Sustainable Development Concepts , Issues and Challenges 56th Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar, Dhaka. Paper presented by Md. Shamsul Arefin Joint Secretary( OSD) Ministry of Public Administration, Dhaka. Dated: 29-07-2011 15 November 2018 1 M. Shamsul Arefin “Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Ap7 15 November 2018 2 M. Shamsul Arefin Historical Background • •UN Conference on Environment and Development, or the 1992 Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro – unanimously adopted Agenda 21, a blueprint for sustainable development. • •Millennium Development Goals – UN General Assembly resolution 55/2, outlined 8 targets aimed at reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development • •World Summit on Sustainable Development – reaffirmed the commitment to Agenda 21 and Millennium Development Goals 15 November 2018 3 M. Shamsul Arefin Pillars of Sustainable Development •Economic Development – poverty eradication • •Social Development – active participation of women; education; good governance • •Environmental Protection – prevent environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable Dev. • At the local, national, regional, and global levels 15 November 2018 4 M. Shamsul Arefin Economic Development •Poverty eradication •Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the world’s people with income less than $1/day •Basic health services for all, reduce health threats •Increase food availability •Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought and floods •Provision of clean drinking water •Enhance industrial productivity 15 November 2018 5 M. Shamsul Arefin Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production •Cleaner production technologies •Developing cleaner, more efficient energy technologies •Maintain urban air quality and health, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions •Sound management of chemicals throughout the life cycle, and of hazardous wastes 15 November 2018 6 M. Shamsul Arefin Protecting the Natural Resource Base •Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems •Watershed and groundwater management •Support desalination of seawater, water recycling •Ensure the sustainable development of oceans, marine environmental protection • C:\Annie\MARIE JO\Polinesia8.jpg 15 November 2018 7 M. Shamsul Arefin Priority Areas for Action • Priority areas for action, identified by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan • •Water and sanitation •Energy •Health •Agriculture •Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management • 15 November 2018 8 M. Shamsul Arefin Water and Sanitation • “Water is not only the most basic of needs but is also at the center of sustainable development.” •Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to clean drinking water •Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate sanitation. E:\documents\hector\APICTT194646.jpg 15 November 2018 9 M. Shamsul Arefin Water and Sanitation •Some key issues: •Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards •Protect ecosystems •Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation, industrial and domestic wastewater treatment •River basin, watershed and groundwater management •Support desalination of seawater, water recycling •Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas, the Earth’s ecosystem 15 November 2018 10 M. Shamsul Arefin Energy • “Some 2 billion people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating.” E:\documents\hector\APICTT194644.jpg 15 November 2018 11 M. Shamsul Arefin Energy •Some key issues: •Focus on access to energy in rural areas •Energy conservation and energy efficiency – building design & management, better mass transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner technologies •Promotion of renewable energy •Action on climate change – ratification by countries of the Kyoto Protocol 15 November 2018 12 M. Shamsul Arefin Health •“Good health is vital for eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.” •Some key issues: –Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children & infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates –Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis –Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways that harm human health –Reduce air pollution 15 November 2018 13 M. Shamsul Arefin Agriculture • “Agriculture is central to sustainable development. About 70% of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and depend in one way or another on agriculture for their survival.” •Some key issues: –Address serious soil fertility problems –Diversification of crops –Increase water-use productivity –Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and livestock – –(Sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors conserves land, preserves water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable." (FAO 994)) – C:\Documents and Settings\User\Application Data\Microsoft\Media Catalog\Downloaded Clips\cl0\TR00515_.wmf 15 November 2018 14 M. Shamsul Arefin •between 1960 and 2000: –world population doubled from 3 to 6 billion people –global economy increased more than sixfold – •to meet this demand: –food production increased 2 ½ times –water use doubled –wood harvests for pulp and paper production tripled –timber production increased by more than half Source: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/ Take a look at the Global Agriculture Who is eating? 15 November 2018 15 M. Shamsul Arefin Livestock Development • •Livestock development –Sustainable animal production –Improving productivity of animals –Feed supplementation for increasing livestock production –Improving fertility and disease diagnosis – C:\Documents and Settings\User\Application Data\Microsoft\Media Catalog\Downloaded Clips\cl71\j0283229.gif 15 November 2018 16 M. Shamsul Arefin Fertilizers are chemicals that supply plant nutrients, mostly N, P and K. With high yielding varieties of crops, most soils are unable to supply the needed amounts of plant nutrients. Fertilizer Use Manufacture of N-based synthetic fertilizers requires fossil fuels as raw materials. 