craig, 2003). Although
the area covered in the earlier survey was nearly three times larger, the core elephant range was covered in
its entirety in the 2005 survey, and the difference between the two estimates is not statistically significant.
An INFORMED GUESS of 20 for Mangetti Game Reserve (Martin, 2005b) replaces an aerial total count
estimate of 19 (Lindeque et al., 1995), which would have otherwise been degraded to the category of
OTHER GUESSES, as the estimate is over 10 years old.
The increase in the DEFINITE category is largely the result of new estimates from methodologically
comparable surveys, while an overall decrease in precision has resulted in increases in the PROBABLE and
POSSIBLE categories. It is worth stressing that all these changes are likely to have been influenced by
elephant immigration from Botswana.
Nearly 45% of Namibia’s elephant range remains unsurveyed. Although the much of the unsurveyed area
is potentially important for elephant movements, only small numbers of elephants are likely to be found
there at any one time.
Cross-border
Movements
The Caprivi Strip in Namibia is an extension of the northern Botswana population, and provides an
important corridor for the movement of elephants between Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia and Angola
(Craig, 1996a). There may also be movement between other areas in northern Namibia and southern
Angola. As elephant range expands in northern Botswana, elephants are moving in increasing numbers
into Khaudom/Nyae-Nyae in Namibia (Martin, 2005b).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | NAMIBIA 139
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR NAMIBIA
03,2763,27612,531Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
02000Informed Guesses
12,531 3,276 3,296 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 7,769 1,872 1,872 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +4,760 +2,579 +3,157 0
New Population +4 +159 +402 0
Different Area +13 -1,334 -2,205 0
New Guess -16 0 +70 0
TOTAL CHANGE +4,762 +1,404 +1,424 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
73,567
359
15,082
89,008
6,964
0
50,949
57,913
80,531
359
66,031
146,921TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
140 NAMIBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
NAMIBIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
2,206 17,943Caprivi Region 2004 8,725 Kolberg, 2004BAS2 23.5 E 17.9 SRS 2
598 18,551Etosha National Park 2004 2,057 Kilian & Kolberg, 2004BAS1 15.9 E 19.0 SRS 2
2,289 10,485Khaudom - Kavango 2004 3,787 Kolberg, 2004BAS2 20.8 E 18.6 SRS 2
157 31,144Kunene 2005 210 MET, 2005bBAS1 13.7 E 19.3 SDA 1
762Mangetti Game Reserve 2005 20 MET, 2005DIG3 19.1 E 18.7 SNG 3
115 9,143N#a-Jaqna Conservancy 2004 61 Kolberg, 2004BAS2 19.6 E 19.6 SNP 2
481 2,957Nyae Nyae Conservancy 2004 967 Stander, 2004BAS1 20.5 E 19.6 SRS 2
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | NAMIBIA 141
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Cubango
Cuando
Hobatere CcA
Iona NP
Mupa
NP
Moçamedes PR
Mavinga PR
Mamili NP
Mudumo NP
Skeleton Coast GP
Bwabwata NP
Mangetti GR
West
Zambezi
GMA
National
West Coast
Tourist RA
Moremi GR
Kunene N#a-
Jaqna
Khaudom
- Kavango
Kafue
Luiana
(West)
Luiana
(East)
Rest of
Northern
Botswana
Nxai Pan &
Makgadikgadi
Chobe
Okavango Delta
Etosha
Mangetti
Nyae
Nyae
Matetsi
Bongola Sioma
Ngwezi
Sichifulo
Mulobezi
Caprivi
Zambia
South
Africa
Namibia
Botswana
Angola
Luderitz Keetmanshoop
Swakopmund
WINDHOEK
Otjiwarongo
Tsumeb
Kasane
Maun
Ghanzi
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
30°S 30°S
29°S 29°S
28°S 28°S
27°S 27°S
26°S 26°S
25°S 25°S
24°S 24°S
23°S 23°S
22°S 22°S
21°S 21°S
20°S 20°S
19°S 19°S
18°S 18°S
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
N a m i b i aN a m i b i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 325 650162.5 km
142 NAMIBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | SOUTH AFRICA 143
S O U T H A F R I C A
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,219,912 km²
Range area (% of country): 30,455 km² (2%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 4%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 85%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.96
CITES Appendix: II
Listing Year: 2000
Current Issues As elephant populations in South Africa continue to grow, arguments between those in favour of the
resumption of culling and those against it have become increasingly heated (Cumming & Jones, 2005). A
consultative process, convened by South African National Parks (SANParks) in 2004, reviewed the
opinions of scientists and stakeholders on both sides of the debate (South African National Parks, 2004a,
2005). In 2005, SANParks put forward a recommendation to the Minister of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism that culling be resumed (Mabunda, 2005), as envisaged by the Policy for Elephant Management
in Kruger National Park (South African National Parks, 2004b). A decision was postponed pending
further consultation with an international panel of elephant experts. In 2006, the panel issued a statement
of scientific consensus which, rather than supporting a particular management action, recommended the
establishment of a long-term research programme to better understand the consequences of any
management action that may be taken.
Range Data South Africa’s elephants are confined to protected areas and private reserves, largely in the north and east
of the country, although some populations remain – and others are being newly established – in the far
south. The largest portion of elephant range falls within and around Kruger National Park, from where
most of the elephants in populations elsewhere in the country have been translocated.
Some new areas of KNOWN range have been added to the AED as a result of recent translocations and new
information. These include the Kapama, Kwandwe, Kariega, Shamwari, Lalibela, Mthetomusha and Great
Fish River Game Reserves.
Population Data A complete update of all populations in South Africa has been obtained from SANParks (Whyte, 2006)
and the Elephant Management and Owners Association (Elephant Management and Owners Association,
2005). Most surveys in South Africa are aerial total counts conducted from helicopters, and therefore
appear under the DEFINITE category in the summary table. The estimates for some reserves for which
detailed census methods could not be obtained have been classified as INFORMED GUESSES. At the request
of their owners, private reserves holding 50 or fewer elephants are grouped under one overall estimate and
are not shown on the map.
The elephant population in Kruger National Park and its environs has continued to grow in recent years.
At the time of the 2005 census, the population in the park stood at 12,467 elephants (I.J. Whyte, pers.
comm., 2005), up by nearly 2,000 from the figure of 10,459 featured in the previous report. The slightly
lower estimate of 12,427 from the 2006 survey (Whyte, 2006), featured in this report, is likely to have
resulted from net emigration to neighbouring private reserves and the Limpopo National Park in
Mozambique. The population in the entire Kruger ecosystem, including the surrounding private reserves,
increased from 12,439 in 2002, to 14,735 in 2005 (I.J. Whyte, pers. comm., 2005), and then to 15,387 in
2006 (Whyte, 2006).
144 SOUTH AFRICA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
The population at Addo Elephant National Park has also continued to increase, from 337 in 2002 to 459
in 2005. As a result of higher estimates from these and other populations, the number of elephants in the
DEFINITE category has increased by nearly 3,800 compared to the previous report.
Cross-border
Movements
Movement of elephants out of Kruger National Park into Mozambique is reported to have increased
recently (Anderson, quest. reply, 2005), facilitated by the removal of an additional 30 km of the fence that
separates Kruger from Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.
Elephants from Botswana and possibly Zimbabwe have moved into the Mapungubwe National Park,
raising some concern about their potential impact on woodlands (South African National Parks, 2006).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | SOUTH AFRICA 145
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SOUTH AFRICA
00017,501Aerial or Ground Total Counts
226380346Informed Guesses
17,847 0 638 22TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 14,071 0 855 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +3,489 0 0 0
New Population +180 0 0 0
Different Technique +71 0 -100 0
New Guess +36 0 -51 +22
Population Lost 0 0 -66 0
TOTAL CHANGE +3,776 0 -217 +22
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
29,204
1,251
30,455
29,204
1,251
30,455TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
146 SOUTH AFRICA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SOUTH AFRICA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
1,250Addo Elephant National Park 2005 459 EMOA, 2005AIR1 25.5 E 33.3 SRS 2
136Atherstone Nature Reserve 2005 60 EMOA, 2005AAT3 26.8 E 24.5 SRS 3
400Balule Nature Reserve 2006 457 Whyte, 2006AAT3 31.0 E 24.2 SRS 3
440Great Fish River Reserve Complex 2005 2 EMOA, 2005AIR1 26.8 E 33.1 SNP 3
539Greater St Lucia Wetland Park
(Managed Nature Reserve)
2005 45 EMOA, 2005AAT3 32.5 E 27.9 SRS 3
22* 965Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Game Reserve 2004 346 EMOA, 2005DIG3 31.9 E 28.3 SNG 2
297Itala Nature Reserve 2005 84 EMOA, 2005AGT1 31.3 E 27.5 SRS 3
246Kapama Private Game Reserve 2005 36 EMOA, 2005AIR1 31.1 E 24.4 SNP 3
190Kariega Private Game Reserve 2005 11 EMOA, 2005AIR1 26.7 E 33.5 SNP 3
628Klaserie Private Nature Reserve 2006 569 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.2 E 24.2 SRS 2
126Knysna Forest Reserve 2005 4 EMOA, 2005AIR1 23.0 E 34.0 SRS 3
19,624Kruger National Park 2006 12,427 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.5 E 24.0 SRS 1
158Kwandwe Private Game Reserve 2005 29 EMOA, 2005AIR1 26.6 E 33.1 SNP 3
75Lalibela Private Game Reserve 2005 11 EMOA, 2005AIR1 26.2 E 33.5 SNP 3
420Letaba Game Ranch 2006 0 Whyte, 2006AGT1 31.1 E 23.7 SPL
700Madikwe Nature Reserve 2005 455 EMOA, 2005AAT3 26.3 E 24.8 SRS 2
140Makalali Private Game Reserve 2005 72 EMOA, 2005AGT1 30.7 E 24.2 SRS 3
165Makuya National Park 2006 54 Whyte, 2006AAT2 30.9 E 22.6 SRS 3
228Manyeleti Game Reserve 2006 71 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.5 E 24.6 SDT 3
380Marakele National Park 2005 110 EMOA, 2005AIR1 27.6 E 24.4 SRS 3
380Mkuzi Game Reserve 2005 37 EMOA, 2005AIR1 32.3 E 27.7 SRS 3
80Mthetomusha Nature Reserve 2005 30 EMOA, 2005AIR1 31.3 E 25.5 SNP 3
41Phalaborwa Mining Company 2006 77 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.2 E 24.0 SRS 4
553Pilanesberg National Park 2005 140 EMOA, 2005AAT3 27.1 E 25.2 SRS 3
119Pongola Nature Reserve 2005 55 EMOA, 2005AIR1 32.0 E 27.4 SRS 3
4,000Private Reserves 2005 578 EMOA, 2005DIG3 Not ShownNG 1
572Sabie Sands Game Reserve 2006 857 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.5 E 24.8 SRS 3
300Selati Game Reserve 2005 85 EMOA, 2005AGT1 30.8 E 24.0 SRS 3
200Shamwari Game Reserve 2005 61 EMOA, 2005AIR1 26.1 E 33.4 SNP 3
490Songimvelo Game Reserve 2005 60 EMOA, 2005DIG3 31.0 E 26.0 SNG 2
300Tembe Elephant Park 2005 167 Morley, 2005AIR1 32.5 E 26.9 SRS 3
494Timbavati Private Nature Reserve 2006 712 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.3 E 24.4 SRS 3
144Umbabat Private Nature Reserve 2006 163 Whyte, 2006AAT2 31.4 E 24.1 SRS 3
91Venetia-Limpopo National Park 2005 61 EMOA, 2005AAT3 29.3 E 22.2 SRS 3
330Welgevonden Private Game
Reserve
2005 100 EMOA, 2005AAT3 27.8 E 24.3 SRS 3
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | SOUTH AFRICA 147
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
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D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!!
!
!
!
!P Chipinge SA
Munyawana
Malolotja
N#a-
Jaqna
Kapama
Mthetomusha
Mkuzi
Lalibela
Kwandwe
Kariega
Great Fish River
Shamwari
Rest of
Northern
Botswana
Nxai Pan &
Makgadikgadi
Okavango
Delta
Malipati
Tembe
Nyae Nyae
Limpopo
Banhine
Gonarezhou
Malilangwe
Sengwe
Mambali
Maramani
Bubi
Valley
Bubiana
Shangani
Knysna
Venetia-
Limpopo
Greater
St Lucia
Songimvelo
Balule
Selati
MakalaliWelgevonden
Addo
Elephant
Hluhluwe-Imfolozi
Itala Pongola
Mkhaya
Maputo
GR &
Futi
Hlane
Pilanesberg
Sabie Sands
Madikwe
Manyeleti
Atherstone
Marakele
Timbavati
Umbabat
Klaserie
Phalaborwa
Letaba
Makuya
Kruger
Tuli
Tuli Circle
Mahenye
Chiredzi River
Save Valley
Matabeleland
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Namibia
Mozambiq
Lesotho
Botswana
Bulawayo
MBABANE
Cape Town
Port Elizabeth
Durban
Bloemfontein
Johannesburg
PRETORIA (Tshwane)
Pietersburg
Keetmanshoop
WINDHOEK
Otjiwarongo
MAPUTO
GABORONE
Maun
Ghanzi
Francistown
Lobatse
17°E
17°E
18°E
18°E
19°E
19°E
20°E
20°E
21°E
21°E
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
37°S 37°S
36°S 36°S
35°S 35°S
34°S 34°S
33°S 33°S
32°S 32°S
31°S 31°S
30°S 30°S
29°S 29°S
28°S 28°S
27°S 27°S
26°S 26°S
25°S 25°S
24°S 24°S
23°S 23°S
22°S 22°S
21°S 21°S
20°S 20°S
S o u t h A f r i c aS o u t h A f r i c a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 410 820205 km
SwazilandSwaziland
148 SWAZILAND | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
S W A Z I L A N D
General
Statistics
Country area: 17,360 km²
Range area (% of country): 50 km² (1%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 5%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 81%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 1.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Conservation priorities in the Hlane and Mkhaya parks concentrate on the black rhino population and treenesting
vultures, and the management aims to minimize impact on these species by controlling elephant
numbers (Reilly, quest. reply, 2005).
Three elephants in Malolotja Nature Reserve, originally from the adjacent Songimvelo Nature Reserve in
South Africa, are reported to be coming into conflict with communities to the east of the reserve (Reilly,
quest. reply, 2005) and to be causing some impact on the woodland within Malolotja (Mtui & Owen-Smith,
2006).
There is ongoing controversy between the Swaziland National Trust Commission (SNTC), Yonge Nawe
– a local environmental NGO – and Big Game Parks of Swaziland (BGP), which manages the Hlane and
Mkhaya parks. SNTC and Yonge Nawe have challenged the status of BGP as Swaziland’s delegated CITES
national management and scientific authority and have questioned plans for the enlargement of Mkhaya
(Douglas Consulting & LKM, 2004; Reilly, quest. reply, 2005).
Range Data Elephant distribution is well understood in Swaziland, being mainly restricted to fenced enclosures within
Hlane Royal National Park and Mkhaya Game Reserve. The enclosures only occupy a fraction of the
reserves (6% and 19% respectively).
Three elephants from Songimvelo Game Reserve in South Africa use the Komati Valley in the Malolotja
Nature Reserve as part of their range (Reilly, quest. reply, 2005). This area has been added to the map as
KNOWN range.
Population Data Individual registration of all elephants is maintained for the Hlane and Mkhaya populations. Eleven
elephants from these two reserves were exported to zoos in the United States in 2003 (Reilly, quest. reply,
2005). The consequent reduction in the population figures from the 39 reported in the AESR 2002 is
reflected in the summary table. An estimate of three elephants from Malolotja Nature Reserve has been
added to the table of estimates (Reilly, quest. reply, 2005).
Cross-border
Movements
In January 2005 an elephant from the Pongola Nature Reserve in South Africa crossed into Swaziland near
Lavumisa and moved north past Maloma to Kubuta, where it turned back and returned to Pongola after
being radio-collared in Swaziland (Reilly, quest. reply, 2005).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | SWAZILAND 149
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SWAZILAND
00028Aerial or Ground Total Counts
0003Informed Guesses
31 0 0 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 39 0 0 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey -11 0 0 0
New Population +3 0 0 0
TOTAL CHANGE -8 0 0 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
22
28
50
22
28
50TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
150 SWAZILAND | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SWAZILAND: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
142Hlane Royal National Park 2005 13 Reilly, quest. reply, 2005AIR1 31.9 E 26.3 SRS 1
28Malolotja Nature Reserve 2005 3 Reilly, quest. reply, 2005DIG3 31.1 E 26.0 SNP 1
65Mkhaya Nature Reserve 2005 15 Reilly, quest. reply, 2005AIR1 31.7 E 26.6 SRS 1
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | SWAZILAND 151
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Kom
ati Malolotja
Songimvelo
Pongola
Mkhaya
Hlane
South
Africa
Swaziland
Mozambique
Kubuta
Maloma
Lavumisa
Manzini
Siteki
MBABANE
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
27°S 27°S
26°S 26°S
S w a z i l a n dS w a z i l a n d
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 40 8020 km
152 ZAMBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Z A M B I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 752,610 km²
Range area (% of country): 201,247 km² (28%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 31%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 77%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.47
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues In 2003 Zambia developed a national Elephant Policy and Action Plan (Ministry of Tourism, Environment
and Natural Resources, 2003). The policy identifies human-elephant conflict and poaching as the major
threats to elephant populations in Zambia, and proposes improved land use planning, decentralized
decision-making processes and revenue sharing from the sustainable use of elephants as the principal
means to mitigate these problems.
As envisaged by the policy, and after a ban of 21 years, sport hunting of elephants was reopened in August
2005, and Zambia notified the CITES Secretariat that it would maintain an annual export quota of 40 tusks
(20 animals) as hunting trophies (UNEP-WCMC, 2006).
Range Data Elephants in Zambia are distributed in four major populations, namely in the Luangwa Valley, the Kafue
ecosystem and nearby West Lunga, the Lower Zambezi Valley and Sioma Ngwezi and its environs. A
number of smaller populations are scattered along the country’s borders.
The shape of the range map for Zambia has not changed substantially since the last report, but a number
of areas have been categorized as DOUBTFUL range. These include an area along the shores of Lake Kariba
(G.C. Craig, pers. comm., 2006; Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, 2003), a strip
adjacent to the Mukungule Game Management Area (E. van der Westhuizen, pers. comm., 2006), and two
areas on the eastern side of the Luangwa Valley, where human population density is estimated to exceed
15 persons per km² (ORNL/GIST, 2002; see Introduction section for details on rationale).
Population Data Most of the Luangwa Valley has been systematically surveyed in the last five years. Two aerial sample
counts were conducted in North Luangwa National Park and surrounding areas, in 2003 (van der
Westhuizen, 2003) and 2005. The result from the latter survey, however, is believed to be a considerable
overestimate, perhaps caused by the use of a different survey crew (E. van der Westhuizen, pers. comm.,
2006). For this reason, the results of the 2003 survey have been used in this report, replacing an aerial total
count conducted in 2000 (Aucamp, 2000). The elephant population in North Luangwa is currently
believed to be stable or increasing (E. van der Westhuizen, pers. comm., 2006).
A 2004 aerial sample count covered several game management areas in the Luangwa Valley (Simwanza,
2004b). This survey excluded the Luambe National Park, last surveyed by Jachmann (1999a), when it was
counted as a single block together with the southern sector of Lumimba Game Management Area. This
southern sector was included in the 2004 survey and appears on the table as Mwanya hunting block.
