Fylogeneze a diverzita řas a hub:
2. přednáška
Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta
Barbora Chattová
desmids2.jpg

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Systém
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Juráň dle Adl at al. 2012
http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Juran_Adl2012a.png
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Řasy
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•Euglenophyta (krásnoočka)
•Cryptophyta (skrytěnky)
•Dinophyta (obrněnky)
•Chromophyta (hnědé řasy)
•Rhodophyta (ruduchy)
•Chlorophyta (zelené řasy)
•Charophyta (chary)
•
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2-Micr.jpg tripteris.jpg http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/49168.jpg Fucus_vesiculosus_Wales.jpg
peridinium_bipes_elektro_547.jpg
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Eukaryota
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•Eukaryotní buňky
•Membránové struktury uvnitř buňky
•Bičíky
•Chromozomy
•Haploidní a diploidní stav (evoluční výhoda)
•Rozmnožování
•Mitóza a meiotické dělení
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Chlorarachniophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta & Cryptophyta
•
•Jednobuněční pohybliví mixotrofové
s chloroplasty
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[USEMAP]

Chlorarachniophyta
•
•Filoplazmodium, jednojaderné buňky
•Chloroplasty s chlorofyly a, b, pyrenoid, nukleomorf, 4 membrány
•Zásobní látka chrysolaminaran
•Zoospory (1 bičík)
•Tvorba cyst
•Ekologie - sublitorál teplých moří, mixotrofie
•
•
•
•
[USEMAP]
SAR, Rhizaria
[USEMAP]

Chlorarachniophyta
•
•Fylogeneze - sekvence 18S rRNA
•Příbuznost s meňavkovitými prvoky
•Nuklemorf
•Příklad seriální endosymbiozy
•Zástupci:
•Chlorarachnion reptans, Cryptochlora
•
•
•
•
[USEMAP]
[USEMAP]

Chlorarachnion reptans
http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/pic.chlorarachniophytes2.jpg
http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/chlorarachniophytes.html
[USEMAP]

Dinophyta - obrněnky
•
•Dinokaryon - spiralizované chromozomy ve většině buněčného cyklu
•Mitoza mimojaderná
•Kleptoplastidy (získané z vlastní kořisti)
•Pulzující vakuoly
•Chlorofyl a, c2
•Diadinoxanthin
•Mnohovrstevnatá théka - amfiesma
•Celulózní destičky
•Dinosporin - pelikula
•
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Alveolata
[USEMAP]

Dinophyta - obrněnky
•
•Dinokontní buňky - bičíky vycházejí ze střední části těla
•Epikonus, hypokonus
•Desmokontní buňky - bičíky na apexu buňky
•Trichocysty, mukocysty
•Ocellus - vrstevnatá čočka, komůrka, kanálek, retinoid
•Nepohlavní rozmnožování
•Anizogamie, izogamie
•Ekologie - převážně moře
•Toxiny
•Fagotrofie
•Bioluminiscence (organela scintilon, luciferin, luciferáza)
•
•
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http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cSSmdpmVdLU/TgckvJ-ByRI/AAAAAAAAAIk/AbvcHLWkhGc/s1600/Noctiluca%255B1%255
D+%25282%2529.jpg
Noctiluca miliaris
[USEMAP]

Peridinium01
Odd.: Dinophyta Třída: Dinophyceae Řád: Peridiniales
Peridinium sp.
© orig. Hájková L.
příčná rýha - cingulum
podélná rýha - sulcus
[USEMAP]

Gymnodinium sp.
•
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Gymnodinium-spec-PH.jpg
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html
[USEMAP]

 Ceratium hirundinella
•
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Ceratium_hirundinella-400x.jpg
[USEMAP]

Euglenophyta- krásnoočka
•
•Pelikula - bílkovinné proužky
•Lorika - sliz mineralizován
•Paraflagelární lišta bičíku - hlavní fotoreceptor buňky
•Jednojaderné buňky
•Stigma volně v cytoplazmě
•Paramylon - zásobní látka v cytoplazmě
•Chlorofyl a, b
•Diadinoxanthin, neoxanthin
•Mukocysty
•
•
•
•
[USEMAP]
 Excavata
[USEMAP]

Euglenophyta- krásnoočka
•
•Ampula
•Jádro má kondenzované chromozomy
•Bičíky se šroubovitě vinutou řadou mastigonemat
•Palmeloidní stadium
•Pouze nepohlavní rozmnožování (schizotomie pohyblivých buněk)
•Ekologie - organicky znečištěné vody
•Fagotrofie, mixotrofie
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http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Y_2NDmlBEwU/maxresdefault.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_2NDmlBEwU
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Euglena.Klikněte pro zvětšení.
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Euglena sp.
•
http://www.photomacrography.net/
http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/1609_Euglena_1_2.jpg
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Phacus sp.
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http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/820_IMG_001373_1.jpg
http://www.photomacrography.net/
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Trachelomonas sp.
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Fig. 330. 1926. SouvisejÃcà obrázek
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Trachelomonas02
Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales
Trachelomonas sp.
© orig. Hájková L.
lorika
bičík
stigma
buňka
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Colacium sp.
Výsledek obrázku pro Colacium Výsledek obrázku pro Colacium
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Cryptophyta: skrytěnky
•Chlorofyl a, c2,alloxanthin
•Fykoerythrin nebo fykocyanin
•Mastigonemy - trubicovité vlásky na bičíku
•Periplast s destičkami
•Ejektozomy - mrštné trichocysty
•Škrob v cytoplazmě
•Jícen s ejektozomy
•2 bičíky
•Delší: 2 řady mastigonem
•Nepohlavní rozmnožování - schizotomie
•Pohlavní rozmnožování - izogamie
•Palmeloidní stadia
•Plankton
•Stenotermní vody
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skupina nejasného postavení
Výsledek obrázku pro cryptophyta
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Cryptomonas ovata
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http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/Atlas/Kennkarten%20Algen/AndereAlgen/Image/Cryptomonas-ovata47f.
jpg
http://www.plingfactory.de/
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Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Stélka: bičíkatá až vláknitá
•Dříve součástí Cryptophyta
•Dva holé bičíky + haptonema
•Haptonema: podobné bičíku, jiná submikroskopická struktura
•Kontraktilní haptonema
•Haptonema slouží k: fagotrofii, rychlé změně pohybu, přichycení k substrátu
•Fukoxantin
•Thylakoidy srostlé po třech
•Chloroplasty s pyrenoidem
•Organické šupiny (polysacharidové), mohou být kalcifikovány- u řádu Coccolithophoridales
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25
skupina nejasného postavení
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•
http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Prymnesiophyta.gif
26
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Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)
•Obrovský globální význam v koloběhu uhlíku a síry
•Oligotrofní subtropická moře
•Emiliania huxleyi (tvoří bílý zákal v mořích- white water)
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•
http://escalera.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/criptogamas/plantas_criptogamas/materiales/images/alga_apto2.pn
g http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/e-huxleyi_bloom.jpg
27
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