Fylogeneze a diverzita rostlin:
3. přednáška
Prymnesiophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
Barbora Chattová
desmids2.jpg

Doplnění
•Tetraspory ruduch vznikají v tetrasporofytu
•Endosymbiotická teorie platí i pro mitochondrie
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2

https://scontent-vie1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/l/t35.0-12/14513679_10207473627378139_899667882_o.png?oh=2c2
fb4ac7816e8282c51daf45c201b30&oe=57F41ADD
Josef Juráň 2016

[USEMAP]
Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Stélka: bičíkatá až vláknitá
•Dříve součástí Cryptophyta
•Dva holé bičíky + haptonema
•Haptonema: podobné bičíku, jiná submikroskopická struktura
•Kontraktilní haptonema
•Haptonema slouží k: fagotrofii, rychlé změně pohybu, přichycení k substrátu
•Fukoxantin
•Thylakoidy srostlé po třech
•Chloroplasty s pyrenoidem
•Organické šupiny (polysacharidové), mohou být kalcifikovány- u řádu Coccolithophoridales
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4

•
http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Prymnesiophyta.gif
5

Říše Plantae
•Převážně fotoautotrofní organismy
•Podříše Biliphytae:
•      fykoerytrin, fykocyanin, škrob v plazmě
•Podříše Viridiplantae:
•     chlorofyl a,b; srostlé tylakoidy
•
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6

Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Obrovský globální význam v koloběhu uhlíku a síry
•Oligotrofní subtropická moře
•Emiliania huxleyi (tvoří bílý zákal v mořích- white water)
•
•
http://escalera.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/criptogamas/plantas_criptogamas/materiales/images/alga_apto2.pn
g http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/e-huxleyi_bloom.jpg
7

Přehled systému říše Plantae
•Podříše Biliphytae
•Odd. Glaucophyta
•Odd. Rhodophyta
•
•Podříše Viridiplantae
•Vývojová linie Chlorophytae
•Odd. Chlorophyta
•Vývojová linie Streptophytae
•Odd. Charophyta
•Odd. Anthocerotophyta
•Odd. Marchantiophyta
•Odd. Bryophyta
•Odd. Cormophyta
•
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8
http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/pseudostrom3a.jpg

Glaucophyta
•Cyanely
•Sladkovodní bičíkovci
•Rozmnožování: autospory, zoospory
•18 S rRNA – monofyletické, příbuzné s Cryptophyta a Rhodophyta
•Cyanophora paradoxa - plankton
[USEMAP]
http://www.diark.org/img/species_pict/large/Cyanophora_paradoxa/
9

http://palaeos.com/eukarya/plantae/images/Glaucocystis.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Glaucophyceae/GLAUCOCYSTIS/Glaucocystis_02_600x450_nostochinear
um_botany.natur.cuni.czg.jpg
10

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Rhodophyta
•Buněčná stěna - polygalaktany (agar, karagen)
•Kalcifikace buněčné stěny
•Rhodomorfin - glykoprotein
•Chlorofyl a, d
•Chloroplasty mají dvě obalné membrány
•Zeaxantin, lutein, karoteny
•Thylakoidy nesrůstají
•Thylakoidy-fykobilizomy- fykobiliproteiny (c-fykocyanin, allofykocyanin, r-fykocyanin,
r-fykoerythrin)
•Florideový škrob (v plazmě)
•Floridozid - sacharid, osmoregulace
•Sekundární metabolity
•Žádné bičíky!
•Potravinářský, farmaceutický průmysl
•
11

Rozmnožování ruduch
•Nepohlavní: monosporami
•Pohlavní: oogamie – vaječná b. (karpogon) je oplozena nepohyblivou samčí gametou (spermacií, které
se tvoří v spermatangiích)
•
[USEMAP]
12

http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Rhodophyta_stelky.gif
Typy stélek ruduch
13