Despite occasional sightings, elephants have been largely absent from Luambe National Park for many
years. For this reason, the 1999 estimate for Luambe has been removed from the table of estimates. There
are nevertheless reports that elephants are beginning to return to Luambe, and it would be important for
this park to be systematically surveyed as part of an ecosystem-wide survey of the Luangwa Valley.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ZAMBIA 153
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR ZAMBIA
05,8995,89916,229Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
094927Other Dung Counts
000306Informed Guesses
813000Other Guesses
16,562 5,948 5,908 813TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 12,457 6,961 7,631 235
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +1,953 +37 -45 0
New Population +36 -85 +179 0
Different Technique -41 +1,100 -1,632 0
Different Area +1,806 -2,029 -231 0
New Guess +326 0 0 +119
New Analysis +29 -37 +5 +477
Data Degraded -3 0 0 -19
TOTAL CHANGE +4,105 -1,013 -1,723 +578
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
109,944
482
75
6,851
1,204
118,556
5,143
0
0
734
76,814
82,692
115,087
482
75
7,585
78,018
201,247TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
154 ZAMBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
ZAMBIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
81 600Chanjuzi Hunting Block 2004 65 Simwanza, 2004bBAS3 32.6 E 12.3 SRS 3
53 900Chiawa Game Management Area 2003 45 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 28.9 E 15.8 SRS 3
155 750Chisomo & Sandwe Game
Management Area
1999 128 Jachmann & Phiri, 1999aBAS2 30.9 E 13.8 S––– 3
840Isangano National Park 1993 3 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EGT1 30.6 E 11.2 SDD 3
3,860Kafinde Game Management Area 1991 50 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EIG3 30.1 E 12.4 S––– 2
5,227 22,400Kafue National Park 2004 6,306 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 25.9 E 15.2 SDA 2
9 390Kasanka National Park 1999 76 Jachmann & Phiri, 1999bCDC2 30.2 E 12.6 SNA 3
378 7,780Kasonso-Busanga Game
Management Area
2004 401 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 25.6 E 14.1 SRS 2
15Katokota Game Ranch 1991 19 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EAT3 28.0 E 16.8 S––– 5
1,500Lavushi Manda National Park 1991 15 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EIG3 30.8 E 12.4 S––– 3
744 4,084Lower Zambezi National Park 2003 1,477 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 29.7 E 15.5 SRS 2
8,930Luano Game Management Area 1996 150 Jachmann, 1996EIG3 29.6 E 14.8 S––– 2
652 1,092Luawata Hunting Block 2003 968 van der Westhuizen, 2003BAS2 31.9 E 12.3 SRS 3
0 3,200Lukusuzi National Park 2005 0 Fourie et al., 2005BAS1 32.6 E 12.8 SRS
169 13,340Lunga-Luswishi Game
Management Area
2004 195 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 26.9 E 13.8 SRS 2
586 4,959Lupande Game Management Area 2002 975 Dunham & Simwanza, 2002BAS2 32.0 E 13.3 S––– 2
66Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park 2006 306 Chase, 2006DIG3 25.8 E 17.9 SNG 4
119 788Mukungule Game Management
Area
2003 156 van der Westhuizen, 2003BAS2 32.0 E 11.7 SRS 3
96 3,420Mulobezi Game Management Area 2004 55 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 25.4 E 16.5 SRS 2
208 3,370Mumbwa Game Management Area 2004 181 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 26.4 E 15.1 SDT 2
898 2,190Musalangu Game Management
Area
2004 1,011 Simwanza, 2004bBAS2 32.8 E 11.2 SDA 3
237 860Mwanya Hunting Block 2004 503 Simwanza, 2004bBAS3 32.3 E 12.7 SDA 3
7,274Mweru wa Ntipa Ecosystem 2003 0 Simwanza, 2003BAS2 29.8 E 8.7 SNP
134 3,600Namwala Game Management Area 2004 127 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 26.3 E 15.5 SDT 2
25Nchete Island Wildlife Sanctuary 1991 49 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EAT3 27.6 E 17.4 S––– 4
306 194Nkala Game Management Area 2004 210 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 26.0 E 16.0 SNP 4
695 4,688North Luangwa National Park 2003 3,235 van der Westhuizen, 2003BAS3 32.2 E 11.9 SRS 2
92 2,063Nsumbu National Park 2003 65 Simwanza, 2003BAS2 30.4 E 8.8 SDT 3
133 330Nyampala Game Management Area 2004 284 Simwanza, 2004bBAS2 31.7 E 12.5 SDA 4
3,128Rufunsa Game Management Area 2003 0 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 30.0 E 15.2 SRS
10Sekula Island Wildlife Sanctuary 1991 7 Tembo, quest. reply, 1993EAT3 27.5 E 17.4 S––– 5
3,600Sichifulo Game Management Area 2004 0 Simwanza, 2004aBAS2 25.7 E 16.8 SRS
371 4,377Sioma Ngwezi National Park 2005 385 Chase & Griffin, 2005bBAS2 23.4 E 17.3 SRS 2
1,519 8,448South Luangwa National Park 2002 4,459 Dunham & Simwanza, 2002BAS2 31.6 E 13.1 S––– 2
1,684West Lunga National Park 1996 520 C.M. Phiri, pers. comm., 1998EAS3 24.8 E 12.8 S––– 3
1,399 905West Petauke Game Management
Area
1999 897 Jachmann & Phiri, 1999aBAS2 30.3 E 14.3 S––– 3
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ZAMBIA 155
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! !
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Congo
C
uando
Zam
beze
Lomami
Cassai
G
reatRuaha
L. Cabora Bassa
L. Kariba
L.Malawi
L.Mweru
L. Rukwa
L.Tanganyka
Deka SA
Charara SA
Bilili
Springs
GMA
Mamili NP
Kazuma Pan NP
Victoria Falls NM
Mudumo NP
Umfuli RP
Mana
Pools NP
Luambe NP
Bwabwata NP
Kaluanyembe
GMA
West
Zambezi
GMA
Chizera
GMA
Lukwakwa GMA
Musele-Matebo GMA
Chibwika-Ntambu GMA
Bangweulu
GMA
Kaputa
GMA
Moremi GR
Lukwati GR
Rungwa
GR
Chewore IV
Mukwiche
Doma
Nkala
Kafue
Musalangu
Mwanya
Luiana
(West)
Luiana
(East)
Rest of
Northern
Botswana
Chobe
Okavango Delta
Zambezi
Valley
Moribane-
Chimanimani
Upemba
Cabora
Bassa
North
Piti
East
Chanjuzi
Kavira
Nyatana
Shangani
Protea Farm
Matabeleland
Ngamo &
Sikumi
Hwange
Lusulu
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Matetsi
HartleyChirisa
Chizarira
Sijarira
Sekula
Island
Nchete Island
North
Gokwe
Chete
Binga
Sioma
Ngwezi
Katokota
Matusadona
Kariba
Sichifulo
Mavuradonha
Mulobezi
Nyampala
Chiawa
Namwala
Lower
Zambezi
RufunsaMumbwa
Luano
West
Petauke
Kasonso-
Busanga
Chisomo& SandweLunga-
Luswishi
Lupande
West Lunga
Nkhota-Kota
KasunguLukusuzi
Kasanka
South Luangwa
Lavushi
MandaKafinde
North
Luangwa
Magoe
Isangano
Vwaza
Marsh
Nyika
Nsumbu
Tete
Manica
Sofala
Caprivi
Mweru
wa Ntipa
Mukungule
Ruaha-
Rungwa
Bushimae
Katavi-Rukwa
Luawata
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Tanzania
Namibia
Mozambique
Malawi
Democratic
Republic
of Congo
Botswana
Angola
Mutare
HARARE
Kariba
Chipata
Mongu
Ndola
LUSAKA
Livingstone
Tete
LILONGWE
Lubumbashi
Kasane
22°E
22°E
23°E
23°E
24°E
24°E
25°E
25°E
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
19°S 19°S
18°S 18°S
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
15°S 15°S
14°S 14°S
13°S 13°S
12°S 12°S
11°S 11°S
10°S 10°S
9°S 9°S
8°S 8°S
7°S 7°S
Z a m b i aZ a m b i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 300 600150 km
156 ZAMBIA | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
South Luangwa National Park has not been surveyed since 2002, and the estimate shown on the table has
been retained from the previous report. A 2005 aerial survey of Lukusuzi National Park failed to find any
elephants in the park (Fourie et al., 2005), and an estimate of zero appears on the table.
An aerial sample count was conducted in the Kafue ecosystem in 2004 (Simwanza, 2004a). Estimates from
this survey replace a number of ground and aerial sample counts conducted between 1997 and 2001 (Fairall
& Kampamba, 2001; Jachmann, 2000; Zyambo, 1997). Another aerial sample count covering much of
Kafue National Park, conducted in two stages between September and November 2004, gave a combined
estimate of 1510 ± 61 (van Aarde & Guldemond, 2004; van Aarde et al., 2004). Elephant density for the
extreme northern sector of the park, which was not covered in the survey, was extrapolated from the rest
of the survey area to yield an overall estimate of 1,738 ± 355. This survey, however, suffered from technical
and design limitations, and has not been used for this report.
The Lower Zambezi National Park was surveyed, together with its surrounding Game Management Areas,
as part of a 2003 transboundary survey that also covered adjacent areas in Mozambique and Zimbabwe
(Dunham, 2004a). The results of this survey replace estimates from methodologically comparable surveys
conducted by Phiri (1996). These areas were surveyed again in 2005, but a survey report had not been
produced at the time of writing.
Three aerial sample counts were conducted in Sioma Ngwezi National Park since the last report: one in
January 2004, which returned an estimate of 1,212 ± 920 (Chase et al., 2004), another in August 2004 (899
± 755) and a third in November 2005 (385 ± 389) (Chase & Griffin, 2005b). Despite being lower than the
previous two, the estimate from the most recent (2005) survey is shown in the table of estimates. The use
of this result, which replaces an estimate of 250 (Mwiya, 1996) is justified by the fact that none of the
differences between the estimates from the last three surveys are statistically significant. This lack of
significance is due to the wide confidence limits in all three estimates, which may have been brought about
by elephant distribution clustering around the centre of the park (Chase et al., 2004).
The Mweru wa Ntipa ecosystem was surveyed in its entirety for the first time in 2003 (Simwanza, 2003).
The survey also covered the Nsumbu National Park, the population of which had last been estimated at
45 in 1998 (L. Saiwana, pers. comm., 1998).
The number of elephants in the DEFINITE category has increased by over 4,100 from the previous report,
whereas the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories have declined by about 1,000 and 1,700 respectively.
These changes arise from methodologically comparable surveys, as well as from surveys conducted over
different areas or using different techniques. While nearly 60% of Zambia’s estimated elephant range is
currently covered by good quality estimates, no figures are available for most of the remaining range. It is
likely, however, that a more detailed knowledge of elephant presence around protected areas will cause the
proportion of unassessed range to decline.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephant range in southwestern Zambia is contiguous with range in Angola’s Luiana Reserve (Chase &
Griffin, 2005b) and with northern Botswana through the Caprivi Strip in Namibia. Elephant movement
also occurs between Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the Zambezi Valley. It is not known whether
movement continues between the North Luangwa ecosystem and Kasungu National Park in Malawi.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ZIMBABWE 157
Z I M B A B W E
General
Statistics
Country area: 390,580 km²
Range area (% of country): 76,931 km² (29%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 13%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 58%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.91
CITES Appendix: II
Listing Year: 1997
Current Issues The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management completed its transition into the present
National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (NPWMA) in 2004. The new authority is no longer
funded from the national budget and must raise its own revenue. Major cuts in NPWMA’s operating
budget have been necessitated by a decline in tourist revenues in recent years, and this has resulted in a
decreased capacity to manage elephant populations.
Three consecutive droughts between 2002 and 2005 caused a number of elephants in Hwange and other
areas to die of starvation (Dunham et al., 2006b). This, together with reports of an increasing incidence in
human-elephant conflict, kindled the debate on whether elephant numbers should be reduced through
culling.
Poaching in the Sebungwe region is reported to have increased in recent years. A recent survey of the area
recorded a 2.5-fold increase in the number of dead elephants since 2001, suggesting a notable increase in
elephant mortality in the last five years. A high incidence in illegal activity was also recorded in parts of
survey zone, suggesting that illegal killing is at least partly responsible for the estimated increase in elephant
mortality (Dunham et al., 2006a).
Range Data The majority of Zimbabwe’s elephants are found in and around protected areas along the borders with
neighbouring countries. There are four major populations, namely Northwest Matabeleland, Sebungwe,
the Zambezi Valley and Gonarezhou. Most of the central highveld and eastern highlands are extensively
settled and farmed, and have long been devoid of elephants.
All areas previously depicted as POSSIBLE range have been categorized as DOUBTFUL based on Landscan
2002 human population density data (ORNL/GIST, 2002; see Introduction section for rationale) and
information provided by C. Craig (2006). The area corresponding to Matibi II communal lands was
incorrectly depicted as range in previous reports, but now appears as DOUBTFUL range. No other changes
have been made to the range map.
Population Data A survey of Northwest Matabeleland in 2006 could not be completed due to technical difficulties, and only
covered 65% of the area surveyed in previous counts (Dunham et al., 2006b). The estimate for the areas
covered, which excluded the northern sectors of Hwange National Park and the Matetsi complex, was
25,087 ± 5,301. This is not significantly different from the estimate of 26,602 ± 4,155 for the exact same
areas obtained in the previous survey, conducted in 2001 (Dunham, 2002). In view of this, estimates from
the 2001 survey have been retained from the previous report. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the 2006
survey recorded a considerable increase in the carcass ratio (i.e., the proportion of dead to dead plus live
elephants), from 3.2% in 2001 to 5.6% in 2006. A tenth of the estimated number of dead elephants in the
2006 survey were found to have their tusks intact, suggesting that they may have died of natural causes,
possibly drought-related (Dunham et al., 2006b).
158 ZIMBABWE | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
An aerial sample count of the Sebungwe region conducted in late 2006 (Dunham et al., 2006a) gave an
overall estimate of 15,024 ± 2,133. Results from this survey replace estimates from a methodologically
comparable survey conducted in 2001 (Mackie, 2002b). Although considerable increases in elephant
mortality and illegal activities were recorded, with a carcass ratio of 15.6% for the study area (see Current
Issues above), the estimate of live elephants in 2006 did not differ significantly from that in 2001 (Dunham
et al., 2006a).
The Zambezi Valley area was surveyed as part of a 2003 aerial sample count that also included adjacent
populations in Mozambique and Zambia. This survey returned an estimate of 19,981 ± 2,392 for the
Zimbabwe portion (Dunham, 2004a), and the estimate replaces a 2001 aerial sample count estimate of
19,227 ± 2,493. Another survey of the same area was conducted in 2005, but no report had yet been
produced at the time of writing.
An aerial survey of Gonarezhou was planned for 2006, but had to be postponed until 2007 due to technical
difficulties. An aerial sample count of the Save Valley Conservancy, conducted in 2003, gave an estimate
of 527 ± 310 (Dunham, 2003), and this replaces the previous aerial sample count estimate of 535 ± 318.
Both the AED 1998 and the AESR 2002 showed an incorrect estimate of 33 elephants for Matibi II
communal lands. The correct estimate of zero (Davies et al., 1996) is now shown in the table of estimates.
Estimates from surveys conducted since the previous report, all of which are comparable in design and
intensity to previous counts, have resulted in an increase of about 2,850 in the DEFINITE category. The
marginal decline in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories is brought about by a minor increase in
precision and the correction of the Matibi II estimate.
Cross-border
Movements
All of Zimbabwe's major elephant populations are located along the border with neighbouring countries,
and movements can be expected to take place across all of them, except across Lake Kariba (Cumming &
Jones, 2005; Dunham et al., 2006a). The population in Hwange National Park and surrounding areas is
part of a much larger population that spans the borders of Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (Cumming &
Jones, 2005) and perhaps also Angola. Elephants are also known to move between Zimbabwe, Zambia
and Mozambique along the Zambezi Valley in the north, and to Botswana and South Africa in the south
(Selier et al., 2002).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ZIMBABWE 159
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR ZIMBABWE
000236Aerial or Ground Total Counts
07,0337,03383,991Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
913340189Informed Guesses
200000Other Guesses
84,416 7,033 7,367 291TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 81,555 7,039 7,373 291
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +2,864 -4 -4 0
New Analysis -3 -2 -2 0
TOTAL CHANGE +2,861 -6 -6 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
2,998
63,671
6,746
2,423
717
76,555
0
0
0
0
375
375
2,998
63,671
6,746
2,423
1,092
76,931TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
160 ZIMBABWE | SOUTHERN AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
ZIMBABWE: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
373 2,217Binga Communal Lands 2006 431 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 27.9 E 17.4 SRS 2
2,895Bubi Valley Conservancy 2001 53 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 30.1 E 21.5 S––– 2
50* 1,772Bubiana Conservancy 2001 50 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 29.8 E 21.1 S––– 2
310 1,260Chete Safari Area 2006 971 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 27.8 E 17.4 SRS 3
335 610Chewore IV 2001 580 Mackie, 2002aBAS1 29.9 E 16.2 S––– 3
895Chiredzi River Conservancy 2001 28 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AGT1 31.6 E 20.8 S––– 3
1,260 1,529Chirisa Safari Area 2006 4,231 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 28.3 E 17.9 SRS 2
1,117 2,084Chizarira National Park 2006 3,071 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS1 27.9 E 17.8 SRS 2
383 975Doma Safari Area 2001 336 Mackie, 2002aBAS2 30.2 E 16.4 S––– 3
1,577 4,987Gonarezhou National Park 2001 4,987 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 31.9 E 21.6 S––– 2
20* 445Hartley Safari Area 2001 100 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 29.6 E 17.9 S––– 3
1* 60Home Farm & Greystone Ranches 2001 3 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 27.9 E 20.8 S––– 4
5,770 12,900Hwange National Park & Safari
Area
2001 44,492 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 26.6 E 19.1 S––– 2
1,033 3,224Kariba Communal Lands 2006 3,715 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 28.4 E 17.1 SRS 2
287Kavira Forest Land 2001 100 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 27.0 E 18.1 S––– 3
63 543Lusulu 2001 33 Mackie, 2002bBAS2 27.8 E 18.0 S––– 3
221Mahenye Ward 2001 0 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 32.4 E 21.2 S–––
425Malilangwe Conservancy 2001 116 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AAT3 31.9 E 21.1 S––– 3
9 175Malipati Safari Area 2001 5 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 31.4 E 21.9 S––– 3
327Mambali Communal Lands 2001 10 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AAT3 28.4 E 21.5 S––– 3
367Maramani Communal Lands 2001 0 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AAT3 29.4 E 22.1 S–––
79 3,110Matabeleland Communal Lands 2001 64 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 27.1 E 19.6 S––– 2
1,670 4,399Matetsi Safari Complex 2001 4,201 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 25.7 E 18.2 S––– 2
400Matibi II Communal Lands 1996 0 Davies et al., 1996EAS2 31.7 E 21.5 SNA
443 1,413Matusadona National Park 2006 1,925 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 28.6 E 17.0 SRS 2
26 617Mavuradonha Wilderness Area 2001 13 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 30.9 E 16.5 S––– 3
296 337Mukwiche Area 2001 228 Mackie, 2002aBAS1 29.9 E 16.4 S––– 3
496 2,344Ngamo & Sikumi State Forests 2001 553 Dunham & Mackie, 2002BAS2 27.3 E 18.8 S––– 2
172 3,082North Gokwe Communal Lands 2006 192 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 28.5 E 17.5 SRS 2
651Nyatana Wildlife Management Area 2001 150 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 32.5 E 16.7 S––– 3
14Protea Farm 2001 7 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 29.6 E 16.5 S––– 5
310 3,047Save Valley Conservancy 2003 527 Dunham, 2003BAS1 32.1 E 20.4 SRS 2
2,422Sengwe Communal Land 2001 200 Dunham & Mackie, 2002EOG3 31.3 E 22.1 S––– 2
568Sentinel & Nottingham Ranches 2001 82 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AAT3 29.6 E 22.1 S––– 3
20* 628Shangani Ranch 2001 60 Dunham & Mackie, 2002DIG3 29.3 E 19.6 S––– 3
333 270Sijarira Forest Area 2006 488 Dunham et al., 2006aBAS2 27.5 E 17.6 SRS 3
416Tuli Circle Safari Area 2001 0 Dunham & Mackie, 2002AAT3 29.1 E 22.0 S–––
2,392 16,476Zambezi Valley 2003 19,981 Dunham, 2004aBAS2 29.7 E 16.1 SRS 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 SOUTHERN AFRICA | ZIMBABWE 161
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
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D
D
D
!P
!P !P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
L. Cabora Bassa
Chipinge SA
Deka SA
Charara
SA
Bilili
Springs
GMA
Hurungwe
SA
Chewore
SASapi
SA
Kazuma
Pan NP
Umfuli RP
Mana
Pools NP
Kaluanyembe
GMA
Manjirenji RP
Chewore IV
Mukwiche
Doma
Nkala
Kafue
Rest of
Northern
Botswana
Zambezi
Valley
Malipati
Cabora
Bassa
North
Limpopo
Banhine
Gonarezhou
Malilangwe
Sengwe
Home Farm &
Greystone
Kavira
Nyatana
Mambali
Sentinel
& Nottingham
Maramani
Bubi
Valley
Bubiana
Shangani
Venetia-Limpopo
Makuya
Kruger
Protea Farm
Tuli
Tuli
Circle
Matibi II
Mahenye
Chiredzi
River
Save
Valley
Matabeleland
Ngamo &
Sikumi
Hwange
Lusulu
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Matetsi
Hartley
Chirisa
Chizarira
Sijarira
Sekula
Island
Nchete
Island
North
Gokwe
Chete
Binga
Katokota
Matusadona
Kariba
Sichifulo
MavuradonhaMulobezi
Chiawa
Namwala Lower
Zambezi
Rufunsa
Mumbwa
Luano West
Petauke
Magoe
Tete
Manica
Caprivi
Zimbabwe
Zambia
South Africa
Mozambique
Botswana
Mutare
Bulawayo
Victoria Falls
HARARE
Kariba
LUSAKA
Livingstone
Kasane
Francistown
26°E
26°E
27°E
27°E
28°E
28°E
29°E
29°E
30°E
30°E
31°E
31°E
32°E
32°E
33°E
33°E
23°S 23°S
22°S 22°S
21°S 21°S
20°S 20°S
19°S 19°S
18°S 18°S
17°S 17°S
16°S 16°S
15°S 15°S
Z i m b a b w eZ i m b a b w e
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 200 400100 km
162 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
W E S T A F R I C A
R E G I O N A L O V E R V I E W
General
Statistics
Total Area: 5,096,660 km²
Range area (% of region): 175,545 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of region): 7%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 56%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.44
Current Issues The common challenges which have long been facing all West African Range States are linked to small and
isolated populations surrounded by growing human populations. Human-elephant conflict and
encroachment are pervasive problems throughout the region. These common challenges led to the
development in 1999 of a regional strategy for the conservation of elephants in West Africa (AfESG,
1999), which has since become a reference tool for the development of elephant conservation projects and
programmes throughout the region. Five action plans for the management of transfrontier elephant
conservation and migration corridors in West Africa were developed in 2003 (Sebogo & Barnes, 2003).
