Ochrana přírody / Nature Conservation – 2017
1) - Úvod: vymezení předmětu, osnova přednášky, literatura
Introduction: subject definition, course outline, literature
- Vývoj ovlivňování přírody člověkem: od lokálního měřítka po globální
The development of human influence on nature: from the local to the global scale
- Historie ochrany přírody / History of nature conservation (18. 9.)
25. 9. no class
2) - Historie ochrany přírody / History of nature conservation
- Biologická diversita, její hodnota a míra ohrožení;
Biological diversity, its value and level of threat (postponed, will be added
on another day (2. 10.)
3) Ohrožení druhů lovem (sběrem, tj. přímým pronásledováním člověkem,
udržitelné využívání divokých populací) / Threat to species by hunting (or
collecting, i.e. direct human action, sustainable use of wild populations) (9. 10.)
4) - Ohrožení přírody introdukcí nepůvodních druhů (predátorů, konkurentů; invazní
druhy…) / Threat to nature by the introduction of exotic species (predators or
competitors; invasive species…) (16. 10.)
5) Ohrožení přírody fragmentací a destrukcí biotopů (okrajový efekt; ostrovní ekologie;
důsledky pro koncepci chráněných území; ekologická kontinuita a konektivita)
Threat to nature due to habitat fragmentation and destruction (edge effect;
island ecology; consequences for the design of reserves; ecological continuity and
connectivity) (23. 10.)
6) Pokračování z minula, ekologická kontinuita a konektivita / Continuation from last
week, ecologcial continuity and connectivity (30. 10.)
7) Znečištění životního prostředí: acidifikace, eutrofizace, znečištění vod
vč. moří, globální oteplování / Environmental pollution: acidification, eutrofication,
pollution of water bodies including the seas, global warming (6. 11.)
8) Využití populační biologie v ochraně přírody (druhová ochrana: minimální životaschopná
populace; metapopulace; základy populační ekologie a genetiky;
minimální dynamické území; analýza životaschopnosti populace) (13.11.)
Utilization of population biology in nature conservation (species conservation:
minimum viable population; meta-populations; basics of population ecology
and genetics; minimum dynamic area; population viability analysis)
9) Reintrodukce druhů do volné přírody (ochrana druhů in situ / ex situ: podpůrná
opatření; záchranné chovy, reintrodukce; příklady reintrodukovaných druhů) (20.11.)
Reintroduction of species (species conservation in situ / ex situ: supporting
measures; breeding in captivity, reintroductions; examples of reintroduced species)
10) Nástroje ochrany přírody (metody zjišťování stavu a sledování vývoje populací
a společenstev vč. posouzení z hlediska ochrany přírody: inventarizace,
monitoring, mapování, červené seznamy), legislativa (mezinárodní úmluvy,
instituce a programy ochrany přírody, biosférické rezervace, legislativa EU a ČR,
obsah a členění českého zákona o ochraně přírody a krajiny…) (27.11.)
Conservation tools (how to assess the state and monitor the development of
populations and communities, including their evaluation from the nature conservation
point of view: inventories, monitoring, mapping, red listing), legislation (international
conventions, institutions and programmes on nature conservation, biosphere
reserves, overview of relevant Czech and EU legislation, content and structure of
the Act on the conservation of nature and landscape of the Czech Republic)
11) Legislativa (mezinárodní úmluvy, instituce a programy ochrany přírody,
biosférické rezervace, legislativa EU a ČR (přehled) / Legislation (international
conventions, institutions and programmes on nature conservation, biosphere
reserves, overview of relevant Czech and EU legislation) (4. 12.)
12) Pokračování z minula / Continuing from last week (11. 12.)
Ochrana přírody – literatura (literature – in Czech):
Richard B. PRIMACK, Pavel KINDLMANN a Jana JERSÁKOVÁ:
Biologické principy ochrany přírody (Portál, Praha, 2001, ISBN 80-7178-552-0),
vícero výtisků k dispozici v knihovně
Richard B. Primack: Essentials of Conservation Biology (Sinauer Associates)
Richard B. PRIMACK, Pavel KINDLMANN a Jana JERSÁKOVÁ:
Úvod do biologie ochrany přírody (Portál, Praha, 2011, ISBN 978-80-7367-595-0)
V podstatě 2. vydání učebnice výše pod jiným jménem, vícero výtisků v knihovně
Filip KOLÁŘ et al.: Ochrana přírody z pohledu biologa, Dokořán, Praha, 2012,
ISBN 978-80-7363-414-8 (nebo také BALÁŽ et al. 2010:
http://www.biologickaolympiada.cz/files/brozura10_web.pdf)
(Igor MÍCHAL: Ekologická stabilita, Veronica a Min. životního prostředí ČR, 1992.)
