Vysazení a zavlečení nepůvodních druhů
živočichů (psů, koček, krys, prasat, koz
atd. a jejich parazitů i nemocí) bylo a je
příčinou vyhubení mnohých ostrovních
endemitů.
The intentional or accidental
introduction of non-indigenous
animal species (dogs, cats, rats,
pigs, goats, etc., and their parasites
and diseases) has been the cause
of extinction of many island endemics.
Kočka ulovila leguána na Galapágách
A cat has caught an iguana on the Galapagos islands
Na Hawaii bylo kromě jiných druhů
vyhubena řada šatovníků (Drepanidini), typického
příkladu adaptivní radiace. / On Hawai a number of
Hawaian finches (Drepanidini) a typical example of
adaptive radiation, have been driven to extinction
(as many other species).
Vysazená divoká a zdivočelá domácí prasata mění
prostředí a hubí původní druhy./ Introduced wild boars
and ferralized pigs are changing the environment and
killing indigenous species.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Zavlečená stromová užovka Boiga irregularis
ohrožuje endemické ptáky na pacifických
ostrovech, např. Guamu.
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)
threatens endemic birds on Pacific islands,
e. g. Guam.
Původní areál / Native range
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Ostrov Moorea (Společenské ostrovy)
Moorea Island (Society islands)
Francouzská Polynésie / French Polynesia
Ulity druhů rodu Partula
Shells of the genus Partula
Vysazení nepůvodních
plžů vedlo k zániku velkého
počtu druhů endemických
druhů plžů (Partula spp.)
Francouzské Polynésie.
The introduction of exotic
snails led to the extinction
of a large number of snail
species (Partula spp.)
endemic to French Polynesia
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Původní, endemický druh
Partula sp. / Native, endemic
Partula species
Oblovka Achatina fulica z Afriky, introdukce
na ostrov Moorea v 60. letech 20. století.
The Giant African Land Snail (Achatina fulica)
from Africa was introduced to the island of
Moorea in the 1960s.
Euglandina rosea z Floridy a střední Ameriky; introdukce na ostrov Moorea v r. 1977 za
účelem hubení plžů Achatina fulica. / Euglandina rosea from Florida and Central America;
introduced to Moorea Island in 1977 to reduce the population of Achatina fulica.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Jihoamerická ropucha Bufo marinus byla
vysazena na severu Queenslandu aby
redukovala hmyzího škůdce (brouka) na
cukrové třtině. Místo toho hubí mnohé
původní živočichy vč. ptáků a malých
vačnatců.
The Marine or Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)
from South America was introduced to
northern Queensland to reduce an insect pest
(beetle) on sugar cane. Instead it has been
preying on many native species including
birds and small marsupials.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Kapradinka nepukalka (Salvinia molesta)
z jihovýchodní Brazílie / The aquatic fern
Salvinia molesta from south-eastern Brasil
Lake Moon Dara (sev. Queensland, Austrálie) před a po vysazení nosatce Cyrtobagous
salviniae (1981) / Lake Moon Dara (N.Queensland, Australia) before and after the
introduction of the Black Long-snouted Weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae) in 1981.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Mol Castoblastis cactorum z již. Ameriky
zredukoval populace amerických kaktusů
opuncií (Opuntia inermis, O. stricta) v Austrálii.
Jeho šíření do sev. Ameriky (vč. Mexika) však
ohrožuje existenci velkého počtu zde
domácích druhů opuncií. / The Prickly Pear Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) from S. America
reduced populations of Prickly Pear cacti (Opuntia inermis, O. stricta) in Australia.
Its spreading to N. America (incl. Mexico) threatens the existence of many native species
of Prickly Pear.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Tuberkulóza skotu ohrožuje lesní poddruh bizona
v Kanadě, populace buvola kaferského i lva
v Krügerově národ. parku v jižní Africe.
Bovine tubercolosis threatens the Wood Bufallo subspecies of the American bison as well
as the populations of African Bufallo and Lion in the Krüger Nat. Park of South Africa.
Pontokaspický mlž slávička mnohotvárná (Dreissena polymorpha)
se rozšířil od r. 1890 z Hamburku Labem po střední Evropě.