Ekologie
•Tropická moře, mangrove, sladké čisté vody i polární oblasti
•U nás ohrožená skupina
•Některé druhy endolitické, aerofytické, epifytické nebo parazitické
•Často kalcifikované
•
[USEMAP]
14

Systém
•Třída Rhodophyceae
•Podtřída: Bangiophycideae (starší polyfyletická), jednodušší, převážně jednobuněčné nebo vláknité
typy, jediná ploše listovitá stélka u rodu Porphyra •Podtřída: Florideophycideae (mladší
monofyletická), mnohobuněčné a makroskopické stélky, karpogony s trychogynem
•
15

Porphyridium cruentum
http://ccala.butbn.cas.cz
http://ccala.butbn.cas.cz/sites/default/files/styles/ccala_big/public/ccala_collection/13643/135291
9814-415.jpg
http://ccala.butbn.cas.cz

Batrachospermum sp.
Batrachospermum PCDimage
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jpg

Lemanea sp.
http://www.biopix-foto.de/photos/jcs-lemanea-fluviatilis-63004.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Rhodophyceae/Microreds/LEMANEA/Lemanea_03_400x264.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu
18

http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Audouinella-630x.jpg
http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/pgdavison/rhodo1.jpg
Audouinella sp.
19

Porphyra (Nori)
•
http://www.dokonalazena.cz/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/braker.jpg
http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/ServerFileServlet?f=figis/species/images/Porphyra/por_ten_2790_1.j
pg http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/ezidweb/seaweeds/images/porphyra-jh.jpg
http://www.fao.org
20

Přehled systému říše Plantae
•Podříše Biliphyta
•Odd. Glaucophyta
•Odd. Rhodophyta
•
•Podříše Viridiplantae
•Vývojová linie Chlorophytae
•Odd. Chlorophyta
•Vývojová linie Streptophytae
•Odd. Charophyta
•Odd. Anthocerotophyta
•Odd. Marchantiophyta
•Odd. Bryophyta
•Odd. Cormophyta
•
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21

Podříše Viridiplantae
•1,5 mld. let staré
•Suchozemské rostliny - 700 mil. let
•Monofyletický původ (sekvence aminokyselin aktinu, enzymu Rubisco a nukleotidů 18S rDNA)
•2 sesterské vývojové linie
•Chlorophytae - odd. Chlorophyta
•Streptophytae - odd. Charophyta, Bryophyta, Cormophyta
•
[USEMAP]
22

Chlorophyta
•Slepá vývojová linie
•Všechny typy stélek (téměř)
•Chlorofyly a, b, β-karoten (karotenoidy někdy velmi výrazné)
•BS zpravidla celulózní (občas glykoprotein)
•Lutein, zeaxantin, violaxantin, neoxantin
•Pyrenoid
•Stigma v chloroplastu
•Fykoplast v mitóze
•Škrob (chloroplasty, leukoplasty, povrch pyrenoidu)
•
•
•
[USEMAP]
23

Chlorophyta
•Bičíkový aparát 9+2
•Tubulin
•Dynein (kontraktilní)
•Mikrotubulární kořeny
•DO-orientace (12/6)
•CCW-orientace (11/5)
•CW-orientace (1/7)
•
•
[USEMAP]
24
Výsledek obrázku pro arrangements of microtubular roots in the flagella Výsledek obrázku pro
chlorophyta kinetozom

Nepohlavní rozmnožování
•Bičíkovci: schizotomie
•Jednobuněční: sporulace, tzv. cytogonie (dceřinné nebo rozmnožovací buňky vznikají uvnitř mateřské
buněčné stěny. Vzniknou buď 2-4 bičíkaté zoospory nebo nepohyblivé autospory)
•Typy žijící v coenobiích se rozmnožují dceřinými coenobii
•Vláknité typy se vegetativně dělí tzv. cytotomií, kdy se v mateřské buňce vytvoří příčná
přehrádka, vzniknou dvě buňky dceřiné a část stěny mateřské buňky je zachována i pro dceřinou
buňku.
Volvox
25

