INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE I1 1. Periodic table a. What elements do these symbols stand for? Mn B Mg W Pb Sb I Sn K Au Fe Ag b. Listening exercises Explain the symbols below: What do they stand for? What do they mean? What is an alternative way of using them? Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Watch the first video and answer the following questions: 1. What element is the professor speaking about? 2. He has mentioned a controversy that was linked to the symbol of the element. What was the controversy based on? 3. Who/What institution made the final decision regarding the symbol? 4. According to the professor, what role did lead play in the element synthesis? 5. Could you describe the process of the element decay as explained in the video? Watch the second video and try to explain the meaning of the following facts / dates / expressions within the context of the talk: 114 December 2011 30th May 2012 Russian Dubna discussion period Plutonium Fljorov memorial bombardment Follow up question: Why does such an element need a symbol? 1 2. Types of chemical nomenclature A. Trivial names HG2Cl2-mercurous chloride (systematic - mercury (II) chloride) H20 {water, not dihydrogen oxide)/ H202 {hydrogen peroxide, not dihydrogen dioxide) H2S {hydrogen sulfide, not dihydrogen sulfide) NH3 {ammonia, not nitrogen trihydride) NO {nitric oxide, not nitrogen monoxide) N20 {nitrous oxide, not dinitrogen oxide) CH4 {methane, not carbon tetrahydride) B. Popular names Chemical substances that are employed in the home, the arts, or in industry have acquired traditional or "popular" names that are still in wide use. popular name borax calomel milk of magnesia muriatic acid oil of vitriol saltpeter slaked lime chemical nam sodium tetraborate decahydrate mercury(I) chloride magnesium hydroxide hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid sodium nitrate calcium hydroxide formuli Na2 B4Or10H2O Hg2CI2 Mg(OH)2 hC\(aq) H2S04 NaN03 Ca(OH)2 C. Systematic nomenclature: a. compositional b. substitutive c. additive Example: PCI 3 - compositional: phosphorus trichloride - substitutive: trichlorophosphane - additive: trichloridophosphorus 2 3. Chemical nomenclature of a. ions b. binary compounds c. ternary compounds 4. IONS a. CATIONS i. monoatomic: name of the element and charge Na+ sodium (1+), /n a plus/, sodium ion, univalent positive sodium ion, H+ hydrogen (1+), /h plus/, hydrogen ion, univalent positive hydrogen ion, Cu2+ copper (2+), /c u two plus/, copper ion, divalent positive copper ion, copper (II) ion Cr3+ chromium (3+), /c r three plus/, chromium ion, trivalent positive chromium ion, Some of the metallic ions are multivalent, meaning that they can exhibit more than one electric charge. For these there are systematic names that use Roman numerals and endings -ous and -4c to denote the lower and higher charges, respectively. In cases where more than 2 charge values are possible, the systematic names are used. Examples: Cu+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ * Hg22+ Hg2+ Sn2+ Sn copper(I) copper(II) iron(II) iron(III) mercury(I) mercury(II) tin(II) tin(IV) cuprous cupric ferrous ferric mercurous mercuric stannous stannic Fe2+ /Fe two plus/, iron (2+), iron (II), ferrous ion, divalent positive iron ion Fe3+ /Fe three plus/, iron (3+), iron (III), ferric ion, trivalent positive iron ion ii. homopolyatomic: Hg22+ /h g two two plus/, mercury (I) ion, mercurous ion, 02+ dioxygen (1+) S42+ tetrasulphur (2+) Bi54+ pentabismuth (4+) H3+ trihydrogen (1+) Li22+ dilithium (1+) 3 N5+ pentanitrogen (1+) Na2+ disodium (1+) P2+ diphosphorus (1+) Si2+ disilicon (1+) iii. heteropolyatomic: can follow rules for substitutive nomenclature, or non-systematic names; frequent suffix -ium NH4+ ammonium (non-systematic) H30+ - oxidanium (substitutive) or oxonium (non-systematic) PH4+ phosphanium (substitutive) b. ANIONS i. compositional nomenclature {-ide) triiodide (1-) dioxide (2-) ii. substitutive (anions based on the removal of hydrogen (1+), end in -ide MeNH" methanaminide iii. additive (end in -ate) PS4 tetrasulfidophosphate (3-) Rules for adding sufix -ide: 1. added directly to the name of the element (xenonide, nickelwfe, argonwfe...) 2. original ending in the name of the element is substituted with —ide: chlorine - chlorwfe nitrogen - nitride silicon - silicide iodine -bromine -tungsten - carbon - carbide boron - boride sulphur -calcium -arsenic -mercury - sodium - sodide astatine - astatide phosphorus -hydrogen -helium - 3. ending -ide is added to a Latin-based word silver - argentine gold - amide iron - ferride lead - plumbide copper - cupride tin - starmide 4 Complete these sentences. a) The chemical symbol for the calcium ion is_ b) The chemical symbol for the fluoride ion is_ c) The chemical symbol for the ammonium ion is_ d) The chemical symbol for the magnesium ion is e) The chemical symbol for the sodium ion is_ f) The chemical symbol for the aluminium ion is_ 5. BINARY COMPOUNDS a) METALS WITH A FIXED CHARGE (just one oxidation state) Salts of oxo-acids, metal oxides and other binary compounds. - metal + nonmetal with -ide [ aid ] Examples: NaCl - sodium chloride (Czech equivalent chlorid sodný - notice the difference in order of elements) NaCl sodium chloride ZnCl2 zinc chloride CaC2 calcium caxbide MgS magnesium sulphwfe Ca3N2 calcium nitride K20 potassium oxide ZnO zinc oxide CaO calcium oxide Write the chemical formulae of the following compounds: a) sodium fluoride b) silicon carbide c) aluminium chloride d) calcium nitride e) zinc oxide 5 Write the names of these compounds: a) Na2C b) BaS _ c) CaCl2 d) Mg3N2 e) CaF2 _ f) CaO_ b) METALS WITH A NON-FIXED CHARGE (occur in more than one oxidation state) Metal oxides and other binary compounds with a non-fixed charge. 