Edward O. WILSON: Rozmanitost života, The Diversity of Life (first publ. 1992)
Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha, 1995, ISBN 80-7106-113-1
(Michael BEGON, John L. HARPER a Colin R. TOWNSEND:
Ekologie - jedinci, populace a společenstva,
Vydavatelství univerzity Palackého, Olomouc, 1997. ISBN 80-7067-695-7)
Ecology – individuals, populations and communities /4th edition from 2006: Ecology
- From Individuals to Ecosystems (Blackwell Publishing)
Vymezení ochrany přírody
Definition of Nature Conservation
• Ochrana přírody jako idea a činnost / Conservation as an idea and activity
• Vymezení pojmu příroda / What is nature?
– Jsou člověk a jeho výtvory součástí přírody?
Is man and his creations part of nature?
– Je kulturní krajina součástí přírody?
Is the cultural landscape part of nature?
– Je rozdíl mezi biosférou a přírodou?
Is there a difference between the biosphere and nature?
• Rozdíl oproti ochraně životního prostředí
Difference between nature conservation and environmental protection
– Etická rovina ochrany přírody - právo na existenci
Ethical level of conservation – the right to exist
– Odklon od antropocentrismu / Away from anthropocentrism
• Živá a neživá příroda / Living and inanimated (abiotic) nature
– Ochrana biodiversity (rozmanitosti živé přírody)
Conservation of biodiversity (diversity of living nature)
– Ochrana krajiny (příroda?)
Conservation of the landscape (nature?)
– Ochrana geomorfologických prvků, geologických jevů
a nalezišť (vč. paleontologických), atd.
Conservation of geomorphological structures, geological phenomena
and collecting localities (incl. paleontological ones), etc.
Co to je příroda?
What is nature?
Přírodu kterého období
chceme chránit?
The “nature” of what historic
period do we want to protect?
Netknutá příroda / Pristine
habitats versus kulturní krajina
/ cultural landscape
Pralesy, rašeliniště, bažiny,
nespoutané toky / Virgin forests,
mires, swamps, unregulated rivers
versus
louky, pastviny, vřesoviště,
suché trávníky ... / meadows,
pastures, heathlands, xerothermic
grasslands…
... jako svědectví historických způsobů hospodaření v krajině, zdroj biodiversity
…as a testimony of historic ways of land use, source of biodiversity
An example of habitat development due to anthropogenic erosion
in the middle and late Holecene (Ložek, 1977)
1a – de-limed illimerised brown earth
under a mixed oak forest in the
middle Holocene
1b – rest of heavy soil with a secondary
humus-rich horizon, covered by
younger sediments
2 – older, thicker, humus-rich, less
calcium-rich sediments
3 – secondary carbonate chernozem
4 – younger, weakly humic and more
calcium-rich sediments
5 – secondary initial chernozem on
sediments, gradually changing to
shallow pararendzina on marly
silicite (cz: opuka)
Pozor: Posledních 500 let je na svislé ose převýšeno!
Schéma vývoje druhového
bohatství vyšších rostlin ve
střední Evropě.
The development of
vascular plant species
richness in Central Europe
rok po Kristu
Vymírání velkých obratlovců ve srovnání s růstem lidské populace ve střední
Evropě (na příkladu území bývalého západního Německa) od roku 700 n. l.
The extinction of large vertebrates compared to the human population growth
in Central Europe (territory of the former West Germany) from A. D. 700.
Přímá kauzální závislost?! / Direct causal depencence?!
(před dneškem)
Vymírání druhů
megafauny (velcí
savci a ptáci - nelétaví)
- jedná se o vyhubení po
příchodu člověka?
M
NZ
30 000
12 000
1 000
500
Extinction of megafauna
(large mammals and
birds – incapable of flight)
-due to extermination
after the arrival of man?
