1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212570_28446780.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Ecotoxicology – Part 3 Current issues in Research vs Regulation Ludek Blaha + ecotox colleagues 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif When & where the toxicity assessment is needed? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Anytime! … depending on researcher’s budget As the law says! … what are the law(s)? View of the researcher View of the regulator 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif http://navier.engr.colostate.edu/whatische/images/ChEL02t01f01big.jpg • Industrial chemicals • • Cosmetics • PPP (pesticides) • Biocides • • Human pharmaceuticals • • Veterinary pharmaceuticals • Chemical laws („bulk“) REACH (ECHA) PPP (EFSA) MPs (EMA) §§ §§ WFD – surface w. GWD – ground w. Air quality Food and feed Soil & Sediments Wastes SOIL AIR WATER Two §§ approaches: ØProspective (chemicals…) Ø ØRetrospective (mixtures …) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Nanoparticles - examples https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR52Y7PdqKN5Z97ZhIFGfyoY41Qv9l41niNcuE3T-F9sWy IjSKMpA http://nano.anl.gov/images/bifunctional_nanoparticle.jpg https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR9LiHxdv4f1xLBnJm7j0ey82mAIkrqpx6dVbyiFdDTwcR n5G35 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTRyUwtGdjXOTAe8emSb0Ngkn0R-l8krCeEyFVPeK8-f5Y rg322ug https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS1YFciG79F0BpdYj74qJmGI-zgvfT7pAazIR4bDRuhmll hzbqG https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQzw3I5Xb7Vq_3twyU5AzgXl6TZPl1WvVm-RGpTGUQSGNu BdlDu 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Toxicity of nanoparticles … http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0165993611003748-gr1.jpg •(Mostly unknown) •Parameters may •Affect ecotoxicity • •Composition (chemical) •Surface (size, area) •Charge •Reactivity •Interactions with ions, other chemicals… • •è Effects on environmental Fate and toxicity 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles – RECETOX example •Comparison of toxicity - 4 „appeared to be the same“ particles (one producer – 4 different lots) •(zerovalent iron – ZVI – Fe0) • ?? Why is H16 so toxic ?? … despite of detailed investigation never revealed 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif •PHARMACEUTICALS 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example 1 - DICLOFENAC •Unexpected effects at NON-TARGET species • - nephrotoxicity at vultures • - Relevant also in EU • (ESP, EL,CY) • • • • • • • • • http://img2.allvoices.com/thumbs/image/609/480/103574038-diclofenac-drug.jpg http://www.painstopanswers.com/images/diclofenac.jpg 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example 2 – AVERMEKTIN-like antiparasitics Ivermectin – antiparasitics in large herds nUsed 2-times per season per sheep/cow nKills 100% parasites in sheep nReleased in dung - kills 80-90% larvae of dung flies nHigh concentrations in dung (released 2 days post application) nPersistent in the soil (half-life 30 days) nCan be washed into adjacent streams (highly toxic to water insects) https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDHBMH2T3nCNNs0D0dL3i9DAZFsRcqXDrax6t3C410Rx3E OLYBWg • • http://www.aphotofauna.com/images/flies/fly_scathophagidae_scathophaga_stercoraria_yellow_dung_15-0 4-06.jpg •Moxidectin – used e.g. in home „spot on” products https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQYuav5FXXhPNb_O-2Bpl0rfQjaDBUqZl867IJ47-6yMdCb b36UkA •? 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif •Boyles et al. (2011) Science 332 (60251) 41-42 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Stress à multigeneration effects Epigenetics à DNA methylations 2x difference Výsledek obrázku pro stickleback http://helicase.pbworks.com/f/DNAmeth.jpg 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif International ring test (2012-13) Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Main questions: Are current limits (for individual compounds) safe? Relevance of “Something from Nothing” phenomenon ? 3 samples à 12 European laboratories – different bioassays à ČR – RECETOX: 11 bioassays Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif EU WFD priority substances Different concentrations EQS = limit (Environmental Quality Standard) International ring test (2012-13) Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif ISO-A-3C ISPRA-A-C-6c ISPRA-A-a-1c Example: Effects of mixtures on D. rerio fish embryos Control Effects of RM 3 (i.e. safe) mixtures International ring test (2012-13) Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example: Effects of mixtures on X. laevis frog embryos ISPRA kontrola s popisky (2).JPG ISPRA roztok C s popisky.JPG Controls International ring test (2012-13) Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Effects of RM 3 (i.e. safe) mixtures Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits (see lectures: RISK ASSESSMENT part) Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif •Active sampling particles vs gaseous phase • •Reference locality – agriculture (Košetice observatory) •Region A – industrial (historically OCPs production) •Region B – combined: industry, agriculture, traffic • Novák et al. (2009) Environment International 200470718-001 63632 600-00171325 CB035867 Contaminated samples? Case study “air“ 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Chemical analyses 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Dioxin-like effects o Difference B>A o Difference B vs A – particles vs gas 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Antiandrogenic effects o Quantitative – comparable o Clear differences in patterns … no effects on particles in „B“ (?) o 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Summary on When, Where, What •Regulatory world –Assessment of „chemicals“! – •Contaminated samples - effects rarely tested –Great value of bioassays in assessment of contaminated samples –Effects observed (!) –How to set the „limits“? • •Research issues and questions –Nanomaterials, Pharmaceuticals, EDCs –Mixtures! –Exposome – http://www.observatoiredescosmetiques.com/media/photo/1436012289.jpg http://www.theispot.com/images/source/Michael_Waraksa__Mapping_the_Exposome.jpg