> 01 Challenge yourself A Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets. The business of tourism >.--(grow) massively over the past century. While extensive foreign travel has always been one of the pleasures of the wealthy, its extension to the mass market2-(be) a phenomenon of the last fifty years. Domestic tourism really3-(begin) in the mid-nineteenth century, as workers4__(gain) paid annual leave, at first for one week and then for two. Longer periods gradually5--(become) common, in some cases granted by benevolent employers such as Cadbury's, but more often t_____(fight) for and 7___ (win) by the trade unions. This was made possible as a result of the concentration of the labour force in factories during the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, which8---- (change) the balance of power between employers and employees. AWL GLOSSARY phenomenon' a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood domesticiof or inside a particular country; not foreign or international grantito agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do something concentration:a lot of something in one place labourithe people who worker are available for work in a country or company B Match the beginning of each sentence with the correct ending. 1 At the beginning of mass tourism, the whole workforce of a factory would 2 This model of tourism was 3 Workers from the polluted industrial cities of Russia used to 4 For example, they might be told to 5 As much as possible, people wanted to a travel en masse to the pristine shores of the lakes of the Central Asian republics, where doctors examined them on arrival and prescribed specific food, drink, exercise, and activities for the month, b spend their vacation building up their strength, socializing with colleagues, and relaxing with their families, c move to the seaside, a resort town, or a spa, to spend their holiday together with their workmates and immediate family, d amplified in the Soviet Union, e walk in the pine forests for an hour a day. C Circle the correct option [a-d] to complete the sentences from a short text about air travel. 1 The development of larger planes in the 1950s and 60s_down the cost of air travel. a brings b brought c had brought d is bringing 2 This led to the business of tourism that we_today. a are seeing b have seen c see d saw 3 The relatively prosperous citizens of northern Europe __ their holidays within their own country, a used to take b take c were taking d took 4 Now they i_to coastal resorts in Greece and Spain. a are flying b were able to fly c had flown d had been flying 5 These sunny holiday destinations_popular for decades. a are b are being c used to be d had been 6 Previously, however, they — a long journey by road or boat, taking several days in each direction. a had required b were required c were requiring d require 7 This was not possible for someone with only a couple of weeks' vacation allowance. With the advent of cheaper air travel, foreign destinations_ accessible in a way they had never been before. a become b became c are becoming d did become D Complete this paragraph about shopping, using the correct form of one of the verbs in the box. You will have to use the passive for one verb. be contribute need pose serve take The changing retail landscape -a challenge for both business leaders and city planners. Town centres2_,_as the commercial centre of their communities. This is no longer entirely the case, and there are two main reasons. The first5-the rise of the so-called superstores or big-box stores, usually grouped in retail parks on the outskirts of cities, weli provided with parking but poorly served by public transport. The second is the rise of internet shopping. This can4-------the form of giant web retailers such as Amazon and eBay, or the online presence of long-standing retail chains, or the digitization of content such that" no physical product5_, and hence no physical shop either. Both these long-term trends, to big out-of-town stores, and to internet shopping,--,-to the decline of the town centre. AWL GLOSSARY challenge Uin;w or difficult task that tests somebody's ability and skill hence If or this reason trend a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing decline:a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of something 09 Challenge yourself A Complete the text ahout whaling with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. For centuries, or even millennia, whales \ (hunt) offshore from small boats such as canoes and kayaks. From the mid-nineteenth century, with the development of the Industrial Revolution, this fairly limited activity i__(join) by pelagic, that is, deep sea, whaling, culminating in modern factory ships. In the 1960s, £20 million3__(generate) annually by the global whaling industry. In spite of the worldwide ban on commercial whaling that < (impose) in 1986, it is worth noting that small-scale shore-based hunting of cetaceans continues in several countries from the Arctic to Polynesia. It5___(justify) on the grounds of continuing a long cultural tradition, and usually the meat and other products6-(consume) within the same community. B Complete the text about a form of mental illness, using the phrases in the box and a form of be. Two of the phrases are not needed. associated with admitted to based on classified as composed of cStafined to diagnosed as entitled to located at Patients who 1_bipolar often face a frustrating search for suitable treatment. Serious side effectst_some of the most frequently prescribed medications, and this leads some patients to discontinue the drugs. In trying to take control of their lives, they may'-— non-compliant, especially by doctors without specialist training. Patients4--— a free consultation with a psychiatrist, but often this entails a long wait, duringwhich the condition can worsen. In the worst cases, the person may need5- an in-patient facility, and perhaps even 6-a secure ward in a AWL GLOSSARY revolution a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people impose ito introduce a new taw, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used justify;to show that something is right or reasonable cultural iconnected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs, beliefs, etc. tradition!a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a longtime among a particular group of people consumeito eat or drink something AWL GLOSSARY consultation: a meeting with an expert, especially a doctor, to get advice or treatment secure guarded and/or made stronger so that it is difficult for people to enter or leave isolation the state of being alone Or lonely ^ psychiatric hospital. These psychiatric hospitals tend7 distance from the patient's home, increasing the sense of isolation and betrayal. C In the text about a public health pioneer, with the correct ending. 1 The observation that infections were being transmitted between patients 2 The physician who first deduced the link 3 He is now known to be 4 Dr Semmelweis was working in the obstetric clinic at Vienna General Hospital, 5 He discovered that the number of cases of this so-called childbed fever S The scientific papers that he wrote about this 7 His ideas 8 Some doctors 9 Still only in his 40s, Semmelweis experienced a mental breakdown, and 10 Later, when Louis Pasteur explained his germ theory, Semmelweis match the beginning of each sentence a could be dramatically reduced by the use of hand disinfection, b were turned down by many publishers, c were offended at the implication that they were unclean, d was shunned by his colleagues and his findings were ignored, e was committed to an asylum for the mentally ill, where he died two weeks later, f were rejected by his medical peers, g was hailed as the 'saviour of mothers', h by the doctor who was treating them was a radical one for the mid-nineteenth century, i one of the most visionary scientists of his age. j where many women died of infection within days of giving birth. D Correct the mistakes in the underlined verb forms in the text about dementia. Some verb forms are correct. According to recent reports, the threat posed by dementia 'was growing as societies age. To start with, dementia 2can be defined as a decline in mental functioning over time, beyond what 3might be being expected from the natural effects of aging. A recent survey that "is being conducted by the Dementia Alliance revealed that the costs to health services sare increased twice as fast as inflation, and within twenty years 6are expecting to' outrun the amounts spent on cancer treatment. .As with other cognitive disorders, higher or more complex mental functions 7had_been affected before the simpler ones. If, unusually, the illness strikes a patient under 65, it Bis termed 'early onset dementia'. Another minority of patients have what 9is know as 'mixed dementia'. AWL GLOSSARY transmit ito pass something from one person to another deduce'to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available mental [connected with the state of health of the mind or with the treatment of illnesses of the mind theoryia formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why someth i ng happens or exists dramatically in a sudden, very great, and often surprising way publisher a person or company that prepares and prints books, magazines, newspapers, or electronic products and makes them available to the public AWL GLOSSARY pose ito create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with function ito work in the correct way survey ian investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, which is usually done by asking them questions minorityithe smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group