Years before present
Africa
Australia
North
America
Madagascar
- New
Zealand
Co je „biologie ochrany přírody“? (1)
What is Conservation Biology? (1)
• Conservation biology
biologie ochrany přírody = ochranářská biologie
• Multidisciplinární obor / Multidisciplinary field
– populační biologie (genetika, ekologie) / population biology (genetics, ecology)
– biogeografie / biogeography
– biologie lovné zvěře, myslivost / Game Management
– rybářství / Fishing
– lesnictví / Forestry
– a další… / and others …
Co je „biologie ochrany přírody“? (2)
What is Conservation Biology? (2)
• „Vznik“ oboru kolem r. 1980 / Emerged around 1980
– 1st International Conference on Conservation Biology
- 1978, San Diego, USA (M.E. SOULÉ)
– Society of Conservation Biology - 1985, USA
– časopis / journal Conservation Biology - 1987, USA
– rychlý rozvoj oboru v USA a dalších zemích (hlavně anglického jazykového
okruhu), přijetí do studijních plánů velkého počtu severoamerických universit
Fast development of the subject in the USA and other (mainly Englishspeaking)
countries, adopted into the curricula of many North American
universities
– průnik do Evropy (výzkum na vysokých školách; překlad učebnic, např. 1995 –
Německo, 2001 - Česko)
Penetration into Europe (university reasearch; translation of textbooks, e.g.
1995 – Germany, 2001 – Czechia)
Co je „biologie ochrany přírody“? (3)
What is Conservation Biology? (3)
• Cíle / Objectives
– porozumět vlivu člověka na živou přírodu
(druhy, společenstva, ekosystémy)
To understand the effect of man on species, communities
and ecosystems (live “nature”)
– vyvinout praktické přístupy a postupy k ochraně
a obnově biodiversity (populací, společenstev, …)
To develop practical approaches and procedures to protect and
restore biodiversity (populations, communities, …)
• Metody / Methods
– aplikace a kombinace poznatků z různých relevantních oborů
Application and combination of knowledge gained in various
relevant fields of research and human activity
– výzkum přímo zaměřený na řešení konkrétních otázek
Research directly focused on resolving concrete questions
Historie ochrany přírody (1)
History of Conservation (1)
• 4 vývojová období / 4 rozměry
/ 4 phases of development / 4 dimensions
– Činnost jednotlivců (šlechticů, mecenášů, vzdělanců)
Efforts of individuals (noblemen, benefactors, scholars)
– Činnost dobrovolných (občanských) spolků
Efforts of voluntary (civic) clubs and societies
– Činnost státu - státní ochrana přírody
Efforts of the state – governmental conservation
– Mezinárodní spolupráce (mezi státy, institucemi,
nevládními organizacemi; vznik mezinárodních institucí
a organizací)
International cooperation (between countries, institutions,
NGO’s; foundation of international institutions and
organisations
Historie ochrany přírody (2)
History of Conservation (2)
• Činnost jednotlivců (šlechticů, mecenášů, vzdělanců)
Efforts of individuals (noblemen, benefactors, scholars)
– ochrana přírodních výtvorů, území, druhů
protection of natural formations, areas, species
– ochrana statická (vyloučení zásahů)
static protection (exclusion of interference)
– např. pralesní rezervace v již. Čechách
for instance virgin forest reserves in South Bohemia
• Činnost dobrovolných (občanských) spolků
Efforts of voluntary (civic) clubs and societies
– rozšíření zájmu existujících spolků na ochranu přírody
(přírodovědné, vlastivědné, turistické, alpinistické spolky)
extension of interest of existing societies into conservation
(naturalists,
homeland clubs, hiking and mountaineeering clubs)
– propagace myšlenky na veřejnosti
promotion of ideas in the public
– získávání prostředků na vykupování ohrožených území apod.
fund raising for the acquisition of threatened areas etc.
Historie ochrany přírody (3)
History of Conservation (3)
• Činnost státu - státní ochrana přírody
Efforts of the state – governmental conservation
– uzákonění ochrany přírody / conservation legislation
– vyhlášení státem chráněných území / founding of protected areas
– ustavení státních institucí k ochraně přírody / establishing national
institutions entrusted with conservation
• Mezinárodní spolupráce / International Cooperation
– mezinárodní dohody (úmluvy, konvence atd.) / international
agreements (treaties, conventions, etc.)