Od konce 80. let 20. století, kdy se dostal s balastní vodou do
severoamerických Velkých jezer, se lavinovitě šíří vodní sítí
severní Ameriky, kde vytlačuje původní druhy benthosu
a způsobuje velké ekonomické (technické) škody.
The Ponto-caspian Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) spread in Central Europe
vie the Elbe river, starting in 1890 in Hamburg. In the end of the 1980s it was introduced with
balast water to the N. American Great Lakes and has been expanding in the N. American
water ways ever since with tremendous speed, out-competing native benthic species and
causing large economic (technical) damage.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Introduced species / Zavlečené, vysazené, nepůvodní druhy
species that were only able to surmount a barrier to dispersal with the (intentional or
unintentional) assistance of man and thus to colonize a given locality
druhy, které byly schopny překonat překážku svého šíření pouze s pomocí (úmyslnou či
neúmyslnou) člověka, a tak osídlit danou lokalitu
Classification of species introduced to Europe / Klasifikace druhů zavlečených do Evropy:
- archeophytes / (archeozoa) – introduced before 1492
archeofyty / (archeozoa) – zavlečené či vysazené před r. 1492
- neophytes / (neozoa) – introduced from 1492 onwards
neofyty / (neozoa) – zavlečené či vysazené od r. 1492
Invasive species / invazní druhy
- a subset of introduced (non-indigenous, exotic) species
podmnožina nepůvodních (exotických) druhů
- introduced species expanding their range and representation in habitats by outcompeting
native species
nepůvodní druhy, které rozšiřují svůj areál a zastoupení v biotopech vytlačováním původních
druhů
Expansive species / expanzivní druhy
- species native to a given area that have started to substantially expand their range and the
number of colonised localities, often because of habitat disturbance by man
druhy původní, které začaly výrazně rozšiřovat svůj areál a počet lokalit výskytu, často
v důsledku narušení prostředí člověkem
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
island
tropical
maritime
arid
The proportion of
introduced plant species
in large reserves (National
Parks, Biosphere
Reserves) world-wide.
For the character of the
reserves see explanation
of symbols below.
For name of reserve see
Czech legend below the
map.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
original forest
forest with selective logging
secondary forest
secondary vegetation
scrub stand
grassland
Number of mammal species
Percentage of introduced species (%)
The gradual degradation of forests in south-east Asia by logging and agricultural practices does not only
reduce the number of native mammal species but also increases the percentage of introduced species.
In the last stage of this succession, the savannah, only introduced rat species are present.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
The number of species of exotic molluscs, fishes, plants and insects in the USA has been increasing
constantly over time
molluscs
fishes
plants
insects
Year Year
Totalspeciesnumber
Totalspeciesnumber
J. Schlaghamerský: Ochrana přírody – introdukce nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Vodní mor kanadský (Elodea canadensis) je dnes rozšířen po celé Evropě / Canadian
pondweed (Elodea canadensis) is today present all over Europe
Vodní mor kanadský (Elodea canadensis) je dnes
rozšířen po celé Evropě / Canadian pondweed
(Elodea canadensis) is today present all over Europe
Zelená řasa Caulerpa taxifolia z teplých
vod Pacifiku se šíří ve Středozemním moři;
zkouší se biol. boj pomocí plže Elysia
subornata. / The green alga Caulerpa taxifolia
from warm Pacific waters has been spreading
in the Mediterranean Sea; biological control
by the snail Elysia subornata is being tested.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Zelená řasa Caulerpa taxifolia z teplých
vod Pacifiku se šíří ve Středozemním moři;
zkouší se biologický boj pomocí plže Elysia
subornata. / The green alga Caulerpa
taxifolia from warm Pacific waters has
been spreading in the Mediterranean Sea;
biological control by the snail Elysia
subornata is being tested.