An updated version of the strategy received governmental endorsement through the signing, in November
2005, of an interstate Memorandum of Understanding under the aegis of the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). Through the
agreement, 12 ECOWAS member states agreed to work together to protect elephant habitats, boost
numbers in fragile populations and set up elephant ‘conservation corridors’ in important transboundary
areas. Senegal, which did not originally sign the memorandum, has recently expressed its commitment to
doing so.
Many countries have continued to develop national elephant conservation strategies within the framework
of the West Africa Elephant Conservation Strategy (AfESG, 1999). So far, five countries, namely, Ghana
(Wildlife Division, 2000), Burkina Faso (Belemsobgo et al., 2003), Togo (Ministère de l'Environnement et
des Ressources Forestières, 2003), Côte d’Ivoire (Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, 2004) and Niger (Direction
de la Faune, de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, 2004) have developed national strategies and are at various
stages in their implementation; three countries (Guinea, Benin and Liberia) have successfully raised funds
and organized strategic planning workshops; a further three countries (Mali, Nigeria and Sierra Leone)
have embarked on the process but have yet to raise sufficient funds to hold workshops. No progress has
been made in the remaining two countries (Guinea Bissau and Senegal).
Range Data Elephant range in West Africa is found in small fragments scattered across the region, in forest, savanna
and other habitats. It is the only region outside Central Africa where a sizeable proportion of elephant
range occurs in tropical forests. While it was traditionally believed that both forest elephants (Loxodonta
africana cyclotis) and savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) occurred in West Africa, recent genetic
evidence suggests that a single form, whose taxonomic status remains to be ascertained, is found in the
region (Eggert et al., 2002).
Elephant range is less extensive in West Africa than in any other region, covering approximately 175,500
km², or 5% of the continental range estimate. This estimate is about 21% less than the estimated range area
for the region in the AESR 2002. The difference is due to better information, and is mainly attributable to
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 163
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR WEST AFRICA
Aerial or Ground Total Counts 6,001 0 0 0
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts 947 375 375 0
Other Dung Counts 125 360 96 0
Informed Guesses 414 0 658 308
Other Guesses 0 0 0 2,631
TOTAL 2006 7,487 735 1,129 2,939
TOTALS 2002 5,458 1,188 3,039 3,498
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +13 0 0 0
New Population +30 0 +9 +12
Different Technique +1,963 -453 -1,732 -485
New Guess +22 0 +13 -107
Population Lost 0 0 0 -159
Data Degraded 0 0 -200 +181
TOTAL CHANGE +2,029 -559-1,910-453
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
25,117
5,123
8,205
52,380
8,075
26,499
125,399
3,280
0
24
1,267
13,017
32,557
50,146
28,397
5,123
8,229
53,647
21,093
59,056
175,545TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
164 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
COUNTRY
DEFINITE
RANGE
AREA
(km²)SPECULATIVEPROBABLE POSSIBLE
WEST AFRICA: COUNTRY AND REGIONAL TOTALS & DATA QUALITY
PFS²
% OF
REGIONAL
RANGE
% OF
RANGE
ASSESSED
IQI¹
ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Benin 1,223 0 00 13,673 38 51 0.51
Burkina Faso 4,154 320 0520 19,872 211 72 0.64
Côte d'Ivoire 188 152 506119 33,985 219 72 0.25
Ghana 789 387 12241 23,301 213 42 0.35
Guinea 135 79 5779 1,524 41 78 0.47
Guinea Bissau 0 0 137 1,346 31 100 0.00
Liberia 0 0 1,6760 15,977 29 60 0.00
Mali 357 0 156141 31,878 218 100 0.55
Niger 85 0 017 2,683 32 100 0.83
Nigeria 348 0 375105 22,968 213 37 0.16
Senegal 1 0 90 1,090 41 100 0.10
Sierra Leone 0 0 13580 1,804 31 59 0.00
Togo 4 0 061 5,444 33 69 0.04
7,487 735 1,129 2,939 175,545TOTAL* 35 66 0.44
* Note that totals for the Definite, Probable and Possible categories are derived by pooling the variances of individual
estimates, as described under the Data Types and Categorization section. As a result, totals do not necessarily match the
simple sum of the entries within a given category.
¹ IQI: Information Quality Index. This index quantifies overall data quality at the national and regional levels based on the
precision of estimates and the proportion of assessed elephant range (i.e. range for which estimates are available). The
IQI ranges from zero (no reliable information) to one (perfect information). See the Introduction section for a detailed
explanation of how the IQI is calculated.
² PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the IQI and the proportion of
continental range accounted for by the country in question, the PFS is a measure of the importance and urgency for
future population surveys, particularly in areas of unassessed range and areas not surveyed in the last 10 years or more.
See Introduction for a more detailed explanation of how the priority ranking is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | REGIONAL OVERVIEW 165
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!
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Tunisia
Togo
ChadSenegal
Sierra
Leone
Nigeria
NigerMauritania
Mali
Morocco
Libya
Liberia
Guinea
Bissau
Equatorial
Guinea
Guinea
Gambia
Ghana
Gabon
Western
Sahara
Algeria
Cameroon
Côte d'Ivoire
Congo
Central
African
Republic
Benin
Burkina Faso
PORTO
NOVO
ABUJA
FREETOWN
DAKAR
LOMÉ
NIAMEY
BAMAKO
MONROVIA
BISSAU
CONAKRY
ACCRA
LIBREVILLE
NDJAMENA
YAOUNDE
YAMOUSSOUKRO
OUAGADOUGOU
10°W
10°W
0°
0°
10°E
10°E
0° 0°
10°N 10°N
20°N 20°N
30°N 30°N
W e s t A f r i c aW e s t A f r i c a
African Elephant
Specialist Group
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
Regional Boundary
International Boundary
!P
CAPITAL CITIES
Rivers & Lakes
Protected Areas
Input Zones
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
0 690 1,380345 km
166 REGIONAL OVERVIEW | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
the categorization as DOUBTFUL range of several areas, mainly in Nigeria, Benin and Ghana, where human
population density is estimated to exceed 15 persons per km² (ORNL/GIST, 2002) and makes the
continued presence of elephants unlikely (see Introduction section for details).
Although KNOWN range represents 71% of total regional range, the current occurrence of elephants in
many areas, particularly in Liberia, Sierra Leone and small habitat fragments in Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire,
remains uncertain. Virtually all of the POSSIBLE range data for West Africa is more than 10 years old.
Nearly three-quarters of the total range area is distributed among five countries, namely, Côte d’Ivoire,
Mali, Ghana, Nigeria and Burkina Faso.
West Africa is the only region where a higher proportion of elephant range (60%) is found inside
designated protected areas than outside. Many of these protected areas, however, are forest reserves, which
only afford limited protection.
Population Data Many elephant populations in the region are probably not viable because they are genetically isolated, their
numbers are small, and their sex ratios and age structures have been distorted by hunting. The single largest
population is that of the “WAPOK” (“W”-Arly-Pendjari-Oti-Mandori-Kéran) complex, which straddles
the borders between Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger and Togo. This population alone holds more than half of
the region’s known elephants and is covered by good quality systematic surveys.
Estimates of elephant abundance are available for 66% of elephant range in West Africa, making it the
region with the largest proportion of range for which population estimates are available, although nearly
two-thirds of that area is only covered by guesses. However, out of 32 post-2002 estimates included in this
report, the majority (26) originate from systematic surveys, and include two previously unsurveyed areas.
Elephant numbers in the DEFINITE category have increased by over 2,000 compared with the previous
report, largely due to the replacement of previous estimates by more reliable estimates from aerial total
counts, particularly in the WAPOK complex. The associated increase in precision is the cause of the
declines in the PROBABLE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE categories.
The combined estimate from methodologically comparable surveys between the previous and this report
(i.e. those labelled repeat survey or “RS” in the national tables of estimates) only accounts for 35% of the
regional DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate. Consequently, a statistical comparison between these
estimates, such as described by Blanc et al. (2005), would not be meaningful at a regional scale.
Cross-border
Movements
Limited movements of elephants may take place between West and Central Africa, specifically between
Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | BENIN 167
B E N I N
General
Statistics
Country area: 112,620 km²
Range area (% of country): 13,673 km² (15%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 24%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 71%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.51
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Human population pressure and encroachment into elephant habitats are the most important threats
facing elephant conservation in Benin. A 2003 survey covering all of Benin’s elephant habitats found high
levels of human settlement within protected areas, largely by cotton farmers and traditional transhumant
livestock herders. This is despite a wildlife law passed in 2000 regulating human settlement and establishing
buffer zones around protected areas.
In an attempt to reduce encroachment pressure in protected areas, Benin is promoting the involvement of
local communities in the management of protected areas, through the creation of Village Associations for
the Management of Wildlife Reserves (AVIGREF). Seventy eight of these associations participate in the
management of the “W” National Park and its periphery, and receive 30% of the revenues generated by
the park and adjacent hunting zones. In addition, the AVIGREF co-manage eco-tourism and hunting
activities, and undertake the maintenance of trails and watering holes in the park. Revenues are then
invested in communal projects or distributed in the form of work contracts to local communities (El Hadj
Issa & Novelli, 2004).
Funding for the development of a national strategy for the conservation of elephants in Benin was secured
in 2004, and a workshop was held in the same year. In addition, Benin is one of the countries involved in
a regional action plan for the conservation of transfrontier elephant conservation corridors in West Africa.
Range Data Elephants are restricted to the north of Benin, but much of the range is only used seasonally by elephants.
A number of areas in northeastern Benin have been categorized as DOUBTFUL range, based on Landscan
2002 human population density data (ORNL/GIST, 2002; see Introduction section for details on
rationale). The western part of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve has also been categorized as DOUBTFUL (P.
Bouché, pers. comm., 2005). This was corroborated by the results of a 2003 ecosystem-wide survey
(Bouché et al., 2004b).
Population Data Much of Benin’s elephant range was systematically surveyed in a transboundary aerial total count,
extending across to Burkina Faso, Niger and Togo, conducted in 2003 by the CITES MIKE Programme
(Bouché et al., 2004b). Estimates from this survey replace aerial sample counts conducted by Ecosystèmes
Protégés en Afrique Sahélienne (ECOPAS) in 2002 (Rouamba & Hien, 2002; Rouamba et al., 2002). In April
2006 an aerial survey was conducted in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, which estimated 1,808 ± 213
elephants (Sinsin et al., 2006), but the results of the aforementioned ecosystem-wide survey have been used
despite their being slightly more dated.
Changes in the DEFINITE, PROBABLE and POSSIBLE estimates for Benin between the AESR 2002 and this
report are a result of an increase in precision caused by the use of more reliable survey techniques. Little
can therefore be said about actual changes in elephant numbers in Benin, which, in any case, are likely to
fluctuate through transboundary movements. Although nearly half of the range estimate for the country
168 BENIN | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
remains unsurveyed, most of this range is likely to be only seasonal and most of the elephants that use it
are likely to have been counted in surveyed areas.
Cross-border
Movements
Benin's elephants are part of West Africa’s largest elephant population, which spans the borders of Benin,
Burkina Faso, Niger and Togo.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | BENIN 169
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR BENIN
0001,223Aerial or Ground Total Counts
1,223 0 0 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 1,101 504 504 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 0 0
Different Technique +122 -504 -504 0
TOTAL CHANGE +122 -504 -504 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
7,005
6,073
13,078
0
595
595
7,005
6,668
13,673TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
170 BENIN | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
BENIN: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
1,356Atakora Hunting Zones 2003 343 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 2.0 E 11.2 NDT 2
1,216Djona Hunting Zone 2003 36 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 3.0 E 11.6 NDT 2
806Goungoun Classified Forest 2003 0 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 3.2 E 11.5 NNP
2,827Pendjari Biosphere Reserve 2003 788 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 1.4 E 11.1 NDT 1
5,872W du Benin National Park 2003 56 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 2.6 E 11.9 NDT 1
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | BENIN 171
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
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! !
! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Oti
Niger
Mono
WhiteVolta
Red
Volta
Zio
L.Volta
Madjoari TFR
Barkoissi CF Trois Rivières CF
Sota CF
Guéné CF
Alibori Supérieur CF
Kainji
Lake NP
Old
Oyo NP
Kyabobo
Range NP
Galangashie FnR
Dosso PFRTamou TFR
Kourtiagou
W du
Burkina
Goungoun
Fosse aux Lions
Djona
W du
Benin
Abdoulayé
Aires de l'Est
Pendjari
Atakora
Arly
Koakrana
Okomu
Omo
Chichibon
Digya
Fazao-
Malfakassa
Kéran
Oti-
Mandori
Red & White
Volta - Morago
Zabré
W du
Niger
Togo
Nigeria
Niger
Ghana
Benin
Burkina Faso
PORTO
NOVO
Abomey
Parakou
Kandi
LOMÉ
Atakpame
Sokode
Dapaong
Lagos
Ibadan Ife
Fada Ngourma
Cotonou
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
3°E
3°E
4°E
4°E
5°E
5°E
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
B e n i nB e n i n
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 150 30075 km
172 BURKINA FASO | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
B U R K I N A F A S O
General
Statistics
Country area: 274,200 km²
Range area (% of country): 19,872 km² (7%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 15%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 73%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.64
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues In 2003, Burkina Faso finalized a strategy and plan for the sustainable management of elephants
(Belemsobgo et al., 2003). The strategy identifies pressure on land and elephant habitats, prompted by
human demographic growth and the consequent expansion of agricultural land, poaching and institutional
weakness as the main threats to elephant populations in the country. The strategy takes a participative
approach and recognizes the necessity to integrate elephant management at various geographical scales,
from the site to the regional level.
Two projects to secure transfrontier elephant migration corridors that include Burkina Faso have begun
recently. These initiatives, spearheaded and coordinated by IUCN, are being implemented in Burkina Faso
by the Partenariat pour l'Amélioration de la Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels (PAGEN). In the north of the
country, PAGEN is working to secure the areas used by the Gourma elephants when they cross the border
from Mali. Similarly, PAGEN works on Burkina Faso’s southern border to secure transfrontier migration
corridors with Ghana.
The ongoing political instability in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire is reported to be causing elephants to move
to neighbouring countries, including Burkina Faso, and this is said to have aggravated human-elephant
conflict in the southwest.
Range Data Elephant populations in Burkina Faso are distributed in six areas, mainly in the south.
The information displayed on the range map is virtually unchanged from the AESR 2002, except for the
addition of a number of crosses based on data from Bouché (2004; P. Bouché, pers. comm., 2005). An
aerial survey conducted in 2005 revealed the presence of elephants in the Mare aux Hippopotames
Biosphere Reserve. It is not clear, however, whether this is a resident population or whether it originates
from the nearby Mohoun complex (Bouché, 2005). Until this is conclusively determined, the presence of
elephants there has also been entered as a point sighting in the AED.
Population Data Arly and “W” National Parks and their surrounding hunting areas (Aires de l’Est) were surveyed in 2003
as part of an ecosystem-wide aerial total count extending to parts of Benin, Niger and Togo conducted
under the auspices of the CITES MIKE Programme (Bouché et al., 2004b). Estimates from this survey
replace aerial sample count estimates for Arly and “W” National Parks, Koakrana and Konkombouri
Hunting Zones, and Kourtiagou, Ouamou, Pagou-Tandougou, Pama and Singou Partial Faunal Reserves
(Bouché et al., 2000).
Aerial total counts have also been recently conducted in a number of areas in the south and west. Total
counts of the previously unsurveyed Mare aux Hippopotames Biosphere Reserve and the Comoé-Leraba
Forest were conducted in 2005 (Bouché, 2005). The estimate of three from the latter replaces an
INFORMED GUESS of 26 (Traore, 1998) for the smaller area referred to as Diefoula Classified Forest in the
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | BURKINA FASO 173
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR BURKINA FASO
0003,933Aerial or Ground Total Counts
0320320221Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
020000Informed Guesses
4,154 320 520 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 2,031 833 1,059 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population +41 0 0 0
Different Technique +2,082 -513 -539 0
TOTAL CHANGE +2,123 -513 -539 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
11,110
2,283
600
4,474
18,468
0
0
264
1,141
1,405
11,110
2,283
863
5,615
19,872TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
174 BURKINA FASO | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
BURKINA FASO: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
6,077Aires de l'Est Hunting Areas 2003 2,119 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 1.0 E 11.6 NDT 1
1,224Arly National Park 2003 422 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 1.4 E 11.5 NDT 2
420Bontioli Partial & Total Faunal
Reserve
1998 50 Chardonnet, quest. reply, 1998DIG3 3.1 W 10.8 N––– 2
1,204Comoé-Leraba Classified Forests 2005 3 Bouché, 2005AAT2 4.6 W 9.9 NDT 2
229Koakrana Hunting Zone 2003 0 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 1.8 E 11.5 NDT
485Kourtiagou Partial Faunal Reserve 2003 0 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 2.0 E 11.5 NDT
192Mare aux Hippopotames
Biosphere Reserve
2005 46 Bouché, 2005AAT2 4.2 W 11.6 NNP 3
320 3,296Mohoun Protected Area Complex 2002 541 Belemsobgo, 2002BAS1 3.3 W 11.6 N––– 1
6,093Po - Nazinga - Sissili Ecosystem 2003 603 Bouché et al., 2004aAAT2 1.5 W 11.3 NDT 1
2,412W du Burkina National Park 2003 740 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 2.2 E 11.9 NDT 2
600Zabré Department 1998 150 Chardonnet, quest. reply, 1998DIG3 0.6 W 11.1 N––– 2
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | BURKINA FASO 175
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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D
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Niger
WhiteVolta
Oti
Komoé
BandamaBlanc
Red
Volta
Mono
L.Kossou
L. Volta
Madjoari
TFR
Aou Mono CF
Kaflande CF
Boulon CF
Kinkene/Nyellepuo-Nzi CF
Warigue CF
Logoniegue CF
Sissili CF
Tisse CF
Tiogo CF
Alibori
Supérieur CF
Kabore
- Tambi NP
Kyabobo
Range NP
Galangashie FnR
Sahel PFR
Douentza
Elephant FnR
Deux Bales CF
Tamou
TFR
Mare aux
Hippopotames
Kourtiagou
W du
Burkina
Mohoun
Fosse
aux Lions
Gourma
W du
Benin
Mole
Abdoulayé
Haut Bandama
Aires
de l'Est
Po Nazinga
- Sissili
Pendjari Atakora
Arly
Koakrana
Comoé-
Leraba
Fazao-
Malfakassa
Comoé
Kéran
Bontioli Oti-
Mandori
Red & White
Volta - Morago
Zabré
W du
Niger
Togo
Niger
Mali
GhanaCôte d'Ivoire
Benin
Burkina
Faso
Sokode
Dapaong
NIAMEY
Tillabery
Gao
Sikasso
Mopti
Tamale
Wa
Ferkessedougou
Po
Bobo-Dioulasso
Fada Ngourma
OUAGADOUGOU
Kaya
Ouahigouya
5°W
5°W
4°W
4°W
3°W
3°W
2°W
2°W
1°W
1°W
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
B u r k i n a F a s oB u r k i n a F a s o
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 200 400100 km
176 BURKINA FASO | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AESR 2002. Finally, a census conducted in the Po-Nazinga-Sissili ecosystem (Bouché et al., 2004a)
covered a larger area than the survey which it replaces, namely an aerial sample count of Nazinga Game
Ranch and Sissili Classified Forest (Cornelis, 2000).