– mezinárodní instituce ochrany přírody / international institutions
– mezinárodní konference s tématikou ochrany přírody / international
conferences on conservation
– spolky s mezinárodní působnosti (nevládní organizace) / societies
with international activities (non-governmental organisations)
Beginnings of nature conservation and environmental protection in dates (1)
2700 B.C. Decree to protect remaining forest remnants – city of Ur (Iraq)
4th cent. B.C. Platon promotes forest restoration on the hills of Attica (Greece)
3rd cent. B.C. Regulations of the king Ashoka to protect animals (wild and domestic) and
forest against fires, first „reserves“ (India)
ca A.D. 1079 William I the Conqueror declares the New Forest a royal hunting ground
(England)
12th cent. First designation of protection forests (Switzerland)
A.D. 1210 Genghis Khan orders the protection of deer, ibex and wild asses (Mongolia)
1289 and 1309 The Holy Roman Emperors Rudolf of Habsburg and Henry (Heinrich) VII issue
decrees to protect the imperial foret of Nuremberg (Nürnberger Reichswald)
(Germany)
1324 Rheingauer Landrecht – law includes provisions on the protection of small birds
in the Rhineland (Germany)
1335 Law of the city of Zurich on the protection of small birds (Switzerland)
1344-5 Orders to decrease the numbers of cattle and goats to protect the forest
(Republic of Dubrovnik)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Beginnings of nature conservation and environmental protection in dates (2)
1411 - Ban to fell trees in certain places in the Republic of Dubrovnik (Croatia)
- The city council of Cologne upon the Rhine takes a decision on animal protection
(Germany)
- Decree of the Hungarian king (and Holy Roman Emperor) Sigismund of Luxemburg
on the protection of the Kežmarok/Käsmark forests in the Tatra Mts (now Slovakia)
1423 Decree of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxemburg on the protection of forests
and of yew and on partial protection of game (Hungary)
1436 Decree of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxemburg on the protection of hunting
game in royal forests (Hungary)
1449 Hunting rights in Hungary are regulated to protect rare birds
1450, 1468, 1475 The Republic of Venice issues regulations to protect forests in the Istrian
peninsula (now Slovenia and Croatia)
1480 The book of Hans Folz on medicinal hot springs is published in Nuremberg
promoting the protection of springs and their surroundings (Germany)
1488 The major Waldmann of the City of Zurich attempts unsuccessfully to push through a l
aw that would ban the felling of young trees and deforestation (Switzerland)
1504 King Vladislav II issues a law prohibiting peasants to hunt or catch birds (Czechia)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Beginnings of nature conservation and environmental protection in dates (1)
1355 Attempt of Charles IV to put through the Majestas Carolina, a law code that
includes strict measures to protect royal forests (Czechia)
1514 Verböczy’s law code "Tripartitium" includes also provisions on the protection
of forests against damage by shepherds etc. (Hungary)
1538 King Sigismund I the Old orders that the poaching of a wisent shall be
punished by death (Poland)
1541 Foundation of a the game reserve (for hunting) in the Bielowieza virgin forest
(Bielowieza, Poland)
1542 Decree to protect chamois and to ban its hunting in the canton Glarus
(Switzerland)
1565 Order of the Hungarian king Maximilian to mining towns to issue regulations
ensuring the protection of forests and their wildlife (Hungary)
1569 Hunting any game in the canton Glarus shall be punished by imprisonment
and a fine of 50 Gulden (Switzerland)
1576 Regulation on forest protection issued by the City of Hague (Den Haag, the
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy(-Longueval) (Bohemia) instructs his
foresters to preserve two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South
Bohemia) , Žofínský prales (Žofín/Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus
making them the oldest protected natural sites in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy(-Longueval) (Bohemia) instructs his
foresters to preserve two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South
Bohemia) , Žofínský prales (Žofín/Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus
making them the oldest protected natural sites in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Alexander von Humboldt
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy(-Longueval) (Bohemia) instructs his
foresters to preserve two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South
Bohemia) , Žofínský prales (Žofín/Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus
making them the oldest protected natural sites in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
1921
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy (Bohemia) instructs his foresters to preserve
two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South Bohemia) , Žofínský prales
(Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus making them the oldest protected natural sites
in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Žofínský pralesfoto: Libor Sváček
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy(-Longueval) (Bohemia) instructs his
foresters to preserve two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South
Bohemia) , Žofínský prales (Žofín/Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus
making them the oldest protected natural sites in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (1)
1807 First use of the term Natural Monument ("monument de la nature")
(Alexander v. Humboldt, Prussia / France)
1832 First protected areas: 4 sites with hot springs (Arkansas, USA)
1835 Law on the protection of fish spawning sites in Russia
1836 The Prussian government buys part of the Drachenfels hill in the Rhineland
to prevent its destroyal by a quarry
1838 - Count Georg Franz August von Buquoy(-Longueval) (Bohemia) instructs his
foresters to preserve two virgin forests in the Novohradské Mountains (South
Bohemia) , Žofínský prales (Žofín/Sofia’s virgin forest) and Hojná voda, thus
making them the oldest protected natural sites in mainland Europe.