1982: kultivace řasy v akváriích monackého oceánografického
muzea / cultivation of the alga in the aquarium of the Oceanographic
Museum of Monaco
1984: řasa objevena v monackém zálivu přímo pod okny muzea
(porost na 1 m2 mořského dna) / discovered in the Bay of Monaco
just below the museum’s windows (patch covering 1 m2 of sea bed)
1992: řása dosáhla břehů Itálie a Španělska / reached the coasts of
Italy and Spain
1995: řasa dosáhla břehů Chorvatska / reached the coast of Croatia
1997: známo 99 lokalit o celkové rozloze 6600 ha / 99 sites of occurrence
covering in total 6600 ha known from the Mediterranean Sea
Oblasti s nepůvodním výskytem řasy Caulerpa taxifolia
/ Areas with introduced populations of Caulerpa taxifolia
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Norek evropský (Mustela nutreola)
byl dříve intenzivně loven
European Mink was formerly
intensively hunted
Dnes je vytlačován norkem americkým - minkem (Mustela
vison) ze Sev. Ameriky.
At present it is being out-competed by the American Mink
Např. v Estonsku je volně žijící populace norka posilována
vysazováním jedinců z chovu. / For instance in Estonia its
wild populations are being reinforced by individuals bred
in captivity.
Rozšíření norka dříve (bíle) a dnes
(červeně) / Former (white) and
present (red) range of European Mink
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Nálezy půdního ploštěnce Artioposthia triangulata (= Arthurdendyus triangulatus) z Nového
Zélandu v Anglii a Walesu (první nálezy v Evropě 1963 v sev. Irsku, 1965 v sev.-záp. Skotsku).
Jako predátor významně redukuje populace žížal. / Records of the soil-dwelling flatworm
Artioposthia triangulata (= Arthurdendyus triangulatus) from New Zealand in England and
Wales (first records in Europe from Northern Ireland in 1963 and north-western Scotland in
1965). A predator of earthworms substantially reducing their populations.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Evropské druhy žížal se šíří severní Amerikou (vč. velkých
oblastí prostých severoamerických žížal) a mění charakter
lesních ekosystémů / European earthworm species have
been spreading across North America (including large
areas lacking Northamerican earthworm species)
profoundly changing the character of forest ecosystems
Oblast zalednění (modře) během
poslední doby ledové / Glaciated
Area during the last ice age
Invaze evropských žížal do Severní Ameriky
Invasion of European earthworms to North America
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
V Sev. Americe se žížaly
v době příchodu Evropanů
vyskytovaly hlavně na jihovýchodě;
tyto druhy v konkurenci
podléhají evropským druhům /
Upon arrival of the Europeans,
native earthworms occurred mainly
in the south-east; these species are
often outcompeted by the
European ones.
Půdní povrch (vlevo)
a přirozená obnova javoru
Acer saccharum (vpravo)
v lese bez žížal / soil surface
(left) and natural rejuvenation
of sugar maple (right) in a
forest without earthworms
Lesní podrost (vlevo) a přirozená
obnova javoru
(vpravo) v lese s žížalami /
soil surface and undergrowth
(left) and lacking natural
rejuvenation of sugar maple
(right) in a forest with exotic
earthworms
Kapradina Botrychium mormo
mizí z lesů osídlených žížalami
/ The fern Botrychium mormo is
disappearing from forests
invaded by earthworms
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Půda a podrost v lese bez žížal (vlevo) a s nimi (vpravo)
/ Soil and undergrowth in a forest without (left) and with earthworms (right)
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Půda v části lesa bez žížal
Soil in an earthworm-free forest area
Půda v části lesa na invazní frontě
Forest soil at the leading edge of invasion
H/Ah
L/F L/F
H/Ah
H/Ah
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Půda v části lesa s etablovanými
populacemi žížal (vč. anektického
druhu Lumbricus terrestris) / Soil in forest
with established earthworm populations
incl. the anectic Lumbricus terrestris
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Srovnání obsahu celkového uhlíku v horních
vrstvách půdy (nahoře podle vrstev, dole celkem)
v lesích s (nepůvodními) žížalami a bez nich ve
dvou oblastech (Arnot Forest a Tomkins Farm)
v USA
Comparison of total carbon contents in the upper
soil layers (above broken down to layers, below
in total) in forests with (exotic) earthworms and
without them studied at two sites (Arnot Forest
and Tomkins Farm) in the USA
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Srovnání příjmu dusíku ve formě amoniového iontu a dusičnanového iontu
rostlinami (vztaženo na jeden mg kořenů) v lesích s (nepůvodními) žížalami
a bez nich ve dvou oblastech (Arnot Forest a Tomkins Farm) v USA
Comparison of nitrogen up-take in the form of the ammonium ion and the nitrate
ion by plants (per mg roots) in forests with (exotic) earthworms and without them
(Arnot Forest and Tomkins Farm) in the USA
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)– accidentally imported from
Japan to eastern North America
First record:
Richmond, VA
1951
Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) on Eastern and Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis and T. carolinensis)
Hemlock woolly adelgid annual life cycle
on hemlock in North America (parthenogenetic,
specific spruce host is lacking)
Damage to needles and branches after 2-3 years of
infestation
Decline and mortality in infested hemlock in
North Carolina
Progression of hemlock infestation and crown loss within
a 1600 ha watershed in the southern Appalachians
(Vose et al. (2013), Forest Ecology and Management 291: 209–219)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)
The tooth-necked fungus beetle (Laricobius
nigrinus), a natural predator of HWA
Worldwide occurrence of Hemlock (red) with arrows showing where
biological control agents were collected for importation to the USA.