Estimates for Bontioli, Mohoun and Zabré have been retained from the previous report. The number of
elephants under the DEFINITE category has increased by over 2,100 since the AESR 2002. This increase is
partly matched by decreases in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories, as would be expected given the
use of more precise aerial survey techniques (aerial total counts) than was the case in the past. The change
in the DEFINITE category may also be partly explained by the movement of elephants across international
borders. It is nevertheless widely believed that elephant numbers are indeed increasing in parts of the
country.
Reliable estimates of elephant abundance currently cover over 72% of the range estimate for Burkina Faso,
and although this percentage has increased since the previous report, the number of elephants in newly
surveyed areas only makes a minimal contribution to the change in the DEFINITE category.
Cross-border
Movements
Most of Burkina Faso’s elephants are likely to be part of important transboundary populations. Elephants
are known to migrate between Gourma in Mali and the Sahel Partial Faunal Reserve in northern Burkina
Faso (Blake et al., 2003). There are also wet season movements between Nazinga Game Ranch, northern
Ghana and Togo, as well as between Zabré and the Red Volta - White Volta - Morago ecosystem in Ghana
(Chardonnet & Koalo, quest. reply, 1998; Okoumassou et al., 1998). Movement from Côte d'Ivoire’s
Comoé National Park into the Comoé-Leraba Forest is believed to have increased in recent years as a result
of insecurity in that country (Bouché, 2005).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | CÔTE D’IVOIRE 177
C Ô T E D ’ I V O I R E
General
Statistics
Country area: 322,460 km²
Range area (% of country): 33,985 km² (11%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 10%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 69%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.25
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Ongoing instability in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the north and west, continues to make conservation
and monitoring work difficult. Nevertheless, a national elephant management strategy was drafted
following a workshop in December 2003, and endorsed by the Minister for Water and Forests in August
2004 (Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, 2004). The strategy sets out to protect remaining elephant populations
by improving habitats, reducing poaching and human-elephant conflict, rationalizing legislation, investing
in elephant population research, enhancing institutional capacity and fostering cross-border cooperation.
The strategy presents a 10 year plan for its implementation, with a budget of 13 million CFA, much of
which will have to be sourced from international donors.
However, with only one population likely to have over 100 individuals at present, the future for elephants
in Côte d’Ivoire appears bleak, as small populations face an increased risk of extinction (Barnes, 1999).
Despite its small elephant populations, Côte d’Ivoire had one of the largest domestic ivory markets in West
Africa before the conflict started (Courouble et al., 2003). The limited legislation which exists to regulate
the market is not fully implemented and is generally ineffective. While it is believed that the conflict may
have suppressed the domestic ivory market, it could re-emerge once political stability returns (Milliken,
2002).
Range Data Elephants are found in small, isolated forest and savanna sites scattered throughout the country, largely in
forest reserves and protected areas. Most of these have not been studied for many years, and elephant
presence is only confirmed in seven sites (Fischer, 2005).
Population Data Under the auspices of the CITES MIKE programme, samples for genetic dung counts were collected in
Taï and Marahoué National Parks prior the outbreak of hostilities in 2002 (Eggert, 2004a,b; Nandjui et al.,
2004). The results of these surveys were not available in time for the previous report of the AED, but are
now featured in the table of estimates, replacing INFORMED GUESSes of 75 (B. Hoppe-Dominik, pers.
comm., 2003) and 50 (Alers, cited in Douglas-Hamilton et al., 1992) respectively.
The only other new estimate arising from a systematic survey is the result of a dung count conducted in
Azagny National Park (Nandjui, 2003), which replaces a 1987 guess of 60 by Lauginie (cited in DouglasHamilton
et al., 1992).
A guess of 60 for the Fresco Classified Forest (Ministère des Eaux et Forêts, 2004) replaces an earlier
(1991) guess of 150 (Alers, cited in Douglas-Hamilton et al., 1992). The new figure may still be an
overestimate, however, as Kouadio (cited in Fischer, 2005) believes there are “very few” elephants left in
the area.
178 CÔTE D’IVOIRE | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
An aerial survey of Comoé, planned for 2002 by the CITES MIKE programme but cancelled due to the
outbreak of hostilities, had still not been conducted by the end of 2005. Fischer (2005) believes the current
elephant population in Comoé to stand at between 10 and 20 individuals. This estimate replaces a 1998
guess of 200 by the same author (F. Fischer, pers. comm., 1998). It is said that elephants from Comoé may
have moved across the border to Burkina Faso to escape the conflict.
The only other changes to the table of estimates are a guess of 20 for the Haut Bandama Fauna and Flora
Reserve (Bouché, 2002a) and the degradation of estimates for Beki-Bossematie and Songan-Tamin-MabiYaya
to the category of OTHER GUESSES, as they are now more than 10 years old.
All other estimates remain unchanged from the previous report. Many of these estimates are now more
than 15 years old and are very unreliable. No estimates are available for 28% of elephant range. A national
survey of elephant populations was to be conducted in 2004-2005, but this was not possible due to ongoing
political instability.
The numbers of elephants in the DEFINITE and PROBABLE categories have increased by 125 and 152
respectively as a result of improved estimates for Taï, Marahoué and Azagny. However, this is exceeded
by decreases in the POSSIBLE (-241) and SPECULATIVE (-160) categories, which result from updated
guesses and the degradation of old estimates to the SPECULATIVE category.
Cross-border
Movements
Côte d’Ivoire shares several elephant populations with neighbouring countries. There are cross-border
movements between Comoé and southern Burkina Faso (Chardonnet & Koalo, quest. reply, 1998; Traore,
1998), between Djambamakrou and Bia in Ghana and possibly between Goin-Cavally and Grebo (Liberia)
(A. Nandjui, pers. comm., 2006).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | CÔTE D’IVOIRE 179
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR CÔTE D'IVOIRE
00011Aerial or Ground Total Counts
079152125Other Dung Counts
1040052Informed Guesses
496000Other Guesses
188 152 119 506TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 63 0 360 666
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique +125 +152 +4 -135
New Guess 0 0 -190 -80
Data Degraded 0 0 -55 +55
TOTAL CHANGE +125 +152 -241 -160
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
134
5,501
12,849
2,217
2,135
22,836
0
0
0
3,659
7,489
11,149
134
5,501
12,849
5,876
9,624
33,985TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
180 CÔTE D’IVOIRE | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
CÔTE D'IVOIRE: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
135Abokouamékro Faunal Reserve 2000 11 Kobon, quest. reply, 2002AGT1 5.1 W 6.9 N––– 3
52 218Azagny National Park 2003 65 Nandjui, 2003CDC3 4.9 W 5.2 NDT 3
389Beki-Bossematie Classified Forest 1993 35 Theuerkauf et al., 2001EIG3 3.5 W 6.6 NDD 2
88Bolo Forest 1989 5 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 5.8 W 5.2 N––– 3
10* 11,500Comoé National Park 2002 10 Fischer, 2005DIG3 3.7 W 9.1 NNG 1
126Davo Forest 1989 20 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 6.1 W 5.8 N––– 3
274Djambamakrou Forest 1989 30 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 3.2 W 6.4 N––– 3
536Duekoué Forest 1997 6 Kobon, quest. reply, 2002EOG3 7.1 W 6.7 N––– 2
2,229Fresco Classified Forest 1998 60 Ministère des Eaux et Forêts,
2004
EOG3 5.8 W 5.1 NNG 2
600Go-Bodienou Forest 1989 20 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 5.0 W 5.4 N––– 2
1,890Goin-Cavally Classified Forest 1989 70 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 7.8 W 6.2 N––– 2
1,300Haut Bandama Fauna & Flora
Reserve
2002 20 Bouché, 2002aEOG3 5.7 W 8.5 NNG 2
1,024Haut Sassandra Classified Forest 1997 30 Kobon, quest. reply, 2002DIG3 7.0 W 7.2 N––– 2
213Keregbo Forest 1989 30 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 3.8 W 7.5 N––– 3
54 1,010Marahoué National Park 2002 159 Eggert, 2004bCGD3 6.0 W 7.1 NDT 2
340Mont Péko National Park 2000 40 Kobon, quest. reply, 2002EOG3 7.3 W 7.0 N––– 2
950Mont Sangbé National Park 2001 47 Lauginie et al., 2001DIG3 7.3 W 8.0 N––– 2
1,056Niegré Classified Forest 1989 50 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 6.2 W 5.4 N––– 2
945Okromodou Forest 1989 50 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 5.6 W 5.3 N––– 2
1,338Scio Classified Forest 1989 30 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 7.8 W 6.8 N––– 2
1,698Songan-Tamin-Mabi-Yaya
Classified Forest
1993 20 Theuerkauf et al., 2001EIG3 3.4 W 5.9 NDD 2
26 6,410Taï National Park 2002 53 Eggert, 2004aCGD3 7.1 W 5.6 NDT 1
4Tené Forest 1998 5 Kobon, quest. reply, 2002DIG3 5.4 W 6.5 N––– 5
380Tiapleu Forest 1989 10 Merz & Hoppe-Dominik, 1991EOG3 8.2 W 7.5 N––– 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | CÔTE D’IVOIRE 181
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Komoé
BandamaBlanc
Bandama
Cestos(Nuon)
Bandam
aRouge
L.Kossou
Disue
River FR
Haut Dodo/Grah/Hana CF
Gbi
NF
Diefoula CF
Kaflande CF
Boulon CF
Foumbou CF
Mont
Gbande CF
Kinkene/Nyellepuo-Nzi CF
Boundiali CF
Warigue CF
Nini-Suhien NP
N'Zo PFR
Mont Nimba SNR
Mt.
Tia CF
Dadieso
Haut
Sassandra
Haut
Bandama
Bia
Marahoué
Comoé-
Leraba
Barrobo
Fresco
Bolo
Azagny
AnkasaOkromodouSapo
Niegré
Go-Bodienou
Davo
Grebo
Krahn
Bassa
Songan-Tamin-
Mabi-Yaya
Taï
Tené
Goin-Cavally
Djambamakrou
Beki-BossematieDuekoué
Abokouamékro
Scio
Mont
Péko
Goaso
KeregboTiapleu
Mont
Sangbé
Comoé
Bontioli
Mali
Liberia
Guinea
Ghana
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Harper
Wa
Sanniguellie
San
Pedro
Abidjan
Abengourou
YAMOUSSOUKRO
Odienne
Ferkessedougou
8°W
8°W
7°W
7°W
6°W
6°W
5°W
5°W
4°W
4°W
3°W
3°W
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
C ô t e d ' I v o i r eC ô t e d ' I v o i r e
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 150 30075 km
182 GHANA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
G H A N A
General
Statistics
Country area: 238,540 km²
Range area (% of country): 23,301 km² (13%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 5%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 28%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.35
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Ghana was the first country in West Africa to develop a national strategy for the conservation of elephants
(Wildlife Division, 2000), but limited resources seem to have slowed down its implementation.
Nevertheless, recent reports indicate a renewed interest in Government circles to speed up its execution.
Meanwhile, elephants in Ghana continue to be under pressure from habitat fragmentation and high human
population densities. Shifting cultivation up to the boundaries of protected areas exacerbates the problem
of crop raiding by elephants, which is severe wherever elephants occur in Ghana (Barnes, 2002b).
Range Data Elephant range in Ghana is entirely fragmented and largely confined to protected areas. In Mole National
Park, elephants are largely restricted to the southern sector, which is shown as KNOWN range. The northern
sector has been categorized as POSSIBLE range, and areas around the park as DOUBTFUL range (Bouché,
2002b; Mackie, 2004). A recent survey sighted one group in the north (Bouché, 2006), and this is shown
as a cross on the map.
Elephants have not been seen for several years in an area connecting the Dadieso Forest Reserve with the
Bia and Goaso ranges (Ayesu, 2003; Sam et al., 2003), and this has been removed from the map. A recent
survey of Digya National Park (Kumordzi & Danquah, 2006) found signs of elephant presence to be
restricted to the southwestern corner of the park. This area has been categorized as KNOWN range, while
the remainder of the park has been classified as DOUBTFUL range.
Nearly the half of the range information for Ghana currently falls under the POSSIBLE category and nearly
40% is over 10 years old. Much of the remaining (KNOWN) range data was obtained between 1999 and
2002.
Population Data Three aerial surveys have been conducted in Mole National Park since the last report. The first of these, a
combined aerial total, aerial sample and ground sample count, was conducted in 2002 under the auspices
of the CITES MIKE Programme. A total estimate for the aerial and ground surveys was never produced,
and only a combined figure of 368 ± 495 for the two aerial survey methods was reported (Bouché, 2002b).
In 2004 a stratified aerial sample survey was conducted in the park, giving an estimate of 259 ± 222
(Mackie, 2004), but the difference between this and the 2002 estimate is not statistically significant. Finally,
an aerial total count conducted in March 2006 returned an estimate of 401 (Bouché, 2006), and this has
been used to replace an estimate of 589 ± 218 from a 1993 aerial sample count (J. Grainger, pers. comm.,
1994).
A dung count of Digya National Park conducted in 2006 returned an estimate of 357 ± 54 (Kumordzi &
Danquah, 2006). This estimate replaces an INFORMED GUESS of 200 (Sam, 1994a).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GHANA 183
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR GHANA
000401Aerial or Ground Total Counts
0179179388Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
0552080Other Dung Counts
0700Informed Guesses
12000Other Guesses
789 387 241 12TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 530 428 1,100 303
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 +7 0
Different Technique +259 -41 -854 -300
Data Degraded 0 0 -11 +9
TOTAL CHANGE +259 -41 -859 -291
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
2,628
2,348
2,704
140
320
4,720
12,860
1,710
0
24
0
0
8,707
10,441
4,338
2,348
2,728
140
320
13,426
23,301TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Other Dung Counts
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
184 GHANA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
GHANA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
15 509Ankasa Conservation Area 2001 21 Danquah et al., 2001CDC3 2.6 W 5.3 N––– 2
29 306Bia National Park & Resource
Reserve
2004 115 Sam et al., 2006CDC2 3.1 W 6.5 NDT 3
3* 290Chichibon Corridor 1994 12 Sam & Wilson, 1994EIG3 0.7 W 7.3 NDD 2
195Dadieso Forest Reserve 2002 7 Ayesu, 2003DIG3 3.0 W 6.0 NNP 3
54 3,478Digya National Park 2006 357 Kumordzi & Danquah, 2006BDC1 0.3 W 7.4 NDT 2
44 2,035Goaso Forest Reserves Complex 2004 72 Sam, 2004CDC3 2.7 W 6.8 NDT 2
36 366Kakum Conservation Area 2004 164 Danquah, 2004BDC1 1.3 W 5.5 NDT 3
4,504Mole National Park 2006 401 Bouché, 2006AAT2 1.9 W 9.6 NDT 2
167 1,370Red & White Volta - Morago
Ecosystem
1998 46 Sam, 1998BDC3 0.5 W 10.7 N––– 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GHANA 185
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Komoé
WhiteVolta
Oti
Mono
Zio
L.Volta
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SNR
Disue River FR
Assin-Attandanso GPR
Barkoissi CF
Kabore - Tambi NP
Nini-Suhien NP
Kyabobo
Range NP
Galangashie FnR
Dadieso
Fosse aux Lions
Mole
Abdoulayé
Bia
Aires de l'Est
Po Nazinga
- Sissili
Pendjari
Atakora
Arly
Ankasa
Kakum
Songan-Tamin-
Mabi-Yaya
Djambamakrou
Beki-Bossematie
Chichibon
Goaso
Keregbo Digya
Fazao-
Malfakassa
Comoé
Kéran
Bontioli
Oti-
Mandori
Red & White
Volta - Morago
Zabré
Togo
Ghana
Côte
d'Ivoire
Benin
Burkina
Faso
Abomey
LOMÉ
Atakpame
Sokode
Dapaong
Cape Coast
ACCRA
Tema
Kumasi
Tamale
Wa
Abidjan
Abengourou
Po
Bobo-Dioulasso
4°W
4°W
3°W
3°W
2°W
2°W
1°W
1°W
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
G h a n aG h a n a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 150 30075 km
186 GHANA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
A dung count of the Bia Conservation Area, conducted in 2004, used two different models to estimate
elephant numbers, namely, a steady state model and a rainfall model. The steady state model gave an
estimate of 146 ± 39, while the estimate from the rainfall model was 115 with an asymmetric confidence
interval of 90 to 148 (Sam et al., 2006). The estimate used in this report is that of the more precise rainfall
model, and it replaces a 1999 dung count figure of 108 (Sam, 2000), which was categorized in the previous
report as an INFORMED GUESS for lack of an estimate of precision.
The Goaso Forest Reserve Complex was also covered as part of the Bia survey. The survey only found
sufficiently high dung densities to calculate an estimate of elephant numbers in the northwest of the
reserve, but the surveyors assume that elephants use the entire complex as part of their habitat, and hence
the estimate was applied over the entire area surveyed. As in the case of Bia, two different models were
used to estimate elephant numbers. In this case, the steady state model, which gave an estimate of 72 ±
44, was used in preference to the rainfall model (57, 95% CL 33 to 100), as no coefficient of variation was
provided for the latter (Sam, 2004). This estimate replaces a 1994 INFORMED GUESS of 500 to 800
elephants (M.K. Sam, pers. comm., 1995).
A dung count of the previously unassessed Dadieso and Disue Forest Reserves failed to detect any
elephant dung, but footprints of at least seven elephants were seen (Ayesu, 2003), and this figure appears
as an INFORMED GUESS in the table of estimates.
The number of DEFINITE elephants in the summary table has increased by 259 compared to the previous
report, due to the new estimate from the Digya National Park survey. The higher precision of the Mole
survey, together with lower dung count estimates for Kakum and Goaso, result in decreases of 41 and 859
in the PROBABLE and POSSIBLE categories respectively. The replacement of estimates for Goaso and
Digya with higher quality estimates, coupled with the degradation to the SPECULATIVE category of the
estimate for Chichibon, which is now more than 10 years old, result in a net decrease of 291 in this
category.
Cross-border
Movements
Ghana shares several elephant populations with neighbouring countries. Elephants move between Ghana
and Burkina Faso, across the eastern border with Togo (Okoumassou et al., 1998), and possibly across the
western border with Côte d’Ivoire. The corridor between Togo and Ghana is protected by forest reserves
in Ghana, but is under threat from expanding agriculture on the Togolese side (Sam et al., 1998).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GUINEA 187
G U I N E A
General
Statistics
Country area: 245,860 km²
Range area (% of country): 1,524 km² (1%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 6%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 36%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.47
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues The Ziama Forest Reserve is under pressure from growing human populations, habitat compression and
increased cultivation up to the edges of the reserve. The imminent repatriation of refugees back to
neighbouring Liberia may somewhat reduce this pressure in the short term (Barnes & Nandjui, 2005).
Crop raiding by elephants is a continuing problem in the area (Barnes & Nandjui, 2005). In 1996, conflict
resolution committees were established to deal with the problem. Composed of representatives from the
local population with arbitration from forest authorities, these committees monitor the frequency and
severity of crop raids and propose solutions, which may include compensation, on a case-by-case basis.