- Proclamation of the protection of a geological site by the city council of
Neuenburg / Neauchatel (CH)
1841 Foundation of the first scientific reserve: Gammelmosen near Copenhagen (DK)
1846 An ancient oak tree is protected in Upper Bavaria (King Ludwig I. of Bavaria)
1852 Protection of the geological site Teufelsmauer in the Harz Mountains (D)
1853 First nature reserve protected by law: Fontainebleau forest near Paris (F)
- „réserve artistique“
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Teufelsmauer (Harz) Boubínský prales
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (2)
1859 Publication of the book by F. Douchy "Ochrana stromů" (Protection of Trees)
(Czech Lands)
1864 Beginning of the protection of Giant Sequoia trees in the USA
1870 - Law on the protection of birds (Bohemia)
- First nature reserve in Switzerland: Creux-du-Van (Club jurrasien)
1872 Establishment of the first national park in the world: Yellowstone National Park
(USA)
1875 V Německu založen svaz pro ochranu ptactva (Deutscher Verein zum Schutz
der Vogelwelt)
1876 V Mexiku zřízen pouštní národní park Los Leones
1876 Kongresu USA byl předložen první návrh zákona na ochranu lesů
1879 Ustanovení o ochranných lesích v uherském lesním zákoně (Uhry - Slovensko)
1883 Uherský lesní zákon na ochranu lovné zvěře a zpěvného ptactva
1885 Zřízen první národní park v Kanadě: Banff Nat. Park (jako Banff Hot Springs Reserve)
1886 Zřízení dalších dvou národních parků v Kanadě: Yoho, Glacier
Yellowstone National Park
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (2)
1859 Publication of the book by F. Douchy "Ochrana stromů" (Protection of Trees
(Czech Lands)
1864 Beginning of the protection of Giant Sequoia trees in the USA
1870 - Law on the protection of birds (Bohemia)
- First nature reserve in Switzerland: Creux-du-Van (Club jurrasien)
1872 Establishment of the first national park in the world: Yellowstone National Park
(USA)
1875 Foundation of the Deutscher Verein zum Schutz der Vogelwelt (German Club
for the conservation of Birdlife) in Germany
1876 Establishment of the desert national park Los Leones in Mexico
1876 First draft of a law on forest protection is presented to the congress of the USA
1879 Passage on Protection Forests in the Hungarian forest law (Hungary – then incl.Slovakia)
1883 Hungarian forest law on the protection of game and songbirds
1885 Establishment of the first national park in Canada: Banff Nat. Park (then as Banff
Hot Springs Reserve)
1886 Establishment of another two national parks in Canada: Yoho, Glacier
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (2)
1859 Publication of the book by F. Douchy "Ochrana stromů" (Protection of Trees
(Czech Lands)
1864 Beginning of the protection of Giant Sequoia trees in the USA
1870 - Law on the protection of birds (Bohemia)
- First nature reserve in Switzerland: Creux-du-Van (Club jurrasien)
1872 Establishment of the first national park in the world: Yellowstone National Park
(USA)
1875 Foundation of the Deutscher Verein zum Schutz der Vogelwelt (German Club
for the conservation of Birdlife) in Germany
1876 Establishment of the desert national park Los Leones in Mexico
1876 First draft of a law on forest protection is presented to the congress of the USA
1879 Passage on Protection Forests in the Hungarian forest law (Hungary – then incl.Slovakia)
1883 Hungarian forest law on the protection of game and songbirds
1885 Establishment of the first national park in Canada: Banff Nat. Park (then as Banff
Hot Springs Reserve)
1886 Establishment of another two national parks in Canada: Yoho, Glacier
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Banff National Park
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (3)
1887 In Germany a law on bird protection is passed
1889 In Great Britain the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is founded
1890 Establishment of three national parks in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite,
Sequoia, General Grant National Park (California, USA)
1891 - Establishment of Belair National Park in Australia
- The Forest Reserve Act is passed in the USA and two reserves are
established in the same year (in Wyoming and Colorado)
1894 Establishment of Tongariro Nat. Park, New Zealand (process started 1886/87)
1895 - International konference on bird protection in Paris
- Foundation of The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty in Great Britain
- Protection of the sites "Panská skála", "Vrkoč" and "Peklo" in northern
Bohemia (by the German-speaking "Exkursionsclub")
- W. Wetekamp, member of Prussian parliament, demands state-organized
nature conservation
1898 Foundation of the first reserve in Africa: Sabie Game Reserve (South Africa)
