NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 1 NATURAL POLYMERS 1 Introduction to the subject Dr. Ladislav Pospíšil 29716@mail.muni.cz January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 2 Who I am and what I am coming from January 2018/1 •Since 1. 10. 1974 up to 31. 12. 2014 –POLYMER INSTITUTE BRNO, Ltd., Brno, Czech Republic (Industrial Research) •Since then: –My one man company, working for various INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES converting plastisc •I give lectures at: –Brno University of technology, Faculty of Chemistry, –Masaryk University, Fakulty of Science, –University Tomas Bata, Fakulta of Technologická (not regulary) NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 3 Subject of the Lectures January 2018/1 •The Subject gives the Students a GENERAL KNOWLEDGE about the NATURAL POLYMER which are usable for the application in the chemistry usable for a Conservator and Restorer, but also in the other fields of polymer chemistry, its history, present situation and future •Students will be able to CHOICE PROPER POLYMER MATERIALS, eventually their combinations for the Applications in the chemistry of the Conservator and Restorer, but also in the other fields of polymer chemistry •To UNDERSTAND CHEMICAL REACTION NATURAL POLYMERS and make sence of their influence on the Properties of by this way modified NATURAL POLYMERS •To INFORM students also about the INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING OF NATURAL POLYMERS •To UNDERSTAND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL POLYMERS •To be able independently ANALYZE ROLE of NATURAL POLYMERS now days •To stimulate the students’ interest for the more detail studying of the NATURAL POLYMERS CHEMISTRY •To be able INDEPENDENTLY COMPLIMENT KNOWLEDGE IN THIS FIELD • NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 4 How to integrate this Lectures into the CONTEXT with the other Subjects? January 2018/1 Time schedule January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 5 LECTURE SUBJECT 1 Introduction to the subject – Structure & Terminology of nature polymers, literature 2 Derivatives of acids – natural resins, drying oils, shellac 3 Waxes 4 Plant (vegetable) gums, Polyterpene –natural rubber (extracting, processing and modification) 5 Polyphenol – lignin, humic acids 25.10. & 1. 11. Polysaccharides I – starch 8.11. & 15. 11. Polysaccharides II – celullosis 22. & 22. 11. Protein fibres I 29. 11. & 6. 12. Protein fibres II 13. & 20. 12. Casein, whey, protein of eggs 20. 12. Identification of natural polymers Laboratory methods of natural polymers’ evaluation System of Study •Lectures are inputted to the information system MU, FCI •Examination is done by colloquium •TIME LIMIT for the Examination – will be agreed •Questions and Comments are sent to my Attention in written (29716@chemi.muni.cz) •………………… NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 6 January 2018/1 Recommended Literature NO specialized Textbook •John McMurry: •Organic chemistry –Chapter 25: Biomolecules: Saccharides –Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Aminoacids, Peptides and Proteins –Chapter 27: Biomolecules: Lipids • January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 7 New acquired literature 1 January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 8 img631.jpg img632.jpg New acquired literature 2 January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 9 Starch Chemistry and technology.jpg New acquired literature 3 January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 10 Natural polymers 1.jpg Natural polymers 2.jpg January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 11 Soubor:Špalek na štípání.jpg Soubor:Boletus erythropus 2010 G3.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Spirulina_farm.jpg/220px-Spirulina_farm.jp g Biomass is the mass of living or/and dead biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Biomass can refer to species biomass, which is the mass of one or more species, or to community biomass, which is the mass of all species in the community. It can include microorganisms, plants or animals.[4] The mass can be expressed as the average mass per unit area, or as the total mass in the community. Biomass most often refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.