Pohlavní rozmnožování
• izo-, anizo- , oogamie
•Většina zelených řas má ortomitózu – je vytvořeno bipolární vřeténko od pólu k pólu, v metafázi
jsou chromozómy uspořádány v ekvatoriální destičce. •Dva typy ortomitózy, podle stupně rozpadu
jaderné membrány:
•uzavřená ortomitóza: jaderná blána zůstává zachována
•otevřená ortomitóza: je klasický typ, kdy se jaderná membrána rozpadá
26

Mikrotubulární systémy v cytokinezi
•Oddělení dceřiných buněk
•Dva typy: fykoplast, fragmoplast
•Fykoplast: mitotické vřeténko se úplně rozpadne, vytvoří se nová struktura kolmo na jeho původní
směr (primitivnější způsob)
•
•Fragmoplast:  vzniká z pozůstatků mitotického vřeténka, zakládá se buněčná destička (odvozenější,
mají ho vyšší rostliny)
•
•
•
[USEMAP]
27

Systém, třídy
•Důležité znaky:
•1. sekvence SSU rDNA
•2. Morfologie stélek, povrch buněk
•3. Způsob rozmnožování
•4. Postavení bazí bičíků
•
•Prasinophyceae  (většinou bičíkovci  s organickými šupinami na povrchu)
•Ulvophyceae       (vláknité až sifonální stélky a CCW konfigurace)
•Cladophorophyceae
•Bryopsidophyceae
•Dasycladophyceae
•Trentepohliophyceae
•Trebouxiophyceae (většinou jednobuněční s CCW konfigurací)
•Chlorophyceae (mnoho typů stélek, stěna je polysacharidová ev. glykoproteinová (chlamys), bičíkatá
stádia mají DO a CW)
•
28

•
•
Odd.: Chlorophyta
Třída: PRASINOPHYCEAE
•Micromonas sp.
•Bičíkovci
•Kokální stélka
•Bičíky 1-2-8
•1 chloroplast s pyrenoidem
•Prasinoxantin
•Schizotomie
•Hologamie
Scanning electron microscope image of Micromonas http://www.osel.cz/_popisky/124_/1240180418.jpg
http://www.mbari.org
29

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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q==
•CCW-poloha
•Zoidy (2-4 bičíky)
•Šupiny
•Uzavřená mitóza
•Celulóza
•Mannan, xylan
•
•Odd.: Chlorophyta
Třída: Ulvophyceae
ulothrix-01
30

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Ulvophyceae
Řád: Ulvales
•Ulva lactuca
Ulva lactuca
http://mkalty.org/
31

https://s10.lite.msu.edu/res/msu/botonl/b_online/library/knee/hcs300/gif/Ulva.gif
https://s10.lite.msu.edu
32

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Ulvophyceae
Řád: Ulvales
•Enteromorpha sp.
http://www.asturnatura.com/Imagenes/especie/ulva-intestinalis-3.jpg
33

Třída: Cladophorophyceae
•Sifonokladální stélka
•Krystalická celulóza
•Chloroplast s pyrenoidem obaleným dvoudílným škrobovým obalem
•Uzavřená mitóza
•Haplo-diplontní životní cyklus
•Izomorfní rodozměna
•CCW-orientace
•
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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q==
34

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Cladophorophyceae Řád: Cladophorales
Cladophora aegagropila
Řasokoule J
•Cladophora glomerata
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Cladophora_glomerata-400.jpg
http://www.akvariumruzicka-eshop.cz/fotky35753/fotos/AR031.jpg

•Cenocyt
•Centrální vakuola
•Celulóza, xylan, mannan, glukan
•Heteroplastické druhy - amyloplasty
•Sifonein, sifonoxantin
•Haplo-diplontní cyklus
•Izogamie
•Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt
•CCW-orientace
•Invazní řasy - agresivní druhy - Caulerpa taxifolia
•
Třída: Bryopsydophyceae
36