HWA seems to be native on the west coast of North America, where
native hemlock species are little affected.
Scymnus sinuanodulus adults, a biological
control agent under consideration
Sasajiscymnus tsugae adult
feeding on HWA eggs
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Chestnut blight is a fungal disease of plants caused by the
fungus Cryphonectria parasitica from Asia, which has almost
extermined the American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
• American chestnut made up for 25%
of timber in the eastern USA
• Origin of fungus: Eastern Asia
• Disease first observed in the USA
in 1904 (New York City)
• Apparently introduced after 1870 with seedlings of
Castanea crenata from Japon
• 1926 in all the range of American chestnut
Natural Range of the American
chestnut
Lumberjacks stand beside old-growth chestnut trees in
North Carolina around 1910 (Forest History Society, Durham, N.C.)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Chestnut blight
(Cryphonectria parasitica)
Dead American chestnuts, 1943 (USDA Forest Service)
A stand of blight-infected chestnuts in
New York, 1915. (source: nationalgeographic.com,
courtesy of William Powell)
Resprouting American chestnut stump
Spread of Chestnut Blight in the USA
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Chestnut blight
Photographs Claudette Hoffman
(Cryphonectria parasitica)
Disease cycle of Cryphonectria parasitica
(http://sfr.psu.edu/public/chestnut/breeding/blight/life-cycle/view)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Since the 1980s, backcrossing experiments have been conducted with the objective to obtain
blight-resistant “American” chestnuts by backcrossing of resistant hybrids of American and
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima). In the last years there have been new attempts to
obtain trees with as pure C. dentata genome as possible by means of genetic engineering
(first taking a blight-resistance gene from wheat, now screening for such genes in the
genome of C. mollissima)
A diagram of backcrossing experiments. American
Chestnut Foundation (source: nationalgeographic.com)
Chestnut hybrids, grown at the Hashawa
Environmental Center,Carroll County, MD.
(Photo: Melissa Boyle; source:
http://www.americanforests.org /magazine/article/revival-
of-the-american-chestnut/)
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Chestnut trees infected with chestnut blight
near Collonges (Valais). After a long-standing
infection, a large portion of the crown has
died off. (Photo: Phytopathology WSL)
Occurrence of chestnut blight (Cryphonectria
parasitica) within the distribution range of the
European chestnut (Castanea sativa). Years
indicate when the disease was first observed,
while arrows suggest probable points of
introduction.
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
• First wave of elm dieback in Europe from ca 1910
• The cause was a fungal disease leading do clotting of tracheae (tracheomykosis)
caused by Ophiostoma ulmi (= Ceratocystis; first observed in the Netherlands).
• Two bark beetles were the vectors, the larger (Scolytus scolytus) and smaller
European elm bark beetle (S. multristriatus).
• In the process, the fungus O. ulmi outcompeted the less harmful, related
O. quercus, with which these bark beetles had lived in symbiosis.
• Around 1920, S. multristriatus and the fungus O. ulmi were accidentally
introduced to North America, where a pandemy affected all elms present (the
even more sensitive native species as well as planted European ones).
• Here, another bark beetle introduced from Asia (Scolytus schevyrewi) and
a native species associated with elm (Hylurgopinus rufipes) also became vectors.