15 November 2018 17 M. Shamsul Arefin Source: http://www.allrefer.com/pictures/s4/p0001901-nitrogen-cycle p0001901-nitrogen-cycle Fertilizer Use: Nitrogen cycle 15 November 2018 18 M. Shamsul Arefin Synthetic N was first manufactured in 1913. Since 1750, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by about 32% (from about 280 to 376 parts per million in 2003), primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels and land use changes. pestic5 Source: http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/pesticides.htm Pesticide Use: Fate of pesticides in the environment 19 M. Shamsul Arefin Biodiversity Biodiversity is a modern term which simply means " the variety of life on earth". This variety can be measured on several different levels. v Genetic - variation between individuals of the same species. This includes genetic variation between individuals in a single population , as well as variations between different populations of the same species. Species - species diversity is the variety of species in a given region or area. This can be determined by counting the number of different species Ecosystem - Communities of plants and animals, together with the physical characteristics of their environment (e.g. geology, soil and climate) interlink together as an 'ecosystem'. Ecosystem diversity is more difficult to measure because there are rarely clear boundaries between different ecosystems 15 November 2018 20 M. Shamsul Arefin Biodiversity q Biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. q q It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms like animals, plants, their habitats and their genes. q q Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem. q Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. 15 November 2018 21 M. Shamsul Arefin Biodiversity & Ecosystem Management •“Biodiversity and the ecosystems are the living basis of sustainable development.” C:\My Documents\My Pictures\Makoto12~(1).jpg 15 November 2018 22 M. Shamsul Arefin Biodiversity & Ecosystem Management •Some key issues: –Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2015 –Reverse the trend in natural resource degradation –Restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable yields –Protection of the marine environment from land based sources of pollution 15 November 2018 23 M. Shamsul Arefin Ecology q The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was used first in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). q q Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with their environment q q Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. An observations on the natural history of plants and animals. q q Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It is closely related to physiology, evolutionary biology, genetics. q q An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. q q Ecosystems sustain every life-supporting function on the planet, including climate regulation, water filtration, soil formation. 15 November 2018 24 M. Shamsul Arefin File:Blue Linckia Starfish.JPG Picture of biodiversity German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2150. 15 November 2018 25 M. Shamsul Arefin - Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) - Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences - Depletion of the ozone layer - Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT poisoning the web of life - Loss of clean air Degradation of Ecosystems 15 November 2018 26 M. Shamsul Arefin Issues of Sustainable Development q How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? v This is the question of the 21st century. If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive 15 November 2018 27 M. Shamsul Arefin The Greenhouse Effect A T M O S P H E R E G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S S U N 15 November 2018 28 M. Shamsul Arefin File:The green house effect.svg Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UN 15 November 2018 29 M. Shamsul Arefin GHG q q Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases q Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit infrared radiation. q In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are v Water vapor v Carbon dioxide v Methane v Nitrous oxide v Ozone 15 November 2018 30 M. Shamsul Arefin Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh v GHG emission is low and negligible v Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only v Sectoral consumption of electricity v Industries (46%) v Residential (45%) v Commercial (7%) v Others (2%) Large part of GHG is coming from electricity generation and transport sector v Landfills also generate GHG 15 November 2018 31 M. Shamsul Arefin File:Greenhouse Gas by Sector.png Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July, 2000)" 15 November 2018 32 M. Shamsul Arefin The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and other industrial activities since the industrial revolution have increased the GHGs in the atmosphere in such a level that the earth’s surface is heating up to temperatures that are very destructive to life on earth. Global Warming 15 November 2018 33 M. Shamsul Arefin shark-global-warming Consequences 15 November 2018 34 M. Shamsul Arefin • • Death of coral reefs • Spread of dengue and other diseases • • Heavy rains & severe draughts • Floods, storms, & hurricanes • Changed rainfall patterns • Warming and aridity • • Loss of biodiversity 15 November 2018 35 M. Shamsul Arefin Renewable energy are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible. - Dr. Raymond Wright Sustainable energy is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment. Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html 15 November 2018 36 M. Shamsul Arefin Global primary energy consumption in 2006 ≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion Global energy consumption per person in 2006 15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109 ≈ 2.4 kW Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008) http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/ ≈ 15 November 2018 37 M. Shamsul Arefin Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy 15 November 2018 38 M. Shamsul Arefin Nuclear Energy Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain radioactive for hundreds of future years. Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being converted during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations. Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy. 15 November 2018 39 M. Shamsul Arefin 15 November 2018 Nuclear Energy q Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world electricity production and 7% of the total energy consumption. q Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr. q The world's present measured resources of uranium in the cost category somewhat below present spot prices is about 5.5 Mt. q They could last for over 80 years at the current usage rate. Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html 40 M. Shamsul Arefin Textové pole: Fossil fuels Fossil fuels Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 15 November 2018 41 M. Shamsul Arefin * For energy (electricity and heat), we depend heavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. * Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about 85% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions produced annually, and therefore the major cause for global warming. * Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. * Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source. Textové pole: Fossil fuels Fossil fuels 15 November 2018 42 M. Shamsul Arefin Fossil Fuels Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 15 November 2018 43 M. Shamsul Arefin Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2 emissions-free energy source so far. IAEA2000 15 November 2018 44 M. Shamsul Arefin in00566_ More people More pollution One option: Emissions Reduction Reduce Population 15 November 2018 45 M. Shamsul Arefin image Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year. 15 November 2018 46 M. Shamsul Arefin image Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid 2030 if current population and consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support us. 15 November 2018 47 M. Shamsul Arefin • EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology. • EF does not include an economic indicator. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Bio capacity per capita Ecological Footprint (EF) 15 November 2018 48 M. Shamsul Arefin Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org Biocapacity 15 November 2018 49 M. Shamsul Arefin For the World Before 1986, the world consumed resources and produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the planet could produce and reabsorb. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org 15 November 2018 50 M. Shamsul Arefin We should place a limit on CO2 emissions to ensure sustainable development 15 November 2018 51 M. Shamsul Arefin Industry Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited 15 November 2018 52 M. Shamsul Arefin Forest industry waste DSC01567 ‘Most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high. 15 November 2018 53 M. Shamsul Arefin Citarum river pollution (West Java, Indonesia) Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/ More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Factory waste 15 November 2018 54 M. Shamsul Arefin Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com Computer industry waste Close up of a huge pile of computer keyboards waiting to be scrapped. These are likely to have been thrown away in Europe, US or Japan and then dumped in China because it is cheaper to dump this hazardous waste in China than dispose of it properly. 15 November 2018 55 M. Shamsul Arefin care of the environment stable job well paid job long life life free of avoidable morbidity low inflation low infant mortality high GDP per capita adequate housing good income distribution good education level adequate nutrition free markets civil liberties Source: Montenegro, A., An Economic Development Index, http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0404/0404010.pdf WAY AHEAD Measures of Human Well-being 15 November 2018 56 M. Shamsul Arefin 15 November 2018 Why hydroelectric power is important? * Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. * No waste or pollution produced. * Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. * Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. * Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. * Electricity can be generated constantly. Hydroelectric Power 57 M. Shamsul Arefin damx-large Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric Power 15 November 2018 58 M. Shamsul Arefin 15 November 2018 Problems with hydroelectric power * Barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities * * * the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually * * * reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions of dollar * Hydroelectric Power 59 M. Shamsul Arefin Carbon capture and sequestration options CCS is controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed Fossil fuels depleted oil and gas reservoir enhanced recovery saline formation Unminable coal beds terrestrial sequestration ocean sequestration 15 November 2018 60 M. Shamsul Arefin Conclusion It is good to have increased food production which might have helped reducing the number of undernourished people. The first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger The seventh of the MDGs is to Ensure Environmental Sustainability How to achieve both the goals simultaneously? 15 November 2018 61 M. Shamsul Arefin Over the past 40 years, globally, intensification of cultivated systems has been the primary source (almost 80%) of increased output. But some countries, predominantly found in Sub-Saharan Africa, have had persistently low levels of productivity, and continue to rely on expansion of cultivated area. in sub-Saharan Africa, however, yield increases accounted for only 34% of growth in production G:\Home Directories\Tm-cm\VDMerwe\private\FairyUnderTheRainbow.jpg THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENT HEARING 15 November 2018 62 M. Shamsul Arefin endshow.jpg replay.jpg powershow.jpg