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales
•Caulerpa taxifolia
http://www.aquaportail.com/aquabdd/photos/caulerpa-taxifolia.jpg
http://www.aquaportail.com/

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae
Řád: Bryopsidales
•Codium sp.
http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/codvera.jpg
http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/
38

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Bryopsidophyceae Řád: Bryopsidales
•Halimeda sp.
http://www.atolls-polynesie.ird.fr/ecorecat/images/haltaen.jpg
http://www.virtual-geology.info/vft/fl-keys/halimeda01.jpg
http://www.virtual-geology.info/

•Cenocyt
•Osní část s přesleny bočních větévek
•Víceletá stélka
•Proudění cytoplazmy
•Inkrustace stélky CaCO3
•Celulóza, mannan
•Škrob a fruktan i v cytoplazmě
•Haplontní cyklus
•Izogamie
•Makroskopický, mnohojaderný gametofyt
•Sporofyt jenom zygota
•CCW-orientace
•
Třída: Dasycladophyceaee
40

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae
Řád: Dasycladales
•Acetabularia acetabulum
http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/aceacea5.jpg
41

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Dasycladophyceae
Řád: Dasycladales
•Dasycladus sp.
http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/images/dasvera.jpg
http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net
http://deptsec.ku.edu/%7Eifaaku/jpg/Berger/Dasycladus-clavaeformis-02.jpg
http://deptsec.ku.edu
42

•Diskovitá nebo vláknitá stélka
•Mikrotubuly - 3×2 a 4
•Zploštěné zoidy
•Fragmoplast
•Hematochrom - sekundární karotenoidy a β-karoten
•Životní cyklus: haplontní, haplo-diplontní
•Meiospory: 2-bičíkaté nebo 4-bičíkaté
•Kulovitá zoosporangia
•Aerické řasy
•
Třída: Trentepohliophyceae
43

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales
Trentepohlia sp.
http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/112333.jpg
http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/Chlorophyta/Trentepohlia_abietina_02PM01_23.jpg
http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trentepohliophyceae Řád: Trentepohliales
http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_MWS/0698/320/Phycopeltis_arundinacea,I_MWS69887.jpg
http://www.discoverlife.org/
Phycopeltis arundinacea

•Jednobuněčné a vláknité řasy
•Nahé zoospory, gamety
•Kinetozom - CCW konfigurace
•Mitóza uzavřená
•Fykoplast
•Aplanospory, autospory
•Často tvoří symbionty v lišejnících
•Sladkovodní biotopy
•
Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
46

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Trebouxiales
•Trebouxia sp.
http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/Trebouxia_erici_911.jpg
47

Trebouxia-lichen
•Trebouxia sp. - lichenizovaná
48

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Chlorellales
•Chlorella sp.
http://wholeintentions.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/H1955_1.jpg
49

Oocystis
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Oocystales
50

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Trebouxiophyceae
Řád: Prasiolales
•Prasiola sp.
http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig2.jpg
http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/
http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig3.jpg
http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/photos/seaweed/Prasiola_crispa_fig1.jpg
51

•Bičíkovci, kapsální, kokální, vláknité řasy
•Zoospory, spermatozoidy
•Kinetozom - CW konfigurace převládá (DO u některých)
•Bičíky bez mastigonem, stejně dlouhé
•Chlamys
•Sporopolenin (Scenedesmus, Pediastrum) - fosilizace
•Aplanospory, hemiaplanospory, autospory
•Mitoza uzavřená
•Kolonie, cenobium
•
•
Třída: Chlorophyceae
52

Chlamydomonas sp.
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlamydomonadales
http://web.mst.edu/%7Emicrobio/BIO221_2009/images_2009/chlamydomonas-3.jpg
http://web.mst.edu
http://cronodon.com/images/Chlamydomonas_2.jpg
http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Algal_Bodies.html

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Volvocales
•Volvox sp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Mikrofoto.de-volvox-8.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3sm.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxflagella2.jpg
54