(first under the name „Government Wildlife Park“, later, after enlargement, the Krüger National Park)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (3)
1887 In Germany a law on bird protection is passed
1889 In Great Britain the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is founded
1890 Establishment of three national parks in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite,
Sequoia, General Grant National Park (California, USA)
1891 - Establishment of Belair National Park in Australia
- The Forest Reserve Act is passed in the USA and two reserves are
established in the same year (in Wyoming and Colorado)
1894 Establishment of Tongariro Nat. Park, New Zealand (process started 1886/87)
1895 - International konference on bird protection in Paris
- Foundation of The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty in Great Britain
- Protection of the sites "Panská skála", "Vrkoč" and "Peklo" in northern
Bohemia (by the German-speaking "Exkursionsclub")
- W. Wetekamp, member of Prussian parliament, demands state-organized
nature conservation
1898 Foundation of the first reserve in Africa: Sabie Game Reserve (South Africa)
(first under the name „Government Wildlife Park“, later, after enlargement, the Krüger National Park)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Belair National Park
Yosemite National Park:
Th. Roosevelt a John Muir
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (3)
1887 In Germany a law on bird protection is passed
1889 In Great Britain the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is founded
1890 Establishment of three national parks in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite,
Sequoia, General Grant National Park (California, USA)
1891 - Establishment of Belair National Park in Australia
- The Forest Reserve Act is passed in the USA and two reserves are
established in the same year (in Wyoming and Colorado)
1894 Establishment of Tongariro Nat. Park, New Zealand (process started 1886/87)
1895 - International konference on bird protection in Paris
- Foundation of The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty in Great Britain
- Protection of the sites "Panská skála", "Vrkoč" and "Peklo" in northern
Bohemia (by the German-speaking "Exkursionsclub")
- W. Wetekamp, member of Prussian parliament, demands state-organized
nature conservation
1898 Foundation of the first reserve in Africa: Sabie Game Reserve (South Africa)
(first under the name „Government Wildlife Park“, later, after enlargement, the Krüger National Park)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Tongariro National Park
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (3)
1887 In Germany a law on bird protection is passed
1889 In Great Britain the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is founded
1890 Establishment of three national parks in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite,
Sequoia, General Grant National Park (California, USA)
1891 - Establishment of Belair National Park in Australia
- A law on forest reserves is passed in the USA and two are established
(in Wyoming and Colorado)
1894 Establishment of Tongariro Nat. Park, New Zealand (process started 1886/87)
1895 - International konference on bird protection in Paris
- Foundation of The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty in Great Britain
- Protection of the sites "Panská skála", "Vrkoč" and "Peklo" in northern
Bohemia (by the German-speaking "Exkursionsclub")
- W. Wetekamp, member of Prussian parliament, demands state-organized
nature conservation
1898 Foundation of the first reserve in Africa: Sabie Game Reserve (South Africa)
(first under the name „Government Wildlife Park“, later, after enlargement, the Krüger National Park)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Pansk skálaVrkoč
Panská skálaVrkoč
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (4)
1899 The Bund für Vogelschutz (Union for Bird Conservation) founded in Germany
(later Deutscher Bund für Vogelschutz, today Naturschutzbund - Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union)
1900 A law regulating trade of wildlife, fish and plants (the Lacey Act) passed in
the USA
1901 - G. Nowak, member of parliament in Austria proposed to issue a law about
care for natural monuments
- The Société pour la Protection des Paysages (Landscape Protection
Society) is founded in France
1904 - In Prague the Svaz spolků pro okrašlování a ochranu domoviny (union for protecting
our country and making it more beautiful) is founded
- The first reserve in the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše) is established (Strmá stráň or
Gehänge in the valley Labský důl) by count Harrach (Bohemia)
- A first regulation aiming at the conservation of the flora of the Giant Mts.
