Lesson on 29/10/18

Dear students,

Today we will have a progress test. We shall also be completing the simulation-debate we began last
week.

In addition, I would like everyone to talk about/present briefly an organism (of any size) with
which you are very familiar as it has been part of your research.

Please print out and make notes on the following piece of paper. I attach a list of formal and
informal link words, together with some exercises on them.

Textové pole: Why is it so important? Textové pole: What experiments have you carried out with this
 organism? Textové pole: What are the characteristics of this animal/plant/cell etc? How would you
       describe it? Textové pole: What is it? Name/Latin name, genus etc. A most  important
                                       organism/plant/animal

MEANING

LINKING EXPRESSIONS FOR BOTH INFORMAL AND FORMAL USE

LINKING EXRESSIONS FOR MORE FORMAL USE

ADDITION

and, also, too, not only... but also, both...and

additionally, what is more, furthermore, moreover, besides, ...

PURPOSE

to, in order to, so as to, used for (+ING), used to (+PASSIVE), so that

the purpose of, the reason for (+ING)

CAUSE-EFFECT /

REASON

Because (of), so, then

owing to the fact that, due to the fact that, on the grounds that, since, as, for this reason,
thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, as a consequence

CONDITION

If, if not = unless

on the condition that, provided (that), providing, as long as, in the event of, in case

CONTRAST /

OPPOSITION/ COMPARISON

but, while, however, though, in fact, equally, in the same way, in reality,

yet, however, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, although, in spite of, despite, whereas

EXAMPLE

for example, like, e.g,

for instance, such as, in particular, to take one example, as an illustration,

SUMMARY – CONCLUSION


finally, lastly, overall, in short, so

all in all, thus, taking everything into consideration, on the whole, in conclusion, on balance, to
sum up

TIME



First, then, next, when, before, at the same time, after, after that, till, until, then, later,
while, during, finally

since, as, in the meantime, simultaneously, subsequently, previously, formerly

1.    She wasn't very rich.  She gave money to the beggar. (although) ………………………………………………………………

2.    He left early.  He wanted to arrive on time. (so that) ……………………………………………………………………………..

3.    You can go out tonight.  You must tell us where you are going. (provided)
………………………………………………………………………..

4.    I don't earn a big salary.  But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car.  (even if)
………………………………………………………………………….

5.    Take a sandwich.  There might be no restaurant. (in case)
……………………………………………………………………….

6.    There was a lot of noise.  He managed to sleep. (despite) ……………………………………………………………………….

7.    Sue likes Opera.  Joe prefers jazz. (They have different tastes.)  (whereas)
………………………………………………………………………………

(adapted from work by Mgr. Robert Helán, Ph.D).