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales
Desmodesmus sp.
http://cronodon.com/images/Scenedesmus_labeled.jpg
http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Algal_Bodies.html
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorophyceae/colonies/colonies_not_flagellated/SCENEDESMUS/Sce
nedesmus_03_600x473_nifty.com.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Chlorococcales
Pediastrum sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Pediastrum/duplex/duplex_reticulatum.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorophyceae/colonies/colonies_not_flagellated/PEDIASTRUM/Pedi
astrum_01_600x599_simplex_v_radians.nifty.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Microsporales
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Microspora/sp_20.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
•Microspora sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/Microspora/sp_06.jpg
57

Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae
Řád: Oedogoniales
Oedogonium-inicial
•Iniciální stadium
•Oedogonium sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium/sp_3/sp_01.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
58

Oedogonium01
Odd.: Chlorophyta Třída: Chlorophyceae Řád: Oedogoniales
Oedogonium sp.
•© orig. Hájková L.

Oddělení Charophyta, třídy
•Mesostigmatophyceae
•Klebsormidiophyceae
•Coleochaetophyceae
•Charophyceae
•Zygnematophyceae
•
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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q==
60

Mesostigmatophyceae
•Sladkovodní
•Bičíkovci, vláknitá stélka
•Šupiny
•
http://natural-history.main.jp/Tree_of_life/Eukaryote/Plantae/Streptophyta/Mesostigma/2012-09-28%20
182449-1.jpg
http://natural-history.main.jp
Mesostigma viride
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0008/48176/Chaetosphaeridium.gif
Chaetosphaeridium
61

Vývojová větev Charophytae,
odd.: CHAROPHYTA
•Výchozí pro zelené rostliny
•Kokální a vláknité řasy
•Přeslenitá vzpřímená stélka
•Fragmoplast
•Chloroplast s pyrenoidem (škrobová zrnka)
•Bičíkový aparát - kinetozom + 60 srostlých mikrotubulů
•Spájivky - žádná bičíkatá stadia
•Zoospory, spermatozoidy
•Izogamie, anizogamie, oogamie, konjugace
62

Třída Klebsormidiophyceae
•Jediný rod  Klebsormidium
•Kosmopolitní
•Voda, terestrické biotopy, půda
•Vláknité stélky
•Buňky obsahují nástěnný chloroplast s pyrenoidem
•
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Charophyceae/KLEBSORMIDIUM/Klebsormidium_02_400x158_rbgsyd.nsw.
gov.jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu
http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Charophyceae/KLEBSORMIDIUM/Hormidium_04_600x168_John%20Kinross.
jpg
http://cfb.unh.edu
63

•
•Coleochaete sp.
Tvoří hetrotrichální vlákna, která se sdružují dohromady v disk.
Coleochaete orbicularis
www.ucmp.berkeley.ed
http://www.water-land.co.uk/communities/1/004/012/381/551/images/4603985992.jpg
http://www.water-land.co.uk
Třída Coleochaetophyceae
64

Třída Charophyceae
•Pletivná stélka (nody, internodia)
•Rhizoidy
•Zoospory a spermatozoidy mají 2 bičíky
•Buněčná stěna často inkrustovaná
•Rozmnožování: fragmentace stélky, oogamie
•Oogonium má korunku
•Sladké čisté vody
•Zvápenatělé stélky - gyrogonity
65

•Chara sp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/CharaFragilis.jpg
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Non-floweringPlants/chara.jpg
http://biology.unm.edu
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales
66

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9oidW0sdvoSTH0WQgth1yiMyGgb-W8iyaD-F9psNscJP
a9e-S
Gametangia
•anteridium
•oogonium
http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/101_Chara_1024_1.jpg
www.photomacrography.ne
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/CharaV3.jpg
www.photomacrography.ne
67

•Nitella sp.
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nitella_mucronata.jpeg
http://www.nybg.org
68

•Tolypella glomerata
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Charophyceae Řád: Charales
http://www.naturedugard.org/images/4/3363.jpg
http://www.naturedugard.org
69