- First publication of the memorandum "Naturdenkmäler" (a theory of nature conservation
and proposal how to organize conservation in Prussia) by Hugo W. Conwentzem
- Bund Heimatschutz (Homeland Conservation Union) founded in Germany
1905 The Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland founded (Union for
the Conservation of Natural Monuments in the Netherlands)
1906 The first state (national) nature conservation authority is founded, i.e. the "Staatliche
Stelle für Naturdenkmalpflege" in Prussia
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates
Hugo Wilhelm Conwentz
1855-1922
Prussia, Germany
Important publications in Nature Conservation:
Die Gefährdung der Naturdenkmäler und
Vorschläge zu ihrer Erhaltung. Denkschrift,
dem Herrn Minister der geistlichen, Unterrichtsund
Medizinal-Angelegenheiten überreicht,
Berlin 1904
Merkbuch für Naturdenkmalpflege und verwandte
Bestrebungen, Berlin 1918
Since 1906 in charge of the first state
(national) authority for nature conservation
– Staatliche Stelle für Naturdenkmalspflege,
since 1910 as its appointed director
1913 Lectures in Prague and Brno
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (5)
1907 Proclamation of the first nature reserve in northern Germany (the Plagefenn near Chorin)
1908, 1911 V českém zemském sněmu předložen návrh osnovy zákona na ochranu
přírodních a krajinných památek (poslanec Jeřábek)
1909 - Na Moravě vydán zákon o ochraně zemědělsky užitečného ptactva
- Založen "Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz“
- Ve Švédsku vydán zákon na ochranu přírody, zřízeno 9 národních parků
(prvních v Evropě): Gotska Sandön, Garphyttan, Ängsö, Hamra, Sonfjället,
Abisko, Pieljekaise, Stora Sjöfjället a Sarek
1910 V Dánsku založen ochranářský spolek "Danmarks Naturfredningsforening“
1912 Ve Velké Británii založena "Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves"
1913 Mezinárod. konference o ochraně přírody v Bernu (CH)
1914 Zřízen první národní park v Evropě: Švýcarský národní park
1916 V USA zřízen "National Park Service" - odborná správa národních parků
1918 V Československu úředně organizovaná památková péče a ochrana přírody
v rámci Ministerstva školství a národní osvětyPlagefenn
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (5)
1907 Proclamation of the first nature reserve in northern Germany (the Plagefenn near Chorin)
1908, 1911 A draft outline of a law on the conservation of natural and landscape monuments is
presented to the Bohemian provincial parliament by its member Jeřábek (The kingdom
of Bohemia is then a province of Austria-Hungary )
1909 - Law on the conservation of birds useful in agriculture passed in Moravia (the
margravate of Moravia is then a province of Austria-Hungary)
- Foundation of the Swiss conservation society "Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz“
- In Sweden a law on nature conservation is passed, establishing 9 national parks (the
first ones in Europe): Gotska Sandön, Garphyttan, Ängsö, Hamra, Sonfjället, Abisko,
Pieljekaise, Stora Sjöfjället a Sarek
Plagefenn
Stora Sjöfjället
Sarek
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (5)
1907 Proclamation of the first nature reserve in northern Germany (the Plagefenn near Chorin)
1908, 1911 A draft outline of a law on the conservation of natural and landscape monuments is
presented to the Bohemian provincial parliament by its member Jeřábek (The kingdom
of Bohemia is then a province of Austria-Hungary )
1909 - Law on the conservation of birds useful in agriculture passed in Moravia (the
margravate of Moravia is then a province of Austria-Hungary)
- Foundation of the Swiss conservation society "Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz“
- In Sweden a law on nature conservation is passed, establishing 9 national parks (the
first ones in Europe): Gotska Sandön, Garphyttan, Ängsö, Hamra, Sonfjället, Abisko,
Pieljekaise, Stora Sjöfjället a Sarek
1910 Foundation of the conservation society "Danmarks Naturfredningsforening“ in Denmark
1912 Foundation of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves in the UK
1913 International conference on Nature Conservation in Berne (CH)
1914 Proclamation of the Swiss National Park (the first in the Alpes)
1916 Estabishment of the National Park Service in the USA
1918 In the just established Czechoslovakia the Ministry of Education is made
responsible for the care for national heritage (historic) and nature conservation
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (5)
1907 Vyhlášení první přírodní rezervace v sev. Německu – Plagefenn u Chorina