Symptom of the Dutch Elm Disease: wilt of
branches and later the whole tree crown
Scolytus multistriatus (above)
a Hylurgopinus rufipes (below)
(photos: J. R. Baker and S. B. Bambara, North
Carolina State University, Bugwood.org)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Dutch Elm Disease (caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi)
Longitudinal section of an elm
vessel with enlarged tyloses.
(Courtesy D.M. Elgersma)
• The first epidemy in Europe ceased in the 1940s.
• From the 1950s there was a second epidemy, caused by the even more virulent species O.
novo-ulmi, in which two subspecies are distinguished, traditionally called Euro-Asian Race
(EAN) and North American Race (NAN), which hybridise. This pandemy still continues.
• In Great Britain alone, some 25 million elms died; for instance in the floodplain forests of
South Moravia (Czechia) the representation of elms dropped from about 30% to single,
interspersed trees (mainly the more resistant young ones).
Galleries of an elm
bark beetle (Scolytus
spp.) under elm bark
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Dutch Elm Disease (caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi)
The life cycle of elm bark beetles and how the fungi
Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, causing Dutch Elm
Disease, are transmitted.
Typical synnemata (bundles of konidiophores) of the
fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. Left: view
under a light microscope (photo: L. F. Grand), right:
micrograph from a scanning electron microscope
(photo: M. F. Brown a H. G. Brotzman)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Dutch Elm Disease (caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi)
The European elm bark beetle (S.
multistriatus) feeding in the twig
crotch of an elm (Courtesy P.
Svihra)
Invasion of the Argentine fire ant
(Solenopsis invicta) to North America
Spread of Solenopsis invicta
in the USA
The result of direct contact of man with S. invicta
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Solenopsis invicta
The workers show a high degree
of polymorphism.
Under favourable conditions, S.
invicta creates supercolonies
extending over large areas
(interconnected nests of related
colonies).
Photo: Kenneth G. Ross
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Photo: Kenneth G. Ross
According to a study conducted in the late 1980s in central Texas (Porter and
Savignano, 1990), S. invicta supercolonies had the following effects on
assemblages of ants and other arthropods:
- drop of ant species richness by 70%
- drop of ant abundance of native species by 90%
- where S. invicta occurred, it made up for over 99% of all ants, the total
abundance of ant workers increased by 10-30%
- decrease of the species richness of other arthropods by 30% and of their
abundance by 75% (some groups were severely reduced, others
beneffited from that and increased)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Effect of S. invicta on species
richness and abundance of ants
(workers) – based on pitfall
trapping (Texas, USA, 1987) - from
Porter and Savignano (1990).
Porter and Savignano (1990)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Solenopsis invicta
Assessment of annual damage inflicted by S. invicta in the USA
There have been attempts of
biological control of S. invicta using
parasitoid flies of the genus
Pseudacteon and the pathogenous
protozoan Thelohania solenopsae.
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
A molecular-genetic study has
shown that first colonies of
Solenopsis invicta found on
Taiwan, mainland China and in
Australia were of North American
origin (Ascunce et al. 2011)
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Solenopsis invicta
Potenciální rozšíření (červené body)
mravence S. invicta v severní Americe,
Austrálii a na okolních souostrovích
na základě vyhodnocení klimatických
dat.
Potential range (red points) of S.
invicta in N. America, Australia and
neighbouring archipelagos based on
the analysis of climatic data.
První, maloplošný výskyt v Austrálii
byl již zaznamenán!
A first small-scale occurrence in
Australia has already been recorded.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Solenopsis invicta
Potenciální rozšíření (červené body) mravence S. invicta v Asii na základě
vyhodnocení klimatických dat.
Potential range (red points) of S. invicta in Asia based on the analysis of
climatic data.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Solenopsis invicta
Potenciální rozšíření (červené
body) mravence S. invicta
v Evropě, Africe a na Blízkém
východě na základě vyhodnocení
klimatických dat (červené body).
Potential range (red points) of S. invicta in
Europe, Africa and in the Near East
based on the analysis of climatic data.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Africký poddruh včely medonosné - Apis mellifera scutellata, resp. jeho hybridi
s jinými poddruhy se šíří jižní a střední Amerikou. Svou vysokou agresivitou představují
nebezpečí pro původní včelstva, zvířata i člověka.