Guinea is in the process of developing a national elephant conservation strategy. A workshop was held in
2004 and a strategy document was being drafted at the time of writing. In addition, an action plan to
establish and secure a corridor between Ziama and Wenegisi Mountain in Liberia’s North East Forest has
been recently developed (Sebogo, 2006).
Range Data The Ziama Massif, one of the last two remaining dense moist forests in Guinea, is home to what may be
the country’s only remaining viable elephant population. The shape of the Ziama range has been altered
for this report based on the information from a 2004 survey (Barnes & Nandjui, 2005).
Three new small areas of KNOWN range have been added in the northwest, adjacent to the CorubalDulombi
area of Guinea Bissau, based on recent data collected by Brugière et al. (2006). The same authors
believe that elephants no longer occur in the Sansalé area, and range there has been categorized as
DOUBTFUL.
It is not known whether elephants still occur in the Ouré Kaba area, on the border with Sierra Leone. In
the absence of recent information, this area has been retained as POSSIBLE range.
Population Data A dung count of the Ziama Forest Reserve conducted in 2004 (Barnes & Nandjui, 2005) provided the first
reliable estimate of elephant numbers in Ziama. The figure of 214 from this survey replaces a 1998 dung
count estimate of 108 (Direction Nationale des Forêts et Faune, 1999). Although both estimates originate
from dung counts, they should not be directly compared, as the survey techniques were sufficiently
different to render any comparison meaningless. The higher and more precise 2004 estimate is responsible
for the increases in the DEFINITE and PROBABLE categories, as well as for the decrease in the POSSIBLE
category shown in the summary table.
In the previous two reports, a combined estimate of 140 appeared for both the Ouré Kaba and Sansalé
areas. As elephants are no longer thought to occur in the Sansalé area, the estimate has been split between
the two sites in proportion to their area, and the Sansalé portion has been given an estimate of zero. This
results in a decrease of 83 in the SPECULATIVE category.
188 GUINEA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants had long been absent from Ziama until 1996, when it is thought they arrived from neighbouring
Liberia (Direction Nationale des Forêts et Faune & Kreditanstandt für Wiederaufbau, 1997; Sagnah &
Sagnah, 2000). It is expected that movement across the border will increase when the recently developed
action plan to establish a corridor between Ziama and Wenegisi Mountain is implemented (Sebogo, 2006).
A recent study (Brugière et al., 2006) found indirect evidence of transboundary movement between
northwest Guinea and southeast Guinea Bissau. Elephants from Niokolo-Koba in Senegal have not been
seen on the Guinea side of the border since the early 1990s (Litoroh et al., 2002).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GUINEA 189
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR GUINEA
07979135Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
57000Other Guesses
135 79 79 57TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 108 140
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique +135 +79 -29 0
Population Lost 0 0 0 -83
TOTAL CHANGE +135 +79 -29 -83
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
491
0
342
833
0
691
0
691
491
691
342
1,524TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Direct Sample Counts and Reliable Dung Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
190 GUINEA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
GUINEA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
691Ouré Kaba 1998 57 Sagnah, quest. reply, 1998EOG3 11.7 W 10.1 N––– 1
1,014Sansalé 1998 0 Sagnah, quest. reply, 1998EOG3 13.7 W 11.7 NPL
79 455Ziama Strict Nature Reserve 2004 214 Barnes & Nandjui, 2005BDC2 9.2 W 8.2 NDT 1
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GUINEA 191
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! !
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D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Gambia
Niger
Rokel
Cestos(Nuon)
GreatScarcies
LittleScarcies
M
ano
Loma Mountains FR
Nimini
South FRKangari Hills FR
Gbi
NF
North
Lorma CA
Mampaye CF
Mont Nimba SNR
Mont Nimba SNR
Badiar NP
Binasse
Sansalé
Gola East
Gola
North
Outamba-
Kilimi
Bagbe
Ouré Kaba
Corubal-
Dulombi
Ziama
Krahn Bassa
Goin-Cavally
Scio
Tiapleu
Gola,
Kpelle
& Lorma
Wenegisi
Niokolo-Koba
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Mali
Liberia
Guinea
Bissau
Guinea
Gambia
Côte
d'Ivoire
Bafatá
Kenema
Mano
FREETOWN
Magburaka
Kabala
Tambacounda
BAMAKO
MONROVIA
Macenta
Kissidougou
CONAKRY
Mamou
Kankan
Labe
Sanniguellie
Odienne
15°W
15°W
14°W
14°W
13°W
13°W
12°W
12°W
11°W
11°W
10°W
10°W
9°W
9°W
8°W
8°W
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
G u i n e aG u i n e a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 180 36090 km
192 GUINEA BISSAU | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
G U I N E A B I S S A U
General
Statistics
Country area: 36,120 km²
Range area (% of country): 1,346 km² (1%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 0%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 0%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues The small size of Guinea Bissau’s elephant population makes its long term viability unlikely. Pressure for
land remains intense and there are plans to build a road through the remaining elephant range (Brugière et
al., 2006).
A plan to create a national park in the Corubal-Dulombi area was formulated in the 1990s, but was never
completed due to civil unrest. Nevertheless, if a planned project to create a transboundary protected area
between Guinea Bissau and Guinea is implemented, several core areas devoted to the conservation of
biodiversity would be created to include parts of remaining elephant range (Brugière et al., 2006).
Range Data A recent study of elephant distribution based on hunter interviews concluded that only a small elephant
population remains in the southeast of Guinea Bissau (Brugière et al., 2006). An area of KNOWN range,
based on point records from this study, has been added to the map. Two of the records, further to the
north and separated from the main range area, appeared to belong to a transient animal and are shown as
crosses on the map. The authors of the study believe that elephants are no longer found in the Binasse
area, and this has been categorized as DOUBTFUL range.
Population Data Brugière et al. (2006) believe that a minimum of seven elephants and no more than 20 remain in the
Corubal-Dulombi area. This information has been entered as an INFORMED GUESS. The estimate of 35
for the Binasse area featured in the previous report (Sournia, cited in Douglas-Hamilton et al., 1992) has
been replaced by an estimate of zero, as elephants are no longer believed to occur there (Brugière et al.,
2006).
Cross-border
Movements
Recent evidence suggests that elephants from the Corubal-Dulombi area move seasonally across the
border to Guinea (Brugière et al., 2006), corroborating previous observations by da Silva Naga (2001).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GUINEA BISSAU 193
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR GUINEA BISSAU
13700Informed Guesses
0000Other Guesses
0 0 7 13TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 0 35
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Population 0 0 +7 +13
Population Lost 0 0 0 -35
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 +7 -22
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,346
1,346
1,346
1,346TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
194 GUINEA BISSAU | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
GUINEA BISSAU: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
330Binasse Area 2004 0 Brugière et al., in pressEOG3 13.8 W 11.8 NPL
13* 1,342Corubal-Dulombi Area 2004 7 Brugière et al., in pressDIG3 14.7 W 11.6 NNP 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | GUINEA BISSAU 195
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Gambia
Mampaye
CF
Binasse
SansaléCorubal-
Dulombi
Niokolo-
Koba
Senegal
Guinea
Bissau
Guinea
Gambia
Cacheu
Bafatá
Mansõa
Bignona
BISSAU
Farim
16°W
16°W
15°W
15°W
14°W
14°W
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
G u i n e a B i s s a uG u i n e a B i s s a u
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 75 15037.5 km
196 LIBERIA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
L I B E R I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 111,370 km²
Range area (% of country): 15,977 km² (19%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 15%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 64%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Rapid assessment surveys of some of the most important forest areas in Liberia have been conducted in
recent years. Several areas originally proposed for national park status in the early 1990s were found to be
disturbed by extensive logging. While other areas visited appeared relatively intact, elephant was the most
likely species to be absent out of six charismatic species monitored (buffalo, chimpanzee, elephant,
leopard, pigmy hippopotamus and slender-snouted crocodile). Hunter interviews suggest disturbance
caused by logging operations as the most common cause for the absence of elephants (Waitkuwait et al.,
2003). Hunting for bushmeat and human resettlement in rural areas after the civil war are also believed to
have contributed to the disappearance of elephants from these areas.
In 2005, up to 5,000 squatters and ex-combatants, who had occupied parts of Sapo National Park in search
of gold, were peacefully evicted from the park. Another survey in late 2005 found small scale miners and
prospecting activities for large scale mining in the Gola National Forest (Barrie et al., 2005).
A workshop was held in Monrovia in 2005 to develop a national elephant conservation strategy, with
financial support from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and technical input from the AfESG.
The drafting of the policy document was in progress at the time of writing. The AfESG has also assisted
in the development of an action plan to establish an elephant corridor between Wenegisi Mountain in
Liberia’s North East Forest and the Ziama Reserve in neighbouring Guinea (Sebogo, 2006).
Range Data The Liberia Forest Re-assessment Project found elephants to be absent from a number of areas where they
had been present in the early 1990s (Waitkuwait et al., 2003). These areas, which include parts of the Krahn
Bassa and Grebo forests, have now been categorized as NON-RANGE. Around two-thirds of the remaining
range data is over 15 years old and remains speculative. A related assessment of the Gola, North Lorma
and Grebo National Forests found evidence of continued elephant presence at all three sites (Barrie et al.,
2005). These records are depicted as crosses on the map, as only small portions of these forests were
visited. The map also shows a cross in the northwest, near the border with Sierra Leone and to the west
of Gola, where crop raiding by elephants is reported to be a problem (Humanitarian Information Centres,
2005).
Population Data No quantitative surveys have been conducted in Liberia since 1991, and all estimates have been retained
from the previous report. These estimates remain highly speculative. A survey of Sapo National Park had
been planned under the CITES MIKE Programme, but could not be conducted due to ongoing instability
at the time.
Cross-border
Movements
Little information is available on cross-border movements, although it is likely that elephants move
between Grebo and Goin-Cavally in Côte d’Ivoire (A. Nandjui, pers. comm., 2006), and between the Gola
National Forest and the Gola North Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Elephants in the Ziama Forest in
Guinea are reported to have moved there from Liberia during the civil war.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | LIBERIA 197
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR LIBERIA
1,676000Other Guesses
0 0 0 1,676TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 0 1,676
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,368
85
1,453
8,169
6,355
14,524
9,537
6,440
15,977TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
198 LIBERIA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
LIBERIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
640Barrobo National Forest 1990 100 Anstey & Dunn, 1991EOG3 8.0 W 4.9 N––– 2
4,255Gola, Kpelle & Lorma National
Forests
1990 500 Anstey & Dunn, 1991EOG3 10.4 W 7.5 N––– 1
2,510Grebo National Forest 1990 230 Anstey & Dunn, 1991EOG3 7.6 W 5.5 N––– 1
5,142Krahn Bassa National Forest 1990 500 Anstey & Dunn, 1991EOG3 8.8 W 5.8 N––– 1
304 1,292Sapo National Park 1989 313 Barnes & Dunn, 2002EDC3 8.5 W 5.4 N––– 2
130Wenegisi National Forest 1990 33 Anstey & Dunn, 1991EOG3 9.5 W 8.1 N––– 3
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | LIBERIA 199
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Cestos(Nuon)
M
ano
Sehnkwehn
Nimini
South FR
Gbi NF
North
Lorma CA
N'Zo
PFR
Mont
Nimba
SNR
Gola East
Gola
North
Ziama
Barrobo
Sapo
Grebo
Krahn
Bassa
Taï
Goin-
Cavally
Scio
Tiapleu
Gola,
Kpelle
& Lorma
Wenegisi
Mont
SangbéSierra
Leone
Liberia
Guinea
Côte
d'Ivoire
Greenville
Buchanan
Kenema
Harper
MONROVIA
Macenta
Sanniguellie
11°W
11°W
10°W
10°W
9°W
9°W
8°W
8°W
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
L i b e r i aL i b e r i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 100 20050 km
200 MALI | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
M A L I
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,240,000 km²
Range area (% of country): 31,878 km² (2%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 3%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 25%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.55
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues The expansion of agriculture onto elephant migration routes is a major threat facing Mali’s elephants. As
a result, human-elephant conflict continues to be an important threat to elephants in the Gourma region
and beyond, affecting both pastoralists and agriculturalists (F. Dakouo, pers. comm., 2004; Nomba, 2000;
Nomoko, 2006). It is feared that if the elephant migration route is blocked by expanding cultivation,
elephants will be unable to obtain the resources they need and will eventually disappear from the area
(Barnes et al., 2006).
The implementation of a five-year project named ‘Projet de Conservation et Valorisation de la Biodiversité du
Gourma Malien’ commenced recently thanks to funding from the World Bank. Amongst other objectives,
the project recognizes the Gourma elephants as a unique resource and intends to work with the local
people to ensure their conservation. Mali is also planning to develop a national elephant strategy, and
funding for a workshop is being sought.
Range Data Elephants in Mali are largely confined to a single population in the Gourma, an arid area in the Sahel on
the border with Burkina Faso. The Gourma elephants are the continent’s most northerly population and,
together with Namibia’s Kunene elephants, the most adapted to arid conditions.
The area of KNOWN range has been further extended for this report through information from an ongoing
radio-collaring and individual registration study (E.M. Hema et al., pers. comm., 2006). Two portions of
this range are seldom or never visited by elephants, and they have been categorized as NON-RANGE. A
small number of elephants may still be present in southwestern Mali, in the districts of Sikasso and Mopti.
There have been recent sightings and reports of elephant damage in these areas (F. Dakouo, pers. comm.,
2004; Nomoko, 2006). These are shown as crosses on the map.
Population Data An individual registration study in the Gourma has identified a minimum of 357 elephants, with an
estimated 141 calves and other family members not individually registered. Partial registration suggests
there may be an additional 156 elephants in the population. An estimate of 498 to 654 has been entered as
an INFORMED GUESS, replacing a 2002 waterhole aerial count and an INFORMED GUESS for the areas not
covered in the flights (Blake et al., 2003).
The new estimate for Gourma has resulted in increases in the DEFINITE, POSSIBLE and SPECULATIVE
categories. These increases are a result of more comprehensive information, rather than a recorded
increase in the actual elephant population.
Cross-border
Movements
The Gourma elephants move anticlockwise in search of water in a roughly circular migration that takes
them into northern Burkina Faso (Blake et al., 2003; Jachmann, 1991; Spinage, 1985) and covers nearly
38,000 km². Elephants seen in southwestern Mali in recent years are said to have come from Côte d’Ivoire
or western Burkina Faso, but this has not been verified (F. Dakouo, pers. comm., 2004; Nomoko, 2006).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | MALI 201
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR MALI
1561410357Informed Guesses
357 0 141 156TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 322 0 28 25
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess +35 0 +113 +131
TOTAL CHANGE +35 0 +113 +131
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
31,878
31,878
31,878
31,878TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
202 MALI | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
MALI: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
156* 37,991Gourma 2006 498 E.M. Hema et al., pers.
comm., 2006
DIG3 1.9 W 15.5 NNG 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | MALI 203
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
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D
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!P!P
!P
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!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Niger
W
hite
Volta
Oti
Gambia
K
om
oé
Rokel
L. Volta
Kaflande CF
Foumbou CF
Mont
Gbande CF
Kinkene/Nyellepuo-Nzi CF
Boundiali CF
Trois Rivières CF
Sota CF
Sissili CF
Guéné CF
Tisse CF
Tiogo CF
Alibori
Supérieur CF
Kainji
Lake NP
Dosso
PFR
Sahel PFR
Douentza
Elephant FnR
Deux Bales CF
Tamou TFR
Mare aux
Hippopotames
Mohoun
Gourma
Djona
Bagbe
Mole
Abdoulayé
Aires
de l'EstPo Nazinga
- Sissili
Pendjari
Atakora
Arly
Comoé-
Leraba
Fazao-Malfakassa
Comoé
Kéran
Bontioli Oti-
Mandori
Niokolo-
Koba
Togo
Senegal
Sierra
Leone Nigeria
Niger
Mauritania
Mali
Guinea
Ghana
Western Sahara
Algeria
Côte d'Ivoire
Benin
Burkina Faso
Parakou
Kandi
Kabala
Tombouctou
Sokode
Dosso
NIAMEY
Tillabery
Gao
Sikasso
BAMAKO
Segou
Mopti
Kissidougou
Mamou Kankan
Labe
Tamale
Wa
Odienne Ferkessedougou
Po
Bobo-Dioulasso
Fada Ngourma
OUAGADOUGOU
Kaya
Ouahigouya
12°W
12°W
11°W
11°W
10°W
10°W
9°W
9°W
8°W
8°W
7°W
7°W
6°W
6°W
5°W
5°W
4°W
4°W
3°W
3°W
2°W
2°W
1°W
1°W
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
3°E
3°E
4°E
4°E
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
18°N 18°N
19°N 19°N
20°N 20°N
21°N 21°N
22°N 22°N
23°N 23°N
24°N 24°N
25°N 25°N
26°N 26°N
M a l iM a l i
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 400 800200 km
204 NIGER | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
N I G E R
General
Statistics
Country area: 1,267,000 km²
Range area (% of country): 2,683 km² (0%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 9%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 87%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.83
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Niger has recently developed a national elephant management strategy. The strategy document identifies
poaching, human-elephant conflict and lack of institutional capacity as some of the key factors affecting
elephant populations in the country. In addition to reducing the impact of these challenges, the strategy’s
objectives include the improvement of knowledge on the status of elephant populations and fostering
cross-border cooperation in elephant management.
Range Data Only two elephant populations are found in Niger, both in the south. The larger population is located in
the southwest, within the boundary of the Parc “W”, a transfrontier park shared with Burkina Faso and
Benin. The second, much smaller, population occurs in the Babban Rafi Forest, and is part of Nigeria’s
Rongou Forest population (Direction de la Faune, Pêche et Pisciculture, 1991). Although there is recent
information indicating the continued presence of elephants in Babban Rafi, the area remains categorized
as POSSIBLE range for lack of detailed information on elephant distribution. The depiction of these ranges
has not changed in the AED range map since the AED 1995 (Said et al., 1995).
Population Data A 2003 aerial total count of the “W” complex returned an estimate of 85 for the Niger sector. Although
this contrasts with the previous aerial sample count estimate of 743 ± 306 (Rouamba et al., 2002), the
estimate for the entire park “W” has not changed considerably between the two surveys, highlighting the
transboundary nature of its elephant population.
The population in Babban Rafi is currently believed to stand at 17 animals (A.M. Issa, pers. comm., 2005).
This estimate has been categorized as an INFORMED GUESS and replaces a 1992 estimate of 100 (Seydou,
quest. reply, 1998).
As a result of the new estimates, numbers for Niger have declined in all four categories. Much of the
difference, however, is likely to be the result of transboundary movements rather than to genuine changes
in elephant numbers.
Cross-border
Movements
The Park “W” population straddles the borders of Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso and, together with other
adjacent protected areas, now represents the largest elephant range in West Africa, both in terms of extent
and numbers of elephants (Bouché et al., 2004b).