Třída Zygnematophyceae
•Jednobuněčné, vláknité
•Charakteristické uspořádání chloroplastu (stočen do spirály (Spirogyra) nebo je hvězdicovitě
laločnatý (Zygnema)
•Nepohlavní rozmnožování: fragmentace vlákna
•Konjugace (isogamety celé protoplasty)
•Haplontní vývojový cyklus
•Zygospora
•Fragmoplast
•Nemají bičíky
•Buněčná stěna - primární, sekundární (vnitřní celulózní, vnější slizovitá)
•Mírně kyselé vody, rašeliniště
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/group_c/daedaleoides/sp_22.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
http://university.uog.edu/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep3755.jpg
70

Konjugace
•pohlavní proces - spájení (konjugace): jako gamety vystupují bezblanné protoplasty vegetativních
buněk, které se pohybují amébovitě ve vymezeném prostoru (kopulační kanálek u vláknitých jařmatek,
společný sliz obklopující buňky u kokálních krásivek) => splynutí, karyogamie => vzniká zygospora
obklopená tlustou bun. stěnou (3 vrstvy - endospor, mezospor a strukturovaný exospor; mezospor
obsahuje sporopolenin, ostatní celulózu a pektin) => po období klidu meiotické dělení a klíčení
•žebříčková (skalariformní) = mezi dvěma různými vlákny; laterální = mezi dvěma sousedními buňkami
téhož vlákna
71

Třída Zygnematophyceae
•Řád Zygnematales- vláknité typy (nevětvené)
•
•Řád Desmidiales – jednobuněčné typy, krásivky
•zářez (isthmus – šíje) a dvě semicely
•jádro je dislokováno uprostřed buňky v oblasti isthmu
•výběžky, ostny
•rozmnožování dělením buněk: na počátku se oddálí semicely, mezi nimi se vytvoří sférický měchýřek,
do nějž vstoupí jádro a rozdělí se => dceřinná jádra oddělí septum => každá dceř. buňka si dotvoří
druhou semicelu
•
72

http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/gallery_images/charophyceans/Mougeotia_p17-1_40125_ec.jpg
Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Mougeotia sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/chlorophyta/mougeotia/group_2/sp_7.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
http://mikrosvijet.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/mougeotia-3.jpg
http://mikrosvijet.wordpress.com

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Spirogyra sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Zygnematales
 Zygnema sp.
http://media.nordicmicroalgae.org/original/Zygnema_1.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgnov07/Zygnema_pectinatum.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Micrasterias sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Micrasterias/Micrasterias.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Micrasterias sp.
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgmay05/micrasterias.jpg
www.microscopy-uk.org.u

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Cosmarium sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Cosmarium/Cristatae/CristataeL2.jpg
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
Cosmarium sp.
http://fmp.conncoll.edu/Silicasecchidisk/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Cosmarium_Key114.jpg
http://fmp.conncoll.edu/

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Closterium sp.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/chlorophyta/closterium/moniliferum/moniliferum.jpg
protist.i.hosei.ac.jp

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Closterium sp.
http://dbmuseblade.colorado.edu/DiatomTwo/sbsac_site/images/Closterium_moniliferum/Closterium_monil
iferum1_big.jpg
http://dbmuseblade.colorado.edu

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Xanthidium sp.
http://www.desmids.nl/maand/images/Xanth_fasciculatum1.jpg
http://www.desmids.nl

Odd.: Charophyta Třída: Zygnematophyceae Řád: Desmidiales
 Pleurotaenium sp.
http://www.desmids.nl/maand/images/Pltrabecula1.jpg Pleurotaenium trabecula, zygospore
http://www.desmids.nl
zygospora

D:\bart\Varia\Logo_blauw.tif
C:\Documents and Settings\Mišis\Plocha\diplomka final\diplomka\obrázky dipl\SEM diplo\AMS W33
06.TIF
Děkuji za pozornost
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