The African subspecies of the honeybee – Apis mellifera scutellata – or its hybrids with
other subspecies are expanding their range in South and Central America. By their high
agressivity the present a threat to native bee colonies, animals and humans.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Bolševník velkolepý (Heracleum mantegazzianum) v ČR
The Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Czech Republic.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Additional to Giant hogweed (originally from the
Caucasus and areas south of it) some related
exotic species are spreading in Europe:
- Persian hogweed (H. persicum) in
Fennoscandia
- Sosnowsky’s hogweed (H. sosnowskyi)
in the Baltic states
The Giant hogweed is also invasive in North
America.
Ohrožení druhů introdukcí nepůvodních druhů
Threat to species by the introduction of exotic ones
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005:
The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape
Denmark, Hoersholm, 43 pp.Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Distribution of invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Distribution of invasive hogweed species
(Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Invasive hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Dynamics of the Giant hogweed invasion in Czechia
(grid size: 11 km x 12 km)
The Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in Europe
As in other countries, Giant hogweed was originally planted in Czechia as an
ornamental plant – for the first time in 1862 – possibly even earlier – in the gardens
of Kynžvart castle in western Bohemia.
Wild-growing plants were observed here from 1877, by 1907 already in north-eastern
Moravia. In 1950 there were 9 known localities in the open countryside, today ca 600.
J. Schlaghamerský: Ochrana přírody – introdukce nepůvodních druhů
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Traits that make the species such an successful invader:
- High fecundity and ability of self-pollination (a single plant can found a population
and thus cause an invasion)
- Flowering sufficiently early in the vegetation period to complete the development of
seeds
- High density of seeds in the soil seed bank, with some seeds surviving for at least
two years
- Very high germination rate
- Germination in early spring before the resident vegetation appears
- Fast growth of rosettes allowing rapid development of populations and the ability to
form dense cover and place leaves above the resident vegetation
- Low mortality of plants once they become established
- Stable proportion of plants that flower and produce seeds
- Ability of plants under stressful conditions to postpone flowering until a time when
sufficient reserves are stored (success at suboptimal sites)
The Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig,
M. Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed
Best Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape
Denmark, Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Invasive hogweeds
(Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Source: Nielsen, C., H. P. Ravn, W. Nentwig, M.
Wade (editors), 2005: The Giant Hogweed Best
Practise Manual. Forest & Landscape Denmark,
Hoersholm, 43 pp.
Invasive hogweeds
(Heracleum spp.) in Europe
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Japanese or Asian knotweed (Reynoutria
japonica), Nakai giant knotweed (R.
sachalinensis) and in Czechia in particular
their local hybrid Bohemian knotweed (R.
x bohemica) are among the most
successful invasive plants.
Origin: The Far East (Japan, Korea, China
and the Sachalin island, respectively).
Introduced in the 19. century as
ornamental plants.
Spreads along water courses and
to disturbed (ruderal) sites.
Strong competitors with high ability
of regeneration.
Outcompete native species.
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Impatiens glandulifera
(many English names, e.g. Himalayan Balsam,
Policeman’s helmet)
Origin: The Himayas
Introduced to Europe as an ornamental
Plant in the first half of the 19th century.
First planted within Czechia in the Červený
Hrádek castle park near Jirkov (NW
Bohemia), first record “in the wild” near
Litoměřice (ca 50 km to the east of Jirkov)
in 1896 .
Became invasive in the 1930s, spreading
mostly along water courses, building up
homogenous, permanent stands in the
river floodplains, replacing native
vegetation.
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones
Impatiens parviflora (Small balsam,
Small-flowered touch-me-not)
Origin: south-western Siberia, western
Mongolia, western Himalayas.
Introduced to further areas of Asia,
Europe, North Africa, and North America in
the first half of the 19th century.
In Czechia spreading since the end of the
19th century from castle parks and
botanical gardens.
Requires shady, nutrient-rich habitats.
Under these conditions it creates
contiguous stands and supresses native
species of the herb layer including the
native touch-me-not balsam.
Touch-me-not balsam
(Impatiens noli-tangere)
Small balsam (Impatiens parviflora)
Threat to species by the introduction of threatened ones