Although the Babban Rafi population is believed to move between southern Niger and northern Nigeria,
information on the movement patterns is contradictory. Some authors maintain that elephants spend most
of their time in Niger (Seydou, 1997), whereas others suggest that they only visit Niger in the dry season,
and only began doing so in 1986 (Direction de la Faune, Pêche et Pisciculture, 1991).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | NIGER 205
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR NIGER
00085Aerial or Ground Total Counts
01700Informed Guesses
85 0 17 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 136 214 214 100
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique -51 -214 -214 0
New Guess 0 0 +17 -100
TOTAL CHANGE -51 -214 -197 -100
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
2,333
0
2,333
0
350
350
2,333
350
2,683TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
206 NIGER | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
NIGER: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
430Babban Rafi Forest 2005 17 A.M. Issa, pers. comm., 2005DIG3 7.0 E 13.1 NNG 1
2,294W du Niger National Park 2003 85 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 2.4 E 12.3 NDT 1
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | NIGER 207
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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D
!P
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!P !P
!P !P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
N
iger
Oti
Chad
Kamuku NP
Trois Rivières CF
Sota CF
Alibori Supérieur CF
Kainji Lake NP
Binder-Léré FnR
Kamuku GR
Dosso
PFR
Sahel
PFR
Sambisa GR
Mandelia
FnR
Kalamaloue NP
Bas Chari FnR
Marguba
W du
Burkina
Djona
W du
Benin
Gagal-Yapala
Koloudia-Doumdoum
Massenya-
Mandjafa
Aires
de l'Est
Pendjari
Atakora
Arly
Yankari
Kéran
Oti-Mandori
WazaSambisaKwiambana
Chad Basin
(Chingurmi-
Duguma)
W du
Niger
Babban Rafi
Togo
Chad
Nigeria
Niger
Mali
Libya
Algeria
Cameroon
Benin
Burkina
Faso
Parakou
Kandi
Garoua
MaiduguriKano
Kaduna
Bama
Sokoto
Dosso
MaradiNIAMEY
Zinder
Tillabery
Tahoua
Agades
Gao
NDJAMENA
Maroua
Fada
Ngourma
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
3°E
3°E
4°E
4°E
5°E
5°E
6°E
6°E
7°E
7°E
8°E
8°E
9°E
9°E
10°E
10°E
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
15°E
15°E
16°E
16°E
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
18°N 18°N
19°N 19°N
20°N 20°N
21°N 21°N
22°N 22°N
23°N 23°N
24°N 24°N
25°N 25°N
26°N 26°N
N i g e rN i g e r
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 380 760190 km
208 NIGER | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | NIGERIA 209
N I G E R I A
General
Statistics
Country area: 923,770 km²
Range area (% of country): 22,968 km² (5%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 3%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 70%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.16
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Most elephant populations are small, fragmented and probably not viable in the long term. Only the
Yankari population in northern Nigeria has good prospects for survival, but encroachment and poaching
continue to be a threat to elephants in the park (Omondi et al., 2006b).
Nigeria seems to have made little progress in regulating its large domestic ivory market. The size of the
market appears to be increasing, and the country continues to be an important entrepôt in the international
trade. Most of the ivory traded in Nigeria is believed to originate from Central Africa (Courouble et al.,
2003; TRAFFIC, 2004).
Donors rejected a first proposal for the development of a national strategy for the conservation of
Nigeria’s elephants, but the search for funds continues.
Range Data Nigeria's elephants live in small, relict populations, divided between forests in the south and savannas in
the north. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country, and the fragmentation of elephant range is an
inevitable consequence of increasing human density, agriculture and settlement.
Changes to the range map include the categorization of several areas as DOUBTFUL range in areas where
human population density is estimated to exceed 15 persons per km² (ORNL/GIST, 2002; see
Introduction section for rationale). Such areas include the environs of Yankari and Cross River National
Parks.
The last two aerial surveys conducted in Yankari suggest that elephants are concentrated in the southeast
of the park, where there is least disturbance from human activity (Nicholas, 1999; Omondi et al., 2006b).
This area has been categorized as KNOWN range, while the rest of Yankari has been reverted to POSSIBLE
range.
An aerial survey of Sambisa and Marguba Reserves found no elephants and heavy human settlement
(Omondi et al., 2006a). Local informants indicated that elephants may no longer be found in their
traditional range, save perhaps for a small group to the south of the area covered by the survey. The
approximate location of this group is shown as a cross on the map, while the range area depicted in the
previous report has been categorized as DOUBTFUL.
Population Data An aerial total count of Yankari National Park conducted in July 2006 by the CITES MIKE programme
gave an estimate of 348 (Omondi et al., 2006b). This replaces the aerial total count estimate of 328 featured
in the previous report (Nicholas, 1999).
An aerial survey of the Sambisa and Marguba Reserves returned an estimate of zero (Omondi et al., 2006b).
As elephants may no longer occur in these reserves, this figure replaces an INFORMED GUESS of 150 to
210 NIGERIA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
250 that included a sighting of at least 130 elephants (Gawaisa, quest. reply, 1998). This replacement is
primarily responsible for the net decline of 130 elephants in the DEFINITE category.
All other estimates have been retained from the previous report, but estimates for the Chingurmi-Duguma
sector of the Chad Basin National Park, Kwiambana Game Reserve, Omo Forest Reserve and Taylor
Creek have been degraded to the category of OTHER GUESSES, as they are more than 10 years old. The
degradation of these estimates has resulted in a decrease of 235 in the POSSIBLE category and contributed
to a net increase of 75 in the SPECULATIVE category.
Cross-border
Movements
A migratory population may still move between Chad Basin National Park and Waza National Park in
Cameroon (Bita, 1997; Halla, 2002), but recent reliable information is lacking. Elephants may also move
between Nigeria and the Baban Rafi Forest in Niger (Seydou, quest. reply, 1998), and between the Cross
River National Park (Oban Division) and Korup National Park in Cameroon (Tooze, 1994).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | NIGERIA 211
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR NIGERIA
000348Aerial or Ground Total Counts
10010500Informed Guesses
275000Other Guesses
348 0 105 375TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 478 0 340 300
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Repeat Survey +20 0 0 0
Different Technique -150 0 0 -100
Data Degraded 0 0 -235 +175
TOTAL CHANGE -130 0 -235 +75
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
495
1,801
3,821
7,030
13,147
1,570
653
142
7,456
9,821
2,065
2,454
3,964
14,486
22,968TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
212 NIGERIA | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
NIGERIA: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
4* 215Andoni Island 2002 6 Mshelbwala et al., 2002DIG3 7.5 E 4.5 N––– 3
2,160Chad Basin (Chingurmi-Duguma)
National Park Sector
1994 100 Mshelbwala, 1998EIG3 14.4 E 11.7 NDD 2
56* 239Cross River (Okwangwo) National
Park
1998 74 Obot et al., 1998DDC3 9.2 E 6.3 N––– 2
30* 5,860Gashaka-Gumti National Park 2002 20 R. Barnwell, pers. comm., 2002DIG3 11.7 E 7.5 N––– 1
10* 2,000Kambari 1998 5 Gawaisa, quest. reply, 1998DIG3 10.6 E 8.8 N––– 2
40* 1,715Kwiambana Game Reserve 1993 80 Hurst, quest. reply, 1994EIG3 6.6 E 11.3 NDD 2
710Marguba Forest Reserve 2006 0 Omondi et al., 2006aAAT3 12.7 E 11.5 NDT
1,082Okomu Game Sanctuary 1991 40 NRCC, 1991EOG3 5.1 E 6.3 N––– 2
20* 1,300Omo Forest Reserve 1994 30 Mshelbwala, 1998EIG3 3.6 E 6.8 NDD 2
647Sambisa 2006 0 Omondi et al., 2006aAAT3 13.4 E 11.3 NDT
145Taylor Creek 1993 25 Thouless, 1993EIG3 6.4 E 5.2 NDD 3
3,224Yankari National Park 2006 348 Omondi et al., 2006bAAT3 10.5 E 9.8 NRS 2
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | NIGERIA 213
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D
D
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
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!P !P
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!P
!P
!P
!P!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Niger
Vina
Djerem
Chad
Kamuku NP
Babules FR
Ejaham FR
Trois Rivières CF
Fungom FR
Mbambe FR
Sota CF
Guéné CF
Mbam-Djerem NP
Kainji
Lake NP
Ifon GR
Old
Oyo NP
BinderLéré
FnR
Kamuku GR
Dosso
PFR
Sambisa GR
Marguba
Yoko
i
Djona
W du
Benin
Gagal-
Yapala
Bayang-Mbo
Mt. Cameroon
Yabassi
Boumba-
Bek
Nki
Dja
Abong-
Mbang
Andoni Island
Taylor
Creek
Korup
Okomu
Cross
River
(Okwangwo)
Omo
Gashaka-
Gumti
Faro
Benoué
Kambari
Bouba
NdjidahSudanian
Area
Yankari
WazaSambisa
Kwiambana
Chad Basin
(Chingurmi-
Duguma)
W du
Niger
Babban
Rafi
Chad
Nigeria
Niger
Mali
Cameroon
Benin
PORTO NOVO
Parakou
Kandi
ABUJA
Garoua
Maiduguri
Calabar
Kano
Port
Harcourt
Lagos
Enugu
Ibadan Ife
Kaduna
SokotoDosso
Maradi
Zinder
Tahoua
YAOUNDE
Yoko
Douala
Bertoua
Bafoussam
Ngaoundere
Maroua
Cotonou
3°E
3°E
4°E
4°E
5°E
5°E
6°E
6°E
7°E
7°E
8°E
8°E
9°E
9°E
10°E
10°E
11°E
11°E
12°E
12°E
13°E
13°E
14°E
14°E
3°N 3°N
4°N 4°N
5°N 5°N
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
N i g e r i aN i g e r i a
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 290 580145 km
214 SENEGAL | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
S E N E G A L
General
Statistics
Country area: 196,190 km²
Range area (% of country): 1,090 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 16%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 100%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.10
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Elephants appear to be on the brink of disappearing in Senegal. A recent survey found Niokolo-Koba
National Park in a serious state of deterioration. Illegal activity was widespread, including cattle grazing,
commercial timber exploitation and wildlife poaching. In addition, a planned road improvement project
further threatens the integrity of the park. The World Heritage Committee requested the Senegalese
authorities to produce a full report on the status of wildlife populations in Niokolo-Koba by the end of
January 2007 (UNESCO, 2006). The African Parks Foundation is expected to take over the management
of Niokolo-Koba National Park in the hopes of gaining some control over the situation and safeguarding
what remains with a view to future recovery.
Despite its unviable elephant population, Senegal continues to harbour one of the key unregulated
domestic ivory markets in Africa. Ivory originating largely from Central Africa is carved in Senegal and
sold to foreign nationals with little or no interference from the authorities (Courouble et al., 2003).
Range Data Niokolo-Koba National Park is the last place in Senegal where elephants may still be found. An extensive
ground survey, conducted in 2006, found signs of elephant presence to be restricted to the south of the
park (Renaud et al., 2006). The area where these signs were found is shown on the map as KNOWN range,
while the rest of the park has been categorized as NON-RANGE.
Population Data Aerial and ground surveys of the Niokolo-Koba National Park were jointly conducted by the African Parks
Foundation and Senegal’s Directorate of National Parks in 2006 (Renaud et al., 2006). No elephants were
seen in the aerial survey, making it the fifth consecutive aerial survey of Niokolo-Koba in which no
elephants were found (Mauvais, 2002). Six traces of elephant were seen during the ground survey, and
surveyors believe there to be at least one, and at most 10, elephants left in the park. This has been entered
as an INFORMED GUESS, which replaces a guess of between 3 and 50 (Mauvais, 2002). As a result of this
new guess, the number of elephants in the DEFINITE category has declined by one, while the number under
the SPECULATIVE category has dropped by 39.
Cross-border
Movements
It is unlikely that elephants move between Niokolo-Koba and Guinea, as there have been no records of
elephant presence on the Guinea side since the early 1990s (Litoroh et al., 2002). There has been some
discussion on the possibility of establishing a transboundary park to include Niokolo-Koba and Badiar
National Park in Guinea (UNESCO, 2006).
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | SENEGAL 215
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SENEGAL
9001Informed Guesses
1 0 0 9TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 2 0 0 48
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess -1 0 0 -39
TOTAL CHANGE -1 0 0 -39
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,090
1,090
1,090
1,090TOTAL
Informed Guesses
Total RangeKnown RangeData Category
216 SENEGAL | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SENEGAL: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
9* 8,282Niokolo-Koba National Park 2006 1 Renaud et al., 2006DIG3 13.0 W 13.0 NNG 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | SENEGAL 217
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Gambia
Mampaye CF
Badiar NP
Binasse
Sansalé
Corubal-
Dulombi
Niokolo-Koba
Senegal
Mauritania
Mali
Guinea
Bissau
Guinea
Gambia
Cacheu
BafatáMansõa
Bignona
Tambacounda
DAKAR
Saint-
Louis
BISSAU
Farim
Labe
17°W
17°W
16°W
16°W
15°W
15°W
14°W
14°W
13°W
13°W
12°W
12°W
12°N 12°N
13°N 13°N
14°N 14°N
15°N 15°N
16°N 16°N
17°N 17°N
S e n e g a lS e n e g a l
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 150 30075 km
218 SIERRA LEONE | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
S I E R R A L E O N E
General
Statistics
Country area: 71,740 km²
Range area (% of country): 1,804 km² (4%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 3%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 56%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.00
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Although once widespread, firearms are now becoming increasingly rare, thanks to a vigorous firearm
collection programme organized by the United Nations. This is likely to reduce hunting and poaching
pressure on elephants.
The infrastructure in parks such as Outamba-Kilimi was severely impacted by the civil war, and little or no
equipment is available for park staff to conduct their duties. A project to stop legal and illegal logging in
the Gola Forest and to transform it into a community-managed national park recently received
endorsement from the Government.
A National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, released in 2003, calls for a nationwide census of large
mammals, including elephants, to be conducted as a matter of priority. Sierra Leone is in the process of
developing a national strategy for the conservation of elephants, and funding is being sought for a
workshop.
Range Data Recent and reliable information on elephant distribution is lacking, but elephants are known to remain in
a number of forest fragments scattered throughout the eastern half of the country. A recent survey of
Outamba-Kilimi National Park only found evidence of elephant presence in the southwestern half of the
park (Danquah & Nandjui, quest. reply, 2006), and the area depicted as KNOWN range has been corrected
accordingly.
Some areas in and around the Nimini South and Gola East Forest Reserves appear to be densely settled,
according to the Landscan 2002 human population density database (ORNL/GIST, 2002), and have been
categorized as DOUBTFUL range (see Introduction section for details on rationale). The presence of
elephants in the Gola forests is supported by recent reports of elephant crop raiding and other forms of
human-elephant conflict (Mansaray, 2004). These are shown as crosses on the map.
Population Data A dung survey of Outamba-Kilimi National Park was conducted in 2005, but no estimate of elephant
numbers was produced due to the low dung encounter rate and the lack of an estimate of dung decay
(Karimu, 2005). Based on a pilot survey in Outamba-Kilimi between February and April 2006, Nandjui &
Danquah (2006) estimate there to be 80 to 100 elephants in the park. This estimate has been categorized
as an INFORMED GUESS, and replaces a 1994 guess of 50 (Grubb et al., 1998).
The estimate of 5 – 45 for Bagbe River Forest featured in the previous report (A. Kortenhoven, pers.
comm., 2002), has been degraded to the category of OTHER GUESSES, as it is now more than 10 years old.
All other estimates for Sierra Leone have been retained from the previous report.
Cross-border
Movements
Elephants may move from Sierra Leone into Guinea and Liberia, but there is no information available.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | SIERRA LEONE 219
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR SIERRA LEONE
208000Informed Guesses
115000Other Guesses
0 0 80 135TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 0 0 5 205
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
New Guess 0 0 +80 -30
Data Degraded 0 0 -5 -40
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 +75 -70
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
358
349
265
972
0
356
476
832
358
705
742
1,804TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Other Guesses
Informed Guesses
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
220 SIERRA LEONE | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
SIERRA LEONE: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
45* 349Bagbe River Forest 1995 5 A. Kortenhoven, pers. comm.,
2002
EIG3 11.1 W 9.3 NDD 1
287Gola East Forest Reserve 1987 60 Grubb et al., 1998EOG3 11.1 W 7.4 N––– 1
242Gola North Forest Reserve 1987 50 Grubb et al., 1998EOG3 10.9 W 7.6 N––– 1
20* 358Outamba-Kilimi 2006 80 A. Nandjui & E.K.A. Danquah,
pers. comm., 2006
DIG3 12.1 W 9.7 NNG 1
* Range of informed guess
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | SIERRA LEONE 221
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
D
D
D
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
Rokel
GreatScarcies
Niger
LittleScarcies
M
ano
Loma Mountains FR
Nimini
South FR
Kangar
i Hills FR
Pincely CF
Gola
East
Gola
North
Outamba
-Kilimi
Bagbe
Ouré
Kaba
Gola
,
Kpelle
& Lorma
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Guinea
Kenema
Mano
FREETOWN
Magburaka
Kabala
13°W
13°W
12°W
12°W
11°W
11°W
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
S i e r r a L e o n eS i e r r a L e o n e
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 75 15037.5 km
222 TOGO | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
T O G O
General
Statistics
Country area: 56,790 km²
Range area (% of country): 5,444 km² (10%)
Protected area coverage (% of country): 13%
Protected range (% of known and possible range in protected areas): 79%
Information Quality Index (IQI): 0.04
CITES Appendix: I
Listing Year: 1989
Current Issues Elephant movements, coupled with Togo’s high human population density and the decreased availability
of natural habitat have brought the country’s elephants into direct, and in places severe, conflict with
humans (Kotchikpa & Durlot, 2002). Dense settlement may eventually eliminate transboundary elephant
movement in and out of Togo.
In 2003 Togo published its newly developed national strategy for the conservation of its elephant
populations. The strategy identifies human demographic pressure, habitat degradation, poaching, lack of
means and capacity, as well as inadequate legislation, as the key threats to elephant populations (Ministère
de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestières, 2003). The strategic objectives include improving
scientific information on elephant populations, improving institutional capacity and involving local
populations in elephant management, mitigating human-elephant conflict, and reducing poaching. Funds
for the implementation of the strategy have not been forthcoming so far.
Range Data There are two main areas of elephant range, one in and around Kéran National Park and Outi-Mandouri
Faunal Reserve in the north, and the other in the Fazao-Malfakassa massif in the centre of the country. In
the drier, northern half, elephants migrate in search of water and visit the area only seasonally (Kotchikpa
& Durlot, 2002). The only permanent ranges are currently Fazao-Malfakassa and Abdoulayé Faunal
Reserves.
The only change to Togo’s range map in this report consists in the reduction of KNOWN range in a densely
settled area to the southeast of Kéran National Park. Based on the Landscan 2002 human population
density data set (ORNL/GIST, 2002) and recent satellite imagery, this area has been categorized as
DOUBTFUL range (see Introduction section for details on rationale).
Population Data A transboundary aerial total count covering the entire “WAPOK” complex found no elephants in
northern Togo (Bouché et al., 2004b). Estimates of zero from this survey replace INFORMED GUESSES of
16 and 35 for Kéran (Okoumassou, quest. reply, 2002) and Oti-Mandouri (Okoumassou, 1995)
respectively. INFORMED GUESSES for Abdoulayé Faunal Reserve, Fazao-Malfakassa and Fosse aux Lions
National Parks have been retained from the previous report (2002).
These changes, which result in a decline of 51 in the POSSIBLE category, are likely to be due to seasonal
elephant movements, rather than to a decline in Togo’s population.
Cross-border
Movements
Togo’s small and fragmented populations of elephants range widely in search of water during the dry
season, especially in the north. A study of elephant movements in Togo confirmed the seasonal passage
between Togo and Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso (Kotchikpa & Durlot, 2002), but dense human
settlement may be restricting their movement.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | TOGO 223
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEData Category DEFINITE
SUMMARY TOTALS FOR TOGO
0000Aerial or Ground Total Counts
06104Informed Guesses
4 0 61 0TOTALS 2006
TOTALS 2002 4 0 112 0
INTERPRETATION OF CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FROM PREVIOUS REPORT
SPECULATIVEPOSSIBLEPROBABLEDEFINITECause of Change
Different Technique 0 0 -51 0
TOTAL CHANGE 0 0 -51 0
AREA OF RANGE COVERED BY EACH DATA CATEGORY (km²)
1,412
2,319
1,375
5,105
0
0
339
339
1,412
2,319
1,714
5,444TOTAL
Unassessed Range
Informed Guesses
Aerial or Ground Total Counts
Total RangePossible RangeKnown RangeData Category
224 TOGO | WEST AFRICA African Elephant Status Report 2007
AREA
(km²)
INPUT ZONE
ESTIMATE 95% C.L.
SOURCE
NUMBER
OF ELEPHANTS
TOGO: ELEPHANT ESTIMATES
LAT.LON.
MAP
LOCATION
TYPE RELIAB.
