INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE I 1. Periodic table a. What elements do these symbols stand for? Mn B Mg W Pb Sb I Sn K Au Fe Ag - Mn – manganese - B – boron - Mg- magnesium - W – tungsten - Pb – lead - Sb – antimony - I – iodine - Sn – tin (stannum) - K – potassium - Au – gold - Fe – iron - Ag - silver b. Listening exercises Explain the symbols below: - What do they stand for? - What do they mean? - What is an alternative way of using them? (e.g. element 112) Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Answers: Watch the first video and answer the following questions: Source: http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/112.htm 1. What element is the professor speaking about? 2. He has mentioned a controversy that was linked to the symbol of the element. What was the controversy based on? 3. Who/What institution made the final decision regarding the symbol? 4. According to the professor, what role did lead play in the element synthesis? 5. Could you describe the process of the element decay as explained in the video? Answers: 1. Copernicium / Cn 2. Originally - symbol Cp, but it is used for cyclopentadienyl by organic chemists Plus the scientists realized that many years ago (in some older books and papers), the symbol Cp was used as an alternative symbol for Lutetium which was in some countries called Cassiopeium) – old books are being digitized, it could cause confusion 3. IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4. The principle of synthesis: atoms of lighter elements are bound together to get 112, i.e. Pb (82) + Zn (30) – Zn atoms are accelerated in a high speed accelerator towards Pb atoms, 2 nuclei fuse together as a result 5. It does not blow into parts, it starts to decay by steps (112 – 110 – 109 - 107… until it gets to a number below the mass of Uranium 92 (which is stable) Watch the second video and try to explain the meaning of the following facts / dates / expressions within the context of the talk: Source: http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/114.htm Stop after the introductory part in which the scientist speaks Russian – question: What language does he speak? Why? (Element 114 got its official name (Flerovium) and symbol (Fl), excitement, his father was born in Russia) The rest of the video 114 December 2011 Plutonium Fljorov 30th May 2012 Dubna memorial Russian discussion period bombardment 114 – element 114, its atomic number December 2011 - the name Flerovium for element 114 suggested to IUPAC Plutonium – Pu (94) + Ca (20) – synthesis of the element Fljorov – Russian scientist, founder of Dubna, the element named after him 30th May 2012 – the element´s name officially adapted Dubna – Russian research centre north of Moscow memorial – the fact that the element was named after Fljorov is kind of his memorial discussion period – when a new name of an element is suggested to IUPEC, people are allowed to point out if there are any problems connected to it bombardment – superheavy new artificial elements are synthesized by taking a nucleus of a heavy element and binding into it an element that is lighter – Ca atoms are accelerated rapidly and plutonium is bombarded with millions of atoms, one will eventually fuse with one atom of Pu Follow up question: Why does such an element need a symbol? Not useful for day-to-day chemistry, but for physics (unstable element decay – see explanation using his tie) 2. Types of chemical nomenclature A. Trivial names HG2Cl2 – mercurous chloride (systematic - mercury (II) chloride) B. Popular names Chemical substances that are employed in the home, the arts, or in industry have acquired traditional or “popular” names that are still in wide use. C. Systematic nomenclature: a. compositional b. substitutive c. additive Example: PCl 3 - compositional: phosphorus trichloride - substitutive: trichlorophosphane - additive: trichloridophosphorus 3. Chemical nomenclature of a. ions b. binary compounds c. ternary compounds 4. IONS a. CATIONS i. monoatomic: name of the element and charge Na^+ sodium (1+), /n a plus/, sodium ion, univalent positive sodium ion, H^+ hydrogen (1+), /h plus/, hydrogen ion, univalent positive hydrogen ion, Cu^2+ copper (2+), ^ /c u two plus/, copper ion, divalent positive copper ion, copper (II) ion^ Cr^3+ chromium (3+), /c r three plus/, chromium ion, trivalent positive chromium ion, Some of the metallic ions are multivalent, meaning that they can exhibit more than one electric charge. For these there are systematic names that use Roman numerals and endings –ous and –ic to denote the lower and higher charges, respectively. In cases where more than 2 charge values are possible, the systematic names are used. Examples: Fe^2+ /Fe two plus/, iron (2+), iron (II), ferrous ion, divalent positive iron ion Fe^3+ /Fe three plus/, iron (3+), iron (III), ferric ion, trivalent positive iron ion ii. homopolyatomic: Hg[2]^2+ /h g two two plus/, mercury (I) ion, mercurous ion, O[2]^+ dioxygen (1+) S[4]^2+ tetrasulphur (2+) Bi[5]^4+ pentabismuth (4+) H[3]^+ trihydrogen (1+) Li[2]^2+ dilithium (1+) N[5]^+ pentanitrogen (1+) Na[2]^+ disodium (1+) P[2]^+ diphosphorus (1+) Si[2]^+ disilicon (1+) iii. heteropolyatomic: can follow rules for substitutive nomenclature, or non-systematic names; frequent suffix -ium NH[4]^+ ammonium (non-systematic) H[3]O[ ]^+ oxidanium (substitutive) or oxonium (non-systematic) PH[4]^+ phosphanium (substitutive) b. ANIONS i. compositional nomenclature (-ide) I[3]^- triiodide (1-) O[2]^2- dioxide (2-) ii. substitutive (anions based on the removal of hydrogen (1+), end in -ide MeNH^- methanaminide iii. additive (end in –ate) PS[4]^3- tetrasulfidophosphate (3-) Rules for adding sufix –ide: 1. added directly to the name of the element (xenonide, nickelide, argonide…) 2. original ending in the name of the element is substituted with –ide: chlorine – chloride carbon – carbide sodium – sodide nitrogen – nitride boron – boride astatine – astatide silicon – silicide sulphur – sulphide/sulfide phosphorus – phosphide iodine - iodide calcium - calcide hydrogen – hydride bromine - bromide arsenic - arsenide helium – helide tungsten - tungstide mercury - mercuride 3. ending -ide is added to a Latin-based word silver – argentide gold – auride copper – cupride iron – ferride lead – plumbide tin – stannide Complete these sentences. a) The chemical symbol for the calcium ion is ___ Ca^2+ ; calcium (2+) b) The chemical symbol for the fluoride ion is _ F^- ; fluoride (1-) (cation^ F^+ ^ fluorine (1+) ) c) The chemical symbol for the ammonium ion is____ NH[4]^+ d) The chemical symbol for the magnesium ion is_____ Mg^+ ; magnesium (1+) also Mg^2+ ; magnesium (2+) ( anion: magneside: Mg ^- ; magneside (1-) ) e) The chemical symbol for the sodium ion is_ Na^+ ; sodium (1+) (anion: Na^- ; sodide (1-) ) f) The chemical symbol for the aluminium ion is__ Al^+ ;^ aluminium (1+) also Al^3+ ;^ aluminium (3+) (anion Al^- aluminide (1-) ) 5. BINARY COMPOUNDS a) METALS WITH A FIXED CHARGE (just one oxidation state) Salts of oxo-acids, metal oxides and other binary compounds. - metal + nonmetal with -ide [ aid ] Examples: NaCl - sodium chloride (Czech equivalent chlorid sodný – notice the difference in order of elements) NaCl sodium chloride ZnCl[2] zinc chloride CaC[2] calcium carbide MgS magnesium sulphide Ca[3]N[2] calcium nitride K[2]O potassium oxide ZnO zinc oxide CaO calcium oxide Write the chemical formulae of the following compounds: a) sodium fluoride NaF b) silicon carbide SiC c) aluminium chloride AlCl[3] d) calcium nitride Ca[3]N[2] e) zinc oxide ZnO Write the names of these compounds: a) Na[2]C __________ sodium carbide b) BaS ______barium sulphide c) CaCl[2] _______calcium chloride d) Mg[3]N[2] ______magnesium nitride e) CaF[2] ______calcium fluoride f) CaO ____calcium oxide b) METALS WITH A NON-FIXED CHARGE (occur in more than one oxidation state) Metal oxides and other binary compounds with a non-fixed charge. 2 methods of nomenclature: o IUPAC nomenclature, Roman numeral expresses oxidation state FeO iron (II) oxide Fe[2]O[3] iron (III) oxide Cu[2]S copper (I) sulfide CuS copper (II) sulfide FeCl[2] iron (II) chloride FeCl[3] iron (III) chloride o trivial names - suffix -ous - indicates lower oxidation state - suffix –ic - indicates higher oxidation state Example: FeO ferrous oxide (lower oxidation state) Fe[2]O[3] ferric oxide (higher oxidation state) Cu[2]S cuprous sulfide CuS cupric sulfide mercuric chloride and mercurous chloride are chlorides of mercury arsenic oxide and arsenous oxide are oxides of arsenic plumbic iodide and plumbous iodide are iodides of lead stannic bromide and stannous bromide are bromides of tin, etc Important note: These suffixes have no absolute meaning. They just indicate the lower and the higher valence. Thus e.g. -ic means a valence of 2 in the case of copper and 3 in the case of iron. It is for this reason that Roman numerals are used. c) NON-METALS (trivial names) Greek prefixes indicate the number of atoms of the element in the compound: mono-, di-[dai], tri-[trai], tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- + -ide Examples: NO[2] nitrogen dioxide = nitrogen (IV) oxide (1 atom of nitrogen, 2 atoms of oxygen) N[2]O[4] dinitrogen tetroxide = dimer of Nit. (IV) oxide N[2]O[5] dinitrogen pentoxide = nitrogen (V) oxide CO carbon monoxide CO[2] carbon dioxide P[2]O[3] (di)phosphorus trioxide OsO[4] osmium tetroxide P[2]O[5] diphosphorus pentoxide PCl[3] phosphorus trichloride CCl[4] carbon tetrachloride CS[2] carbon disulfide c) PEROXIDES (An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element). H[2]O[2] hydrogen peroxide Na[2]O[2] sodium peroxide Write the formulae of the following binary molecular compounds: nitrogen monoxide____NO dichlorine monoxide ___ Cl[2]O dinitrogen monoxide____ N[2]O[ ] tetraphosphorus decoxide____ P[4]O[10] sulfur trioxide____ SO[3] oxygen difluoride _____OF[2] iron (II) sulphide____FeS sodium peroxide ___ Na[2]O[2] iron (III) sulphide ___ Fe[2] S[3][ ] Write the names for the following formulae: PI[3 ] phosphorus triiodide, phosphorus (III) iodide[] SbF[5] antimony pentafluoride P[2]O[5] diphosphorus pentoxide SO[3] sulphur trioxide FeCl[3 ]iron (III) chloride, ferric chloride CaO calcium oxide ZnCl[2] zinc chloride [ ] FeCl[2 ]iron (II) chloride, ferrous chloride H[2]O[2] hydrogen peroxide SCl[2 ]sulphur dichloride[]