2 methods of nomenclature: o IUPAC nomenclature, Roman numeral expresses oxidation state FeO iron (II) oxide Fe203 iron (III) oxide Cu2S copper (I) sulfide CuS copper (II) sulfide FeCl2 iron (II) chlorafe FeCl3 iron (III) chloride o trivial names Example: FeO Fe203 Cu2S CuS suffix -ous suffix -4c fcvĹOUs oxide ferric oxide cuprořis sulfide cupric sulfide indicates lower oxidation state indicates higher oxidation state (lower oxidation state) (higher oxidation state) mercuric chloride and mercurous chloride are chlorides of mercury arsenic oxide and arsenous oxide are oxides of arsenic plumbic iodide and plumbous iodide are iodides of lead stannic bromide and stannous bromide are bromides of tin, etc Important note: These suffixes have no absolute meaning. They just indicate the lower and the higher valence. Thus e.g. -ic means a valence of 2 in the case of copper and 3 in the case of iron. It is for this reason that Roman numerals are used. 6 c) NON-METALS (trivial names) Greek prefixes indicate the number of atoms of the element in the compound: mono-, di-[dai], tri-[trai], tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- + -ide Examples: N02 nitrogen dioxide = nitrogen (IV) oxide (1 atom of nitrogen, 2 atoms of oxygen) N204 dinitrogen tetroxide = dimer of Nit. (IV) oxide N205 dinitrogen pentoxide = nitrogen (V) oxide CO carbon monoxide C02 carbon dioxide P203 (di)phosphorus trioxide Os04 osmium tetroxide P205 diphosphorus pentoxide PCI3 phosphorus trichloride CCI4 carbon tetrachloride CS2 carbon disulfide c) PEROXIDES (An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element). H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Na2C>2 sodium peroxide Write the formulae of the following binary molecular compounds: nitrogen monoxide_ dichlorine monoxide_ dinitrogen monoxide_ tetraphosphorus decoxide_ sulfur trioxide_ oxygen difluoride_ iron (II) sulphide_ sodium peroxide_ iron (III) sulphide__ Write the names for the following formulae: PI3 CaO SbF5 ZnCl2 P2O5 FeCl2 S03 H202 FeCl3 SC12 7 Assignment 8: CONDITIONALS2 1. GRAMATICKÁ KONSTRUKCE TYPU I: lfl(+ čas přítomný)_, /'//_ // we go by bus, it will be cheaper. If you don't hurry, you'll miss the train. 2. GRAMATICKÁ KONSTRUKCE TYPU II: /// (+ čas minulý)_, / would_ Jane lives in s city. She likes cities. She wouldn't be happy if she lived in the country. I'm sorry I can't help you. Yd help you if I could, (but I can't) If we had a car, we would travel more. Vedle tvaru was se běžně používá were. Obojí je správně. It would be nice if the weather were (was) better. Věty typu I wish you were here. / wish se použije, chceme-li vyjádřit, že je nám líto, že něco není tak, jak bychom si to přáli. / wish I knew Paul's phone number, (je mi líto, že jej neznám) 3. GRAMATICKÁ KONSTRUKCE TYPU III: /// + (tvar předminulého času)_/ would (infinitiv minulý)_ If we had gone by bus, it would have been cheaper. I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, I would have said hello. I decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. Srovnejte typ II a typ III: I'm not hungry. If I were hungry, I would eat something, (now) I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something, (past) 8 Exercises: Put the verbs in the right forms: a) If you say (say) that again, I'II scream (scream). 1. I_(be) surprised if she_(manage) to sell the car. 2. If the boys_(come) to supper, I_(cook) the chicken breasts. 3. I_(need) some money if we_(go) out tonight. 4. I__(miss) you if we_(move) to Wales. 5. If you_(wash up), I_(dry). b) They would be rather offended if I didn't go to see them, (not/go) 1. If you took more exercise, you_better, (feel) 2. If I was offered the job, I think I_it. (take) 3. I'm sure she will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she_(refuse). 4. If I sold my car, I_much money for it. (not/get) 5. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory_. (close down) c) I didn't know you were in hospital. If I'd known (l/know), I would have gone (l/go) to visit you. 1. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If_(he/miss) it, _(he/be) late for his interview. 2. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday._(l/forget) if _(you/not/remind) me. 3. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If _(l/have) your address,_(l/send) you a postcard. 4. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time? B: It was OK, but_ (we/enjoy) it more if_(the weather/be) better. Sources: 1. Adapted from Andrea Rozkošná's lesson plan. 9