SURVEY DETAILS²
YEAR
CAUSE OF
CHANGE¹ PFS³
300Abdoulayé Faunal Reserve 2002 4 Okoumassou, quest. reply,
2002
DIG3 1.3 E 8.7 N––– 2
1,920Fazao-Malfakassa National Park 2002 61 Okoumassou, quest. reply,
2002
DIG3 0.8 E 8.7 N––– 1
17Fosse aux Lions National Park 2002 0 Okoumassou, quest. reply,
2002
DIG3 0.2 E 10.8 N–––
1,402Kéran National Park 2003 0 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 0.7 E 10.1 NDT
1,484Oti-Mandori Faunal Reserve 2003 0 Bouché et al., 2004bAAT2 0.7 E 10.6 NDT
¹ Key to Causes of Change: DA: Different Area; DD: Data Degraded; DT: Different Technique; NA: New Analysis; NG: New Guess; NP: New population; PL: Population Lost; RS: Repeat
Survey (RS´ denotes a repeat survey that is not statistically comparable for reasons such as different season); –––: No Change
² Key to Survey Types: AS: Aerial Sample Count; AT: Aerial Total Count; DC: Dung Count; GD: Genetic Dung Count; GS: Ground Sample Count; GT: Ground Total Count; IG: Informed
Guess; IR: Individual Registration; OG: Other Guess. Survey Type is followed by an indicator of survey quality, ranked from 1 to 3 (best to worst). Survey Reliability is keyed A-E (best to
worst)
³ PFS: Priority for Future Surveys, ranked from 1 to 5 (highest to lowest). Based on the precision of estimates and the proportion of national range accounted for by the site in question, PFS
is a measure of the importance and urgency for future population surveys. All areas of unassessed range have a priority of 1. See Introduction for details on how the PFS is derived.
African Elephant Status Report 2007 WEST AFRICA | TOGO 225
! ! ! !
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!
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
D
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
!P
White Volta
Oti
Mono
RedVolta
Zio
L.Volta
L. Keta
Kogyae
SNR
Aou Mono CF
Barkoissi CF Trois Rivières CF
Sota CF
Alibori Supérieur CF
Kyabobo
Range NP
Galangashie FnR
Fosse aux Lions
Mole
Abdoulayé
Aires
de l'EstPo Nazinga
- Sissili
Pendjari
Atakora
Chichibon
Digya
Fazao-
Malfakassa
Kéran
Oti-
Mandori
Red & White
Volta - Morago
Zabré
Togo
Nigeria
Ghana
Benin
Burkina Faso
PORTO
NOVO
Abomey
Parakou
Kandi
LOMÉ
Atakpame
Sokode
Dapaong
Kumasi
Tamale
Po
Cotonou
1°W
1°W
0°
0°
1°E
1°E
2°E
2°E
3°E
3°E
6°N 6°N
7°N 7°N
8°N 8°N
9°N 9°N
10°N 10°N
11°N 11°N
T o g oT o g o
This map is unprojected.
Scale is indicative only.
See Appendix IV for
protected area abbreviations.
Sources:
African Elephant Database
Digital Chart of the World
African Elephant
Specialist Group
International Boundary
Rivers & Lakes
!P
Towns
Protected Areas
Input Zones (variable hatching)
Elephant Range
Known
Possible
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Doubtful
D Sighting/sign
0 125 25062.5 km
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African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX I | INFORMATION QUALITY INDEX AND PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE SURVEYS 257
COUNTRY IQI
ASSESSED
RANGE
FRACTION
PROBABLE
FRACTION
CHANGE
ON
PREVIOUS
REPORT
CONTINENTAL
RANGE
FRACTION
PRIORITY
FOR FUTURE
SURVEYS
REGION
Angola 0.64 0.05 0.03 +0.03 12.20% 1S
Sudan 0.07 0.00 0.00 +0.00 9.54% 1E
Tanzania 0.82 0.66 0.54 +0.11 11.70% 1E
Mozambique 0.63 0.77 0.48 +0.05 10.04% 1S
Democratic Republic of Congo 0.44 0.40 0.18 +0.02 7.91% 1C
Gabon 0.35 0.94 0.33 +0.25 6.56% 1C
Zambia 0.77 0.61 0.47 +0.09 6.03% 1S
Chad 0.60 0.26 0.15 +0.08 4.48% 1C
Cameroon 0.06 0.45 0.03 -0.06 3.55% 1C
Congo 0.78 0.23 0.18 +0.14 4.07% 1C
Namibia 0.83 0.55 0.46 -0.08 4.40% 2S
Kenya 0.78 0.82 0.64 +0.01 3.21% 2E
Botswana 0.88 0.99 0.87 +0.02 3.01% 2S
Central African Republic 0.54 0.95 0.51 +0.33 2.20% 2C
Zimbabwe 0.92 0.99 0.91 +0.28 2.31% 2S
Ethiopia 0.36 0.68 0.24 +0.13 1.15% 2E
Côte d'Ivoire 0.35 0.72 0.25 +0.21 1.02% 2W
Mali 0.55 1.00 0.55 -0.31 0.96% 2W
Nigeria 0.42 0.37 0.16 -0.04 0.69% 2W
Ghana 0.82 0.42 0.35 +0.18 0.70% 2W
Liberia 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.48% 2W
South Africa 0.96 1.00 0.96 +0.02 0.91% 2S
Equatorial Guinea 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.45% 2C
Burkina Faso 0.90 0.72 0.64 +0.04 0.60% 2W
Uganda 0.66 0.74 0.49 -0.23 0.45% 3E
Benin 1.00 0.51 0.51 +0.12 0.41% 3W
Malawi 0.19 0.89 0.17 -0.30 0.23% 3S
Togo 0.06 0.69 0.04 +0.02 0.16% 3W
Somalia 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.14% 3E
Eritrea 0.92 1.00 0.92 +0.23 0.16% 3E
Sierra Leone 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.05% 3W
Niger 0.83 1.00 0.83 +0.31 0.08% 3W
Guinea Bissau 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.04% 3W
Guinea 0.61 0.78 0.47 +0.47 0.05% 4W
Senegal 0.10 1.00 0.10 +0.06 0.03% 4W
Rwanda 0.29 1.00 0.29 -0.02 0.03% 4E
Swaziland 1.00 1.00 1.00 +0.00 0.00% 5S
A P P E N D I X I
I N F O R M A T I O N Q U A L I T Y I N D E X A N D P R I O R I T I E S
F O R F U T U R E S U R V E Y S
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX II | COMPARABLE ESTIMATES FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA 258
Eastern Africa METH.YEAR EST. 95% CLSURVEY ZONE
Amboseli
IR1
IR12002
2005 1,417
1,100
Kenya
Tsavo
AT3
AT32002
2005 9,021
8,344
Tsavo (Outside)
AT3
AT32002
2005 1,335
877
Selous
AS3
AS32002
2006 70,406
65,811 15,281
24,843±
±
Tanzania
Serengeti
AT3
AT32000
2006 1,560
1,631
Rukwa
AS2
AS32002
2006 1,200
263 339
902±
±
Ruaha-Rungwa
AS2
AS32002
2006 35,409
24,103 5,869
11,507±
±
Mkomazi
AT3
AT32002
2005 41
63
Katavi-Rukwa (Outside)
AS2
AS32002
2006 915
591 804
606±
±
Katavi
AS2
AS32002
2006 4,102
4,897 4,465
1,615±
±
Ugalla River
AS3
AS31999
2006 4,133
1,911 1,313
1,778±
±
19,948 32,356±Total difference for Eastern African sites:
No rates of change calculated for Eastern Africa for lack of a significant result
NS
2002
2006
109,591
129,539 27,505
17,040±
±
Totals for Eastern African sites:
3.99
Percentage of regional DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate accounted for by comparable estimates: 77.79%
Southern Africa METH.YEAR EST. 95% CLSURVEY ZONE
Northern Botswana
AS3
AS21999
2006 153,620
120,604 21,237
20,818±
±
Botswana
Niassa
AS2
AS22002
2004 12,477
13,061 2,433
2,111±
±
Mozambique
Magoe
AS2
AS22001
2003 1,628
1,264 1,359
794±
±
Khaudom/Nyae-Nyae
AS1
AS22000
2004 4,754
1,966 973
2,339±
±
Namibia
Etosha
AS1
AS12002
2004 2,057
2,417 663
598±
±
Caprivi
AS2
AS21998
2004 8,725
4,576 1,223
2,206±
±
Balule
AT3
AT32002
2006 457
80
South Africa
* statistically significant difference
NS not significant
A P P E N D I X I I
C O M P A R A B L E E S T I M A T E S F R O M
E A S T E R N A N D S O U T H E R N A F R I C A
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX II | COMPARABLE ESTIMATES FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA 259
Marakele
IR1
AT32002
2005 110
121
South Africa
Makuya
AT2
AT22002
2006 54
27
Makalali
GT1
GT12002
2005 72
59
Madikwe
AT3
AT32002
2005 455
318
Kruger
AT2
AT22002
2006 12,427
10,459
Knysna
IR1
IR12002
2005 4
4
Klaserie
AT2
AT22002
2006 569
467
Greater St Lucia
AT3
AT32002
2005 45
31
Atherstone
AT3
AT32002
2005 60
32
Addo Elephant
IR1
IR12002
2005 459
337
Phalaborwa
AT2
AT22002
2006 77
23
Pilanesberg
AT3
AT32002
2005 140
142
Itala
GT1
GT12002
2005 84
61
Venetia-Limpopo
AT3
AT32002
2005 61
59
Mkuzi
IR1
IR12002
2005 37
28
Welgevonden
AT3
AT32002
2005 100
67
Umbabat
AT2
AT22002
2006 163
88
Timbavati
AT2
AT22002
2006 712
372
Tembe
IR1
AT32002
2005 167
140
Selati
GT1
GT12002
2005 85
56
Sabie Sands
AT2
AT22002
2006 857
757
Pongola
IR1
IR12002
2005 55
33
Mkhaya
IR1
IR12002
2005 15
19
Swaziland
Hlane
IR1
IR12002
2005 13
20
Mukungule
AS2
AS32001
2003 156
156 112
119±
±
Zambia
Mulobezi
AS2
AS21997
2004 55
0
96±
* statistically significant difference
NS not significant
260 COMPARABLE ESTIMATES FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA | APPENDIX II African Elephant Status Report 2007
Sioma Ngwezi
AS2
AT31996
2005 385
250 0
371±
Zambia
Sichifulo
AS2
AS21997
2004 0
374 686±
Rufunsa
AS2
AS31996
2003 0
0
Chanjuzi
AS3
AS32001
2004 65
114 214
81±
±
Lunga-Luswishi
AS2
AS21997
2004 195
0
169±
Lukusuzi
AS1
AS21994
2005 0
110 190
0
±
Luawata
AS2
AS32001
2003 968
189 274
652±
±
Lower Zambezi
AS2
AS21996
2003 1,477
232 457
744±
±
Kasonso-Busanga
AS2
AS21997
2004 401
0
378±
Chiawa
AS2
AS21996
2003 45
48 102
53±
±
North Luangwa
AS3
AS32001
2003 3,235
3,750 1,076
695±
±
Sijarira
AS2
AS22001
2006 488
33 33
333±
±
Zimbabwe
Save Valley
AS1
AS12001
2003 527
535 318
310±
±
North Gokwe
AS2
AS22001
2006 192
791 621
172±
±
Matusadona
AS2
AS22001
2006 1,925
1,716 603
443±
±
Kariba
AS2
AS22001
2006 3,715
2,373 802
1,033±
±
Chizarira
AS1
AS22001
2006 3,071
5,011 1,171
1,117±
±
Chete
AS2
AS22001
2006 971
1,219 542
310±
±
Zambezi Valley
AS2
AS22001
2003 19,981
19,297 2,493
2,392±
±
Binga
AS2
AS22001
2006 431
836 385
373±
±
Chirisa
AS2
AS22001
2006 4,231
1,977 1,091
1,260±
±
46,354 30,588±Total difference for Southern African sites:
Average annual rate of increase for Southern African sites: 3.88% (CI 1.06% to 6.39%)
*
2002
2005
196,699
243,053 21,477
21,780±
±
Totals for Southern African sites:
5.56
Percentage of regional DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate accounted for by comparable estimates: 75.74%
* statistically significant difference
NS not significant
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX II | COMPARABLE ESTIMATES FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA 261
66,302 44,525±Total difference for sites listed
Average annual rate of increase for all sites: 4.00% (CI 1.14% to 6.58%)
Totals for all sites listed
*
2002 306,290
372,5922005
±
± 34,897
27,654
Percentage of continental DEFINITE plus PROBABLE estimate accounted for by comparable estimates: 67.14%
95% CLESTIMATEMEDIAN YEAR
4.99
Summary for Southern and Eastern African sites combined
* statistically significant difference
NS not significant
262 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE | APPENDIX III African Elephant Status Report 2007
A P P E N D I X I I I
A L P H A B E T I C A L L I S T O F P R O T E C T E D
A R E A S I N E L E P H A N T R A N G E
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IVAbdoulayé Faunal Reserve Togo (West Africa)300 1951
IIAberdare National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)766 1950
?Abokouamékro Faunal Reserve Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)135 1993
VIAbong-Mbang Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)1,540 ?
IVAbou Telfane Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)1,100 1955
IIAddo Elephant National Park South Africa (Southern Africa)1,250 1931
IIAkagera National Park Rwanda (Eastern Africa)1,018 1934
VIAkobo Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)5,049 1973
VIAlibori Supérieur Classified Forest Benin (West Africa)2,560 1995
IIAltos de Nsork National Park Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa)691 2000
IIAmboseli National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)392 1974
IIAndre Felix National Park Central African Republic (Central Africa)1,700 1960
VIAnkasa Game Production Reserve Ghana (West Africa)343 1976
VIAou Mono Classified Forest Togo (West Africa)65 ?
IVAouk-Aoukale Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)3,300 1939
IIArly National Park Burkina Faso (West Africa)930 1954
IIArusha National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)132 1967
VIAssin-Attandanso Game Production Reserve Ghana (West Africa)140 1991
VIAtakora Hunting Zone Benin (West Africa)1,220 1954
IVAtherstone Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)136 1990
IVAvakaba Presidential Park Central African Republic (Central Africa)2,500 1980
IIAzagny National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)190 1981
IIBabille Elephant Sanctuary Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)6,982 1970
VIBabules Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)530 ?
IIBadiar National Park Guinea (West Africa)382 1985
IVBahr Salamat Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)20,600 1964
IIBamingui-Bangoran National Park Central African Republic (Central Africa)10,700 1933
IIBandingilo Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)16,500 1986
VIBangassou Forest Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)16,600 ?
VIBangweulu Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)6,570 1971
IIBanhine National Park Mozambique (Southern Africa)7,000 1972
VIBanyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary Cameroon (Central Africa)691 1996
VIBarkoissi Classified Forest Togo (West Africa)25 ?
VIBarrobo National Forest Liberia (West Africa)640 ?
IVBas Chari Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)975 ?
VIBeki-Bossematie Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)389 ?
IVBengangai Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)170 1939
IIBenoué National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)1,800 1968
VIBia Game Production Reserve Ghana (West Africa)228 1974
IIBia National Park Ghana (West Africa)78 1974
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX III | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 263
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IVBiharamulo Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)1,300 1959
IIBikuar National Park Angola (Southern Africa)7,900 1964
VIBilili Springs Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,080 1971
VIBili-Uere Hunting Reserve Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)6,000 ?
IVBinder-Léré Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)1,350 1974
VIBire Kpatuos Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)445 1939
IIBiringou National Park Gabon (Central Africa)708 2002
VIBisanadi National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)606 1979
IIBoma National Park Sudan (Eastern Africa)22,800 1986
IBomu Strict Nature Reserve Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)10,700 ?
VIBoni National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,339 1976
IVBontioli Total Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)127 1957
IVBontioli Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)295 1957
VIBorana Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)45,366 1973
IIBouba Ndjidah National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)2,200 1968
VIBoumba-Bek National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)2,500 2005
VIBoundiali Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)350 ?
IVBufalo Partial Reserve Angola (Southern Africa)400 1974
IIBuffalo Springs National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)131 1985
IVBugungu Wildlife Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)553 1968
IVBurigi Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)2,200 1972
VIBushimae Hunting Zone Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)600 ?
IIBwabwata National Park Namibia (Southern Africa)5,828 2002
IIBwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)336 1991
IVCampo Faunal Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)3,000 ?
IICampo Ma'an National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)2,550 2000
IIChad Basin National Park Nigeria (West Africa)2,300 ?
VICharara Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,694 1975
VIChete Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,081 1975
IVChew Bahr Wildlife Reserve Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)4,212 1973
VIChewore Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)3,390 1964
VIChiawa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)900 ?
VIChibwika-Ntambu Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)1,550 1971
VChimalavera Regional Nature Park Angola (Southern Africa)100 1974
VIChipinge Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)261 1975
VIChirisa Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,713 1975
VIChisomo Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,390 1971
IIChizarira National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,910 1975
VIChizera Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)2,280 1971
IIChobe National Park Botswana (Southern Africa)10,570 1968
IIChyulu Hills National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)471 1983
IIComoé National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)11,500 1968
IICounkouati-Douli National Park Congo (Central Africa)5,045 2000
IICross River National Park Nigeria (West Africa)4,000 1991
VIDabus Valley Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)1,227 1973
UADadieso Forest Reserve Ghana (West Africa)171 1977
264 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE | APPENDIX III African Elephant Status Report 2007
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
VIDande Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)523 1975
VIDeka Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)510 1975
IVDeux Bales Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)566 1967
VIDibon Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)225 ?
VIDiefoula Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)880 ?
IIDigya National Park Ghana (West Africa)3,478 1971
IVDimonika Biosphere Reserve Congo (Central Africa)1,225 1988
UADisue River Forest Reserve Ghana (West Africa)24 1943
IVDja Faunal Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)5,260 1950
VIDjoli Kera Forest Reserve Chad (Central Africa)950 ?
VIDjona Hunting Zone Benin (West Africa)1,880 1980
VIDodori National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)877 1976
VIDoma Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)945 1975
IVDosso Partial Faunal Reserve Niger (West Africa)4,075 1962
IVDouentza Elephant Faunal Reserve Mali (West Africa)12,000 1959
IIDzanga-Ndoki National Park Central African Republic (Central Africa)1,220 1990
VIDzanga-Sangha Special Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)3,359 1990
VIEjaham Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)715 ?
IV?Estuario del Muni Nature Reserve Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa)600 2000
IIEtosha National Park Namibia (Southern Africa)22,270 1907
IIFaro National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)3,300 1980
IIFazao-Malfakassa National Park Togo (West Africa)1,920 1951
IIFosse aux Lions National Park Togo (West Africa)17 1954
VIFoumbou Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)480 ?
VIFungom Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)360 ?
IVGalangashie Faunal Reserve Togo (West Africa)75 1954
IIGambella National Park Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)5,061 1974
VIGangala-na-bodio Hunting Reserve Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)9,859 ?
IIGaramba National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)4,920 1938
IIGashaka-Gumti National Park Nigeria (West Africa)5,860 1991
VIGbi National Forest Liberia (West Africa)610 ?
IVGilé Game Reserve Mozambique (Southern Africa)2,100 1960
VIGoin-Cavally and Goin-Debe Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,890 ?
VIGola National Forest Liberia (West Africa)2,071 ?
VIGola East and West Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)295 ?
VIGola North Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)480 ?
VIGola North Extension Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)70 ?
IIGonarezhou National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)5,053 1975
IIGorongosa National Park Mozambique (Southern Africa)3,750 1960
VIGoungoun Classified Forest Benin (West Africa)732 1950
IIGreater St. Lucia Wetland Park South Africa (Southern Africa)2,587 1895
VIGrebo National Forest Liberia (West Africa)2,604 ?
IVGribingui-Bamingui Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)4,380 1940
IVGrumeti Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)2,000 1994
VIGuéné Classified Forest Benin (West Africa)13 1942
VIHartley Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)445 1975
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX III | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 265
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IHaut Bandama Fauna and Flora Reserve Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,230 1973
VIHaut Dodo/Grah/Hana Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,905 ?
VIHaut Sassandra Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,024 ?
VIHlane Royal National Park Swaziland (Southern Africa)142 1967
IIHluhluwe-Umfolozi Park South Africa (Southern Africa)965 1989
UAHobatere Concession Area Namibia (Southern Africa)230 ?
VIHurungwe Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)2,878 1975
IIHwange National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)14,651 1949
IVIbanda Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)200 1974
IVIfon Game Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)500 ?
VIIguela Hunting Area Gabon (Central Africa)1,800 1962
IVIkorongo Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)3,000 1994
VIIona National Park Angola (Southern Africa)15,150 1964
IIIsangano National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)840 1972
IIItala Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)297 1972
IIIvindo National Park Gabon (Central Africa)3,000 2002
VIJikao Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)3,375 1973
VIKafinda Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,860 1971
IIKafue National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)22,400 1951
IIKahuzi-Biega National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)6,000 1975
IIKainji Lake National Park Nigeria (West Africa)5,320 1975
IIKakum National Park Ghana (West Africa)207 1991
IIKalamaloue National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)45 1972
UAKalinzu Forest Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)141 ?