[2] As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. What is and what is NOT the Matter of our Subject here •What is •NATURAL oligomers •Waxes •NATURAL POLYMERS •Modification of NATURAL POLYMERS •Use (Utilization) of NATURAL POLYMERS •What is NOT •Enzymes •Hormons •Nucleic acids •Lowmolecular natural substances January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 12 NATURAL POLYMERS – historical Basis of the Polymer chemistry and Plastics •Celluloid > nitrocellulose and camphol •Galalith > casein crosslinked by formaldehyde •Viscose fibre > regenerated cellulose •………………. January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 13 Synthetic versus Natural products •Natural products •Modified Natural products •Syntetic products January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 14 January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 15 img633.jpg Textile fibres are often NATURAL POLYMERS! NATURAL Products Characteristics January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 16 •After SEPARATION and possible CLEANING are possible to be used as are so, as they got from the NATURAL RESOURCES •EXAMPLES: –Cellulosic fibres > Cotton (approx. 98 % w/w of Cellulose) –Starch > Separation from plants (potatoes, wheat, maize) –Collagen • Modified NATURAL Products January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 17 •After SEPARATION and potential CLEANING are subjected to chemical reaction (reactions), by this is got the final Product •EXAMPLES: –Cellulosic fibres > xanthate > precipitation> textile fibres –Starch > acid + heat > dextrin paper glue –Collagen > denaturation > animal glue and gelatine Synthetic products January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 18 •Resulting product is got by intentional human endeavour from the artificial substances (monomers) •EXAMPLES: –Ethylene > polyethylene –Butadiene + styrene > butadiene-styrene rubber –Dimethyl terephthalate + ethylenglykol > PETP (PET) Polyethylene terephthalate Importance of the NATURAL POLYMERS in the past (history), at present and in the future January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 19 •HISTORY: dominance of NATURAL POLYMERS (especially modified) •At present: minority role as the technical PLASTICS, competition in the area of glues remains, transfer of importance into food industry, cosmetics and drugs •FUTURE: –Development of the modified NATURAL POLYMERS (probably without paper industry) –Endeavour to chemical exploitation of the Biomass –Energy utilisation (biogas, wood gas) Is ANY USE natural resources of sense? January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 20 •What is YOUR MEANING about these utilizations: –Biodiesel, –Polylactic acid (PLA), –Bioethanol, –Ethylene made of bioethanol, –……………. What is right to revive yourself 1 ? January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 21 Fischer projection of D-Glyceraldehyde D-glucose-chain-2D-Fischer.png Fischer projection of D-Glucose img461.jpg Fischer projection D-Glucose ones more : • C1 is up, • -OH on C5 is right What is right to revive yourself 2 ? January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 22 Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation because of the change in the equilibrium between two anomers, when the corresponding stereocenters interconvert. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert.[1] The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution. Example For example, if a solution of β-D-glucopyranose is dissolved in water, its specific optical rotation will be +18.7. Over time, some of the β-D-glucopyranose will undergo mutarotation to become α-D-glucopyranose, which has an optical rotation of +112.2. The observed rotation of the sample is the weighted sum of the optical rotation of each anomer weighted by the amount of that anomer present. What is right to revive yourself 3 ? January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 23 img462.jpg img463.jpg Bonds -OH on C1 and bond C5-C6 are TRANS Bonds -OH on C1 and bond C5-C6 are CIS a – D – glucopyranose (cyklic form of glucose) b – D – glucopyranose (cyklic form of glucose) What is right to revive yourself 4 ? •a – D – glucopyranose (cyclic form of glucose, should be of approx. 37 % molar ) is in the equilibrium with •b – D – glucopyranose (cyclic form glucose, should be of approx. 37 % molar ) and these both forms further to it coexist with linear form (this should be of approx. 0,002 % molar ) •Form D prevails in the nature • January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 24 It is the long Way from the Ideas to Implementation January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 25 PERMÍN008.jpg Scheme published in the Yearbook „Young technician“ in the year 1962 already! Utilisation of the waste Feathers as the Source of Amino acids Feathers Base Acid Water Steam Steam HYDROLYSIS Of Feathers HYDROLYSIS Of Feathers Neutralisation of waste Acid or Base Filtration Solution of AMINOACIDS Drying Thickening Protein-vitamin feeding paste Protein-vitamin feeding dry Matter TRADE NAME SIMILAR Project underway NOW! Biopolymers in the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic •The Institute of Chemical Processes Fundamentals > Biorefinery Research Centre of Competence –Centre can supply e.g. basic data, so industrial Participants can be suppliers of the edible collagen and the other protein hydrolysates for the Nutrition January 2018/1 NATURAL POLYMERS MU SCI 1 2018 26