1908, 1911 V českém zemském sněmu předložen návrh osnovy zákona na ochranu
přírodních a krajinných památek (poslanec Jeřábek)
1909 - Na Moravě vydán zákon o ochraně zemědělsky užitečného ptactva
- Založen "Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz“
- Ve Švédsku vydán zákon na ochranu přírody, zřízeno 9 národních parků
(prvních v Evropě): Gotska Sandön, Garphyttan, Ängsö, Hamra, Sonfjället,
Abisko, Pieljekaise, Stora Sjöfjället a Sarek
1910 V Dánsku založen ochranářský spolek "Danmarks Naturfredningsforening“
1912 Ve Velké Británii založena "Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves"
1913 International Conference on Nature Conservation in Berne (CH)
1914 Proclamation of the Swiss National Park (the first in the Alpes)
1916 Estabishment of the National Park Service in the USA
1918 In the just established Czechoslovakia the Ministry of Education is made
responsible for the care for national heritage (historic) and nature conservation
Schweizerischer Nationalpark
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (6)
Rudolf Maximovič (1881-1963)
The Czech lands within Austria-Hungary, later Czechoslovakia
1922 - R. Maximovič becomes officer for nature conservation within national
heritage protection (Ministry of Education, Czechoslovakia)
- Member of parliament J. V. Stejskal submitted the draft of a law on the
protection of national monuments in Czechoslovakia
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (7)
1922 Proclamation of the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy
1926 Zřízení Krügerova národního parku v Jižní Africe
1956 Přijetí prvního zákona na ochranu přírody (40/1956 Sb.) v ČSR
1964 Přijetí zákona na ochranu divočiny („The Wilderness Act“) v USA
J. Schlaghamerský: Ochrana přírody – historie oboru
Gran Paradiso
History of Nature Conservation in Dates (7)
1922 Proclamation of the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy
1926 Proclamation of Kruger National Park in South Africa
1956 Přijetí prvního zákona na ochranu přírody (40/1956 Sb.) v ČSR
1964 Přijetí zákona na ochranu divočiny („The Wilderness Act“) v USA
Kruger National Park
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
History of Nature Conservation in dates (7)
1922 Proclamation of the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy
1926 Proclamation of Kruger National Park in South Africa
1956 First nature conservation law in Czechoslovakia (40/1956 Col.)
1964 The Wilderness Act passed by Congress, signed by the president of the USA
“A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate
the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and community of
life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
The beginning of international nature conservation in dates (1)
1902 Convention for the protection of birds useful to agriculture (12 countries signed)
1913 International conference on conservation in Berne (CH): Founding of the
„Consultative Comission for the International Protection of Nature" by
Paul Sarasin from Basel (CH).
1923 International conference on conservation in Paris (F)
1930 The American Committee for International Wild Life Protection founded (USA)
1931 International conference on conservation in Paris (F)
1934 The Internat.Office for the Conservation of Nature founded, seat: Basel (CH)
1946 International conference on conservation in Basel (CH)
1947 International conference on conservation in Brunnen (CH)
1948 International conference on conservation in Fontainebleau near Paris (F):
founding of the International Union for the Protection of Nature (UIPN / IUPN)
under the UNESCO, seat: Gland, CH.
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
The beginning of international nature conservation in dates (2)
1955 international conference of nature conservation (Edinburgh, UK):
name IUPN changed to UICN / IUCN
- Union internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Resources
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
- acted from 1990 to March 2008 under the name "The World Conservation
Union – IUCN“
1961 Manifest of Morges: foundation of the World Wildlife Fund, seat: Morges, CH
- as of 1979 Gland, CH.
1986 The World Wildlife Fund renamed to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
(keeping its old name in the USA and Canada)
J. Schlaghamerský: Nature conservation – history of the field
Building of the IUCN in Gland, Switzerland
Development of the WWF logo from the scetch by Gerald Waterson and the first
official version by Sir Peter Scott until its present form