VIKalio Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)275 ?
VIKaluanyembe Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,425 ?
IVKambari Game Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)414 1969
VIKamnarok National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)50 1983
IVKamuku Game Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)200 ?
IIKamuku National Park Nigeria (West Africa)1,211 1999
VIKangari Hills Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)86 1924
VIKansonso-Busanga Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)7,780 1971
VIKaputa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,600 1971
VKariba Recreation Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)2,830 1979
IVKaruma Wildlife Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)696 1964
IIKasanka National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)390 1972
UAKashoya-Kitomi Forest Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)385 1932
IIKasungu National Park Malawi (Southern Africa)2,316 1970
IIKatavi National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)4,241 1974
UAKatokota Game Ranch Zambia (Southern Africa)15 ?
IIKazuma Pan National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)313 1975
IIKéran National Park Togo (West Africa)1,636 1977
IVKhaudom Game Park Namibia (Southern Africa)3,842 1989
IIKibale National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)766 1993
VIKidepo Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)1,975 1975
IIKidepo Valley National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)1,416 1962
266 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE | APPENDIX III African Elephant Status Report 2007
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IVKigezi Wildlife Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)850 1952
IVKigosi Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)7,000 1983
IVKilombero Conservation Area Tanzania (Eastern Africa)7,282 ?
VIKinkene/Nyellepuo-Nzi Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,865 ?
IVKizigo Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)4,000 1982
UAKlaserie Private Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)628 ?
IKogyae Strict Nature Reserve Ghana (West Africa)386 1971
IVKonkombouri Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)1,300 1954
IIKora National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,788 1989
IIKorup National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)1,259 1986
IVKoukourou-Bamingui Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)1,100 1940
IVKourtiagou Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)510 1957
VIKpelle National Forest Liberia (West Africa)1,749 ?
VIKrahn Bassa National Forest Liberia (West Africa)5,142 ?
IIKruger National Park South Africa (Southern Africa)19,624 1926
IVKwiambana Game Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)1,715 ?
IIKyabobo Range National Park Ghana (West Africa)415 ?
IVKyambura Wildlife Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)213 1965
VILaba Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)150 ?
IILac Lobéké National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)1,839 2001
VI?Lac Telé Community Reserve Congo (Central Africa)4,390 2002
IILake Manyara National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)330 1960
IILavushi Manda National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)1,500 1972
IVLefini Faunal Reserve Congo (Central Africa)4,595 1951
IILengwe National Park Malawi (Southern Africa)887 1970
IVLetaba Ranch Private Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)420 1981
IILimpopo National Park Mozambique (Southern Africa)10,736 2001
IILiwonde National Park Malawi (Southern Africa)538 1973
IILoango National Park Gabon (Central Africa)1,550 2002
VILogoniegue Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)355 ?
IILoma Mountains Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)332 1952
IILopé National Park Gabon (Central Africa)5,000 2002
VILorma National Forest Liberia (West Africa)435 ?
VILosai National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,806 1976
IILower Zambezi National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)4,092 1983
VILuama Hunting Zone Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)3,435 1935
IILuambe National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)254 1972
VILuano Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)8,930 1971
IVLuiana Partial Reserve Angola (Southern Africa)8,400 1966
IILukusuzi National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)2,720 1972
VILukwakwa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)2,540 1971
IVLukwati Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)1,201 ?
VILumimba Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)4,500 1971
VILunga-Luswishi Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)13,340 1971
VILupande Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)4,840 1971
IVMadikwe Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)700 1992
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX III | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 267
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IIMago National Park Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)2,162 1978
IIMahale Mountains National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)1,577 1985
IIMaiko National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)10,830 1970
IVMajete Wildlife Reserve Malawi (Southern Africa)700 1955
IIMakgadikgadi National Park Botswana (Southern Africa)4,877 1992
IVMakuya Park South Africa (Southern Africa)165 1994
VIMalipati Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)154 1975
IIMalka Mari National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)876 1989
IVMalolotja Nature Reserve Swaziland (Southern Africa)182 1972
IIMamili National Park Namibia (Southern Africa)1,010 1990
VIMampaye Classified Forest Senegal (West Africa)80 ?
IIMana Pools National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)2,196 1975
IVMandelia Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)1,380 1969
UAMangetti Game Reserve Namibia (Southern Africa)420 ?
UAMangochi Forest Reserve Malawi (Southern Africa)325 1924
VManjirenji Recreation Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)34 ?
IIManovo-Gounda-Saint Floris National Park Central African Republic (Central Africa)17,400 1933
IVManyeleti Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)228 1967
IIMapungubwe National Park South Africa (Southern Africa)210 2004
IVMaputo Game Reserve Mozambique (Southern Africa)900 1969
IIMarahoué National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,010 1968
IIMarakele National Park South Africa (Southern Africa)380 1987
IVMaralal National Sanctuary Kenya (Eastern Africa)155 1988
VIMaro Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)475 ?
IVMarromeu Game Reserve Mozambique (Southern Africa)1,100 ?
IIMarsabit National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,554 1949
IIMarsabit National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)350 1967
IIMasai Mara National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,510 1974
IMassif du Ziama Strict Nature Reserve Guinea (West Africa)1,123 1943
IVMaswa Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)2,200 1962
VIMatetsi Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)2,955 1975
IIMatusadona National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,407 1975
IVMavinga Partial Reserve Angola (Southern Africa)5,950 1966
VIMbambe Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)305 ?
IIMbam-Djerem National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)4,170 2000
VIMbarizunga Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)615 1939
IIMbé National Park Gabon (Central Africa)600 2002
UAMengame Wildlife Sanctuary Cameroon (Central Africa)1,218 2001
IIMeru National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)870 1966
IIMgahinga Gorilla National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)67 1991
IIMikumi National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)3,230 1964
IIMinkébé National Park Gabon (Central Africa)7,567 2002
VIMizan-Teferi Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)3,146 1985
VIMkhaya Nature Reserve Swaziland (Southern Africa)65 1981
IVMkomazi Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)3,000 1951
IVMkungunero Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)768 0
268 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE | APPENDIX III African Elephant Status Report 2007
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IIMkuzi Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)380 1912
IVMoçamedes Partial Reserve Angola (Southern Africa)4,450 1960
IIMole National Park Ghana (West Africa)4,840 1971
UAMongokele Forest Reserve Cameroon (Central Africa)850 ?
IVMont Fouari Faunal Reserve Congo (Central Africa)156 1958
VIMont Gbande Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)225 ?
IVMont Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve Congo (Central Africa)420 1955
IMont Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)50 1944
IMont Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Guinea (West Africa)130 1944
IIMont Péko National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)340 1968
IIMont Sangbe National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)950 1976
IIMonte Alén National Park Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa)2,000 1990
IVMoremi Game Reserve Botswana (Southern Africa)4,968 1965
IIMosi-oa-Tunya National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)66 1972
VIMoukalaba Hunting Area Gabon (Central Africa)200 1962
IIMoukalaba-Dougoua National Park Gabon (Central Africa)4,495 2002
IIMount Elgon National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)169 1968
IIMount Elgon National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)1,264 ?
IIMount Kenya National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)718 1949
IIMt Seni National Park Gabon (Central Africa)600 2002
UAMt. Tia Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)163 1980
IIMudumo National Park Namibia (Southern Africa)320 1990
IVMuhesi Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)2,000 1994
VIMulobezi Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,420 1971
VIMumbwa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,370 1971
VIMunyamadzi Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,300 1971
VIMupa National Park Angola (Southern Africa)6,600 1964
IIMurchison Falls National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)3,795 1952
VIMurle Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)4,172 1973
VIMusalangu Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)17,350 1971
VIMusele-Matebo Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,700 1971
IVMwabvi Wildlife Reserve Malawi (Southern Africa)135 1953
IIMwagne National Park Gabon (Central Africa)1,132 2002
VIMwea National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)68 1976
IIMweru wa Ntipa National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)3,134 1972
VINamwala Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,600 1971
IVNana-Barya Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)2,300 1960
IINasolot National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)194 1979
VNational West Coast Tourist Recreation Area Namibia (Southern Africa)7,800 1973
VINazinga Game Ranch Burkina Faso (West Africa)940 ?
VINgorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania (Eastern Africa)8,300 1959
VINgove-Ndogo Hunting Area Gabon (Central Africa)2,500 1962
IVNiassa Game Reserve Mozambique (Southern Africa)15,000 1960
VINiegré Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,056 ?
UANimini South Forest Reserve Sierra Leone (West Africa)26 1
IINimule National Park Sudan (Eastern Africa)410 1954
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX III | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 269
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IINini-Suhien National Park Ghana (West Africa)160 1976
IINiokolo-Koba National Park Senegal (West Africa)9,130 1954
VINkala Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)194 1971
IVNkhota-Kota Wildlife Reserve Malawi (Southern Africa)1,802 1954
VINki National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)1,815 2005
VINorth East National Forest Liberia (West Africa)130 ?
VINorth Kitui National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)745 1979
UANorth Lorma Conservation Area Liberia (West Africa)675 ?
IINorth Luangwa National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)4,636 1972
IINouabalé-Ndoki National Park Congo (Central Africa)3,866 1994
IINsumbu National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)2,063 1985
VINumatina Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)3,865 1939
IINxai Pan National Park Botswana (Southern Africa)2,770 1971
IVNyanga Nord Faunal Reserve Congo (Central Africa)77 1958
IVNyanga Sud Faunal Reserve Congo (Central Africa)230 1958
IINyika National Park Malawi (Southern Africa)3,134 1965
IVN'Zo Partial Faunal Reserve Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)950 1972
IVOandjia-Vakaga Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)1,300 1925
IIOdzala - Kokoua National Park Congo (Central Africa)13,546 2001
IIOkapi National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)13,700 1992
IIOkomu Forest Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)1,082 1978
IIOld Oyo National Park Nigeria (West Africa)2,530 1991
IIOmo National Park Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)4,068 1966
IVOti-Mandouri Faunal Reserve Togo (West Africa)1,478 ?
IVOuanga Plain Faunal Reserve Gabon (Central Africa)200 1966
IVOutamba-Kilimi National Park Sierra Leone (West Africa)808 1986
VIPa Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)120 ?
IVPama Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)2,230 1955
VIPendjari Hunting Zone Benin (West Africa)1,750 1980
IIPendjari National Park Benin (West Africa)2,755 1954
UAPhalaborwa Mining Co. Private Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)41 ?
III?Piedra Nzas Natural Monument Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa)190 2000
IVPilanesberg National Park South Africa (Southern Africa)553 1979
VIPincely Classified Forest Guinea (West Africa)130 ?
IIPleateaux Batéké National Park Gabon (Central Africa)1,748 2002
IIPongara National Park Gabon (Central Africa)962 2002
IIPongolapoort Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)119 1979
IIQueen Elizabeth National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)2,343 1952
IIQuiçama National Park Angola (Southern Africa)9,500 1957
IIQuirimbas National Park Mozambique (Southern Africa)7,500 2002
IIRadom National Park Sudan (Eastern Africa)12,500 1980
VIRahole National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,270 1976
VIRimoi National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)55 1983
IV?Río Campo Nature Reserve Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa)762 2000
IIRuaha National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)10,300 1964
VIRubi-Tele Hunting Zone Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)9,080 1930
270 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE | APPENDIX III African Elephant Status Report 2007
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IIRubondo Island National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)457 1977
VIRufunsa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)2,328 ?
IVRukwa Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)4,109 ?
IVRumanyika Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)800 1974
IVRungwa Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)9,000 1974
IIRwenzori Mountains National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)386 1991
IVSaadani Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)510 1968
UASabie Sand Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)572 ?
IVSahel Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)16,000 1970
IISalonga Nord National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)19,000 1970
IISalonga Sud National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)17,000 1970
IVSambisa Game Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)525 ?
IISamburu National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)165 1985
VISandwe Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)1,530 1971
VISapi Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)1,180 1975
IISapo National Park Liberia (West Africa)1,292 1983
VIScio Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,338 ?
IVSelous Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)44,000 1967
IISemliki National Park Uganda (Eastern Africa)195 1993
IVSemliki Valley (Toro) Wildlife Reserve Uganda (Eastern Africa)518 1929
IISerengeti National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)14,763 1957
VISette-Cama Hunting Area Gabon (Central Africa)2,000 1962
IIShaba National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)239 1974
IIShambe Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)620 1985
IIShimba Hills National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)193 1968
IVShiraro-Kefta Wildlife Conservation Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)753 1973
VISichifula Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)3,600 1971
IVSingou Partial Faunal Reserve Burkina Faso (West Africa)1,920 1955
IVSiniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve Chad (Central Africa)4,260 1965
IISioma Ngwezi National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)5,276 1972
VISissili Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)285 ?
IISkeleton Coast Game Park Namibia (Southern Africa)16,390 1971
VISongan-Tamin-Mabi-Yaya Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)1,698 ?
IVSongimvelo Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)490 1983
VISorobouli Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)200 ?
VISota Classified Forest Benin (West Africa)530 1947
VISouth Kitui National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,833 1979
IISouth Luangwa National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)9,050 1972
IISouth Turkana National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)1,091 1979
IISouthern National Park Sudan (Eastern Africa)23,000 1939
IITaï National Park Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)3,500 1973
IITaita Hills National Reserve Kenya (Eastern Africa)165 ?
IVTama Wildlife Reserve Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)3,269 1973
IVTamou Total Faunal Reserve Niger (West Africa)777 1962
IITarangire National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)2,600 1970
VITedo Controlled Hunting Area Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)2,347 1973
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX III | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PROTECTED AREAS IN ELEPHANT RANGE 271
Protected Area Country (Region)
IUCN
Categ.
Area
(km²)
Year
Created
IVTembe Elephant Park South Africa (Southern Africa)300 1983
UATiapleu Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)280 1932
UATimbavati Private Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)785 ?
VITiogo Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)300 ?
VITisse Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)185 ?
VITondwa Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)540 1971
VITrois Rivières Classified Forest Benin (West Africa)3,549 1949
IITsavo East National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)11,747 1948
IITsavo West National Park Kenya (Eastern Africa)9,065 1948
VITui Classified Forest Burkina Faso (West Africa)460 ?
VITuli Safari Area Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)416 1975
IIUdzungwa Mountains National Park Tanzania (Eastern Africa)1,900 1992
IVUgalla River Game Reserve Tanzania (Eastern Africa)5,000 1965
UAUmbabat Private Nature Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)144 ?
VUmfuli Recreation Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)115 ?
IIUpemba National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)11,730 1939
IVassako-Bolo Strict Nature Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)860 1960
IIIVictoria Falls Natural Monument Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)20 1952
IIVirunga National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)7,800 1925
IIVirunga (Secteur Mikeno) National Park Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa)256 1969
IIVolcans National Park Rwanda (Eastern Africa)150 1929
IVVwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve Malawi (Southern Africa)986 1977
IIW du Benin National Park Benin (West Africa)5,020 1954
IIW du Burkina National Park Burkina Faso (West Africa)2,368 1954
IIW du Niger National Park Niger (West Africa)2,200 1954
IIWaka National Park Gabon (Central Africa)1,069 2002
VIWarigue Classified Forest Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)645 ?
IIWaza National Park Cameroon (Central Africa)1,700 1968
UAWelgevonden Private Game Reserve South Africa (Southern Africa)330 ?
IIWest Lunga National Park Zambia (Southern Africa)1,684 1972
VIWest Petauke Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)4,140 1971
VIWest Zambezi Game Management Area Zambia (Southern Africa)38,070 1971
IVWonga-Wongue Presidential Reserve Gabon (Central Africa)3,800 1971
VIYamba Berete Forest Reserve Chad (Central Africa)550 ?
IIYankari National Reserve Nigeria (West Africa)2,254 1991
IVYata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)4,200 1960
IIZakouma National Park Chad (Central Africa)3,000 1963
IIZambezi National Park Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)563 1979
IVZemongo Faunal Reserve Central African Republic (Central Africa)10,100 1925
VIZeraf Game Reserve Sudan (Eastern Africa)8,085 1939
IIZinave National Park Mozambique (Southern Africa)5,000 1972
272 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS | APPENDIX IV African Elephant Status Report 2007
A P P E N D I X I V
A C R O N Y M S & A B B R E V I A T I O N S
AED African Elephant Database
AERP Amboseli Elephant Research Project (Kenya)
AESR African Elephant Status Report
AfESG African Elephant Specialist Group
AfRSG African Rhino Specialist Group
ARF Assessed Range Fraction
AS Aerial Sample Count
AT Aerial Total Count
AVIGREF Associations villageoises pour la gestion des réserves de faune (Benin)
BGP Big Game Parks of Swaziland
BR Biosphere Reserve
BtR Botanical Reserve
CA Conservation Area
CAR Central African Republic
CARPE Central African Regional Program for the Environment
CBFP Congo Basin Forest Partnership
CcA Concession Area
CEESP Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy
CF Classified Forest
CFA Central Africa Franc
CHA Controlled Hunting Area
CI Confidence interval
CIMU Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit (Tanzania)
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CL Confidence limit
CMS Convention on Migratory Species
COMIFAC Conference of Ministers in Charge of Forests in Central Africa
CR Community Reserve
CRF Continental Range Fraction
DA Different Area
DC Dung Count
DD Data Degraded
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (United Kingdom)
DFPN Direction de la Faune et des Parcs Nationaux (Cameroon)
DNFFB Direcção Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia (Mozambique)
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
DRSRS Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (Kenya)
DRWG Data Review Working Group
DT Different Technique
DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks (Botswana)
EC Elephant Corridor
ECOPAS Ecosystèmes Protégés en Afrique Sahélienne (West Africa)
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX IV | ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS 273
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ELESMAP Southern African Elephant Survey and Monitoring Programme
EMOA Elephant Management and Owners Association (South Africa)
ES Elephant Sanctuary
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
EWCO Ethiopia Wildlife Conservation Organization
FFR Fauna and Flora Reserve
FnR Faunal Reserve
FR Forest Reserve
GD Genetic Dung Count
GEMS Global Environment Monitoring System
GIS Geographical Information System
GMA Game Management Area
GmR Game Ranch
GP Game Park
GPR Game Production Reserve
GR Game Reserve
GRID Global Resource Information Database
GS Ground Sample Count
GS Game Sanctuary
GT Ground Total Count
HA Hunting Area
HR Hunting Reserve
HZ Hunting Zone
IFR Integral Forest Reserve
IG Informed Guess
INDEFOR National Institute for Forestry Development (Equatorial Guinea)
INR Integral Nature Reserve
IQI Information Quality Index
IR Individual registration
IUCN The World Conservation Union
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KAZA TFCA Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (Southern Africa)
LAT Latitude
LON Longitude
MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia)
MIKE Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants
NA New Analysis
NF National Forest
NG New Guess
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NlR National Reserve
NM Natural Monument
NNR National Nature Reserve
NP National Park
NP New Population
NPe (National Park Extension)
NPWMA National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (Zimbabwe)
274 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS | APPENDIX IV African Elephant Status Report 2007
NR Nature Reserve
NRCC Natural Resources Conservation Council
NS National Sanctuary
OG Other Guess
ORNL/GIST Geographic Information Science and Technology Group at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (United States of America)
PAGEN Partenariat pour l'Amélioration de la Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels (Burkina Faso)
pers. comm. Personal communication
PF Probable Fraction
PFR Partial Faunal Reserve
PFS Priority for Future Surveys
PGR Private Game Reserve
Pk Park
PL Population Lost
PNE Protected Natural Environment
PNR Private Nature Reserve
PR Partial Reserve
PrP Presidential Park
PRP Percentage Relative Precision
PrR Presidential Reserve
PvR Private Reserve
Quest. reply Questionnaire reply
RA Recreation Area
RC Reserve Complex
RDBMS Relational database management system
RNP Regional Nature Park
RP Recreation Park
RS Repeat survey
RyNP Royal National Park
SA Safari Area
SANParks South African National Parks
SF State Forest
SNR Strict Nature Reserve
SNTC Swaziland National Trust Commission
SR Special Reserve
SSC Species Survival Commission
Sty Sanctuary
TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute
TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area
TFR Total Faunal Reserve
TRIDOM Dja-Odzala-Minkébé Tri-National Park
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service
WA Wilderness Area
WCA Wildlife Conservation Area
WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WCS Wildlife Conservation Society (United States of America)
African Elephant Status Report 2007 APPENDIX IV | ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS 275
WP Wetland Park
WR Wildlife Reserve
WS Wildlife Sanctuary
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature