Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition):
checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns
Nepůvodní flóra České republiky: aktualizace seznamu druhů, taxonomická diverzita a průběh invazí
Petr P y š e k1,2
, Jiří D a n i h e l k a1,3
, Jiří S á d l o1
, Jindřich C h r t e k Jr.1,4
,
Milan C h y t r ý3
, Vojtěch J a r o š í k2,1
, Zdeněk K a p l a n1
, František K r a h u l e c1
,
Lenka M o r a v c o v á1
, Jan P e r g l1
, Kateřina Š t a j e r o v á1,2
& Lubomír T i c h ý3
1
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,
Czech Republic, e-mail: pysek@ibot.cas.cz, chrtek@ibot.cas.cz, kaplan@ibot.cas.cz,
krahulec@ibot.cas.cz, moravcova@ibot.cas.cz, pergl@ibot.cas.cz, stajerova@ibot.cas.cz;
2
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-
128 44 Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail: jarosik@cesnet.cz; 3
Department of Botany and
Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail:
danihel@sci.muni.cz, chytry@sci.muni.cz, tichy@sci.muni.cz; 4
Department of Botany,
Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech
Republic
Pyšek P., Danihelka J., Sádlo J., Chrtek J. Jr., Chytrý M., Jarošík V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F.,
Moravcová L., Pergl J., Štajerová K. & Tichý L. (2012): Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech
Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. – Preslia 84:
155–255.
A complete list of all alien taxa ever recorded in the flora of the Czech Republic is presented as an
update of the original checklist published in 2002. New data accumulated in the last decade are
incorporated and the listing and status of some taxa are reassessed based on improved knowledge.
Alien flora of the Czech Republic consists of 1454 taxa listed with information on their taxonomic
position, life history, geographic origin (or mode of origin, distinguishing anecophyte and hybrid),
invasive status (casual; naturalized but not invasive; invasive), residence time status (archaeophyte
vs neophyte), mode of introduction into the country (accidental, deliberate), and date of the first
record. Additional information on species performance that was not part of the previous catalogue,
i.e. on the width of species’ habitat niches, their dominance in invaded communities, and impact, is
provided. The Czech alien flora consists of 350 (24.1%) archaeophytes and 1104 (75.9%) neophytes.
The increase in the total number of taxa compared to the previous catalogue (1378) is due to
addition of 151 taxa and removal of 75 (39 archaeophytes and 36 neophytes), important part of the
latter being the reclassification of 41 taxa as native, mostly based on archaeobotanical evidence. The
additions represent taxa newly recorded since 2002 and reported in the national literature; taxa
resulting from investigation of sources omitted while preparing the previous catalogue;
redetermination of previously reported taxa; reassessment of some taxa traditionally considered
native for which the evidence suggests the opposite; and inclusion of intraspecific taxa previously
not recognized in the flora. There are 44 taxa on the list that are reported in the present study for the
first time as aliens introduced to the Czech Republic or escaped from cultivation: Abies concolor,
A. grandis, A. nordmanniana, Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana, A. ×vilis, Berberis julianae,
B. thunbergii, Bidens ferulifolius, Buddleja alternifolia, Buglossoides incrassata subsp. splitgerberi,
Buxus sempervirens, Corispermum declinatum, Cotoneaster dielsianus, C. divaricatus, Euphorbia
myrsinites, Gleditsia triacanthos, Helleborus orientalis, Hieracium heldreichii, Koelreuteria paniculata,
Lonicera periclymenum, Lotus ornithopodioides, Malus baccata, M. pumila, Miscanthus
sacchariflorus, Morus alba, Muscari armeniacum, Paeonia lactiflora, Pennisetum alopecuroides,
Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora, P. grandiflora subsp. rosea, Podophyllum hexandrum,
Pyracantha coccinea, Rhodotypos scandens, Rumex patientia × R. tianschanicus ‘Uteuša’, Salix
cordata, Sarracenia purpurea, Sasa palmata ‘Nebulosa’, Scolymus maculatus, Spiraea japonica,
Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012 155
Tagetes tenuifolia, Thuja occidentalis, Trifolium badium, Vaccinium corymbosum and Viburnum
rhytidophyllum. All added and deleted taxa are commented on. Of the total number of taxa, 985 are
classified as casuals, 408 as naturalized but not invasive, and 61 as invasive. The reduction in the
number of invasive taxa compared to the previous catalogue is due to a more conservative approach
adopted here; only taxa that currently spread are considered invasive. Casual taxa are strongly overrepresented
among neophytes compared to archaeophytes (76.7% vs 39.4%), while naturalized but
non-invasive taxa follow the reversed pattern (18.8% vs 57.4). However, these two groups do not
significantly differ in the proportion of invasive taxa. Of introduced neophytes, 250 taxa (22.6%) are
considered vanished, i.e. no longer present in the flora, while 23.3% became naturalized, and 4.5%
invasive. In addition to the traditional classification based on introduction–naturalization–invasion
continuum, taxa were classified into 18 population groups based on their long-term trends in
metapopulation dynamics in the country, current state of their populations, and link to the propagule
pressure from cultivation. Mapping these population groups onto the unified framework for biological
invasions introduced by Blackburn et al. in 2011 made it possible to quantify invasion failures,
and boom-and-busts, in the Czech alien flora. Depending on inclusion criteria (whether or not
extinct/vanished taxa and hybrids are considered), alien taxa ever recorded in the Czech Republic
contribute 29.7–33.1% to the total country’s plant diversity; taking into account only naturalized
taxa, a permanent element of the country’s flora, the figure is 14.4–17.5%. Analysis of the dates of
the first record, known for 771 neophytes, indicates that alien taxa in the flora have been increasing
at a steady pace without any distinct deceleration trend; by extrapolating this data to all 1104 neophytes
recorded it is predicted that the projected number would reach 1264 in 2050. Deliberate
introduction was involved in 747 cases (51.4%), the remaining 48.6% of taxa are assumed to have
arrived by unintentional pathways. Archaeophytes are more abundant in landscapes, occupy on
average a wider range of habitat types than neophytes, but reach a lower cover in plant communities.
The alien flora is further analysed with respect to representation of genera and families, origin and
life history.
K e y w o r d s: abundance, alien flora, checklist, casual, cover in plant communities, Czech Republic,
exotic species, geographic origin, habitat niche, hybridization, impact, introduction–naturalization–invasion
continuum, invasive plants, life history, naturalized, non-native species, residence
time, taxonomy
Introduction
The last decade was a period of intensive research on biological invasions in Europe (see
Pyšek & Hulme 2011 for review), an important part of which represented the collation of
regional data on alien plant species. With the exception of the UK (Clement & Foster
1994, Ryves et al. 1996, Preston et al. 2002), complete checklists of alien floras for European
countries only started to appear at the beginning of the 2000s (Essl & Rabitsch 2002,
Klotz et al. 2002, Reynolds 2002). The first comprehensive checklist of alien plants in the
Czech Republic was published 10 years ago as a part of the Catalogue of alien plants of the
Czech Republic (Pyšek et al. 2002). It provided information on 1378 alien taxa and stimulated
development of the associated database CzechFlor, held at the Institute of Botany AS
CR in Průhonice. These data, together with other datasets resulting from recent research,
have been used for a number of analyses of plant invasions in the country that addressed
issues such as species invasiveness (Kubešová et al. 2010, Moravcová et al. 2010), associations
with pollinators (Pyšek et al. 2011a), habitat invasibility (Chytrý et al. 2005, 2008a,
2009b, Sádlo et al. 2007), rates of spread and range filling (Williamson et al. 2005, 2009,
Pyšek et al. 2011c), interaction of traits, propagule pressure and residence time in affecting
invasion success (Pyšek et al. 2009b), pathway efficiency (Pyšek et al. 2011b), and risk
assessment (Křivánek & Pyšek 2006, Chytrý et al. 2009b). In addition, data on native
156 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
species that are also part of the CzechFlor database provided basis for analyses of the performance
of central-European species as aliens in other parts of the world (Pyšek et al.
2009a, Phillips et al. 2010, Stohlgren et al. 2011). Within the DAISIE and ALARM
(Settele et al. 2005) projects, the data from the 2002 catalogue were part of the pan-European
dataset that was used to analyse invasion patterns at the continental level, including
cross-taxonomic evaluation of the role of macroeconomic and demographic factors in
determining regional levels of invasion (Pyšek et al. 2010b, Essl et al. 2011), distribution
of alien species in habitats (Pyšek et al. 2010a), assessment of ecological and economic
impacts of alien species in Europe (Winter et al. 2009, Vilà et al. 2010) and risk-assessment
for plants based on habitat mapping (Chytrý et al. 2008b, 2009a, 2012).
These studies clearly indicate the value of complete national or regional checklists for
understanding invasions. This started to be fully recognized in the 2000s and resulted in
a call for pan-European inventory of invasive species within the European framework
programmes; until then there was some information on alien floras available for European
countries (Weber 1997), but the quality of data was highly variable (Pyšek 2003). The
DAISIE project (2004–2008) made it possible to organize and develop this line of research
based on extensive international cooperation in Europe (DAISIE 2009). The project
assembled available data on alien plants for 48 European countries and regions, which
until then were scattered in a variety of published and unpublished accounts and databases.
For some countries DAISIE collected the first comprehensive checklists of alien
species based on primary data (Lambdon et al. 2008), and established an online database,
the European Invasive Alien Species Gateway (DAISIE 2008). At the same time it stimulated
elaboration of comprehensive alien species checklists in individual countries, a process
that still continues, and yielded new plant data for e.g. Belgium (Verloove 2006),
Estonia (Ööpik et al. 2008), Italy (Celesti-Grapow et al. 2009), Greece (Arianoutsou et al.
2010), and most recently Slovakia (Medvecká et al. 2012).
The Czech Republic, a central-European country with an area 78,864 km2
, 10.3 million
inhabitants, and a human population density of 131 inhabitants per km2
, is prone to plant
invasions due to historical and geographical factors: location on the crossroads of the continent,
many natural or human-created migration routes opening possibilities for colonization,
and long-lasting human influence that further diversified the naturally diverse and
heterogeneous landscape mosaic (see Pyšek et al. 2002 for details). These features,
together with a strong botanical tradition and in-depth knowledge of plant communities
(Chytrý 2007, 2009, 2011) make the country a suitable model for studying regional patterns
of plant invasions. In the last decade since the publication of the previous catalogue
a wealth of information on alien species has been accumulated, which created a need for
a revision of the original checklist.
The aim of the present paper is to update and improve the original checklist of alien
plant taxa in the Czech Republic (Pyšek et al. 2002) by incorporating new data accumulated
in the last decade, reassessing the status of taxa resulting from improved taxonomic
knowledge, and wherever needed, correcting errors which can hardly be avoided in such
a comprehensive work. We also provide additional information that was not part of the
previous catalogue, including the width of species’ habitat niches, their dominance in
invaded communities and their impacts. Changes from the 2002 version are documented
so that the reasoning behind them can be followed.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 157
Methods
Data sources
The basis for the present checklist was the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic
published a decade ago (Pyšek et al. 2002). For historical data, the compilation of both the
previous and current checklist relied on an outstanding tradition of the floristic research in
the Czech Republic dating back to the second half of the 18th century (reviewed in detail in
Pyšek et al. 2002). Already in the 19th century, a series of floras and species lists were published,
covering the present territory of the Czech Republic (see Krahulec 2012 for a review
of the history of botanical research), and recognizing plants by geographic origin; these provide
valuable information about the occurrence of plants at those times and residence times
of neophytes (Pohl 1809–1814, Presl & Presl 1819, Opiz 1823, 1852, Rohrer & Mayer
1835, Makowsky 1863, Oborny 1886, Formánek 1887–1897). The wealth of information on
alien plants can be found especially in the remarkable works by Čelakovský (1868–1883,
1882–1894), who recognized the alien status and origin of some plants present in the Czech
flora and commented in considerable detail on their distribution. The recognition of alien
plants continued in floras and specialized studies in the 20th century (e.g. Polívka
1900–1904, Laus 1908, Domin 1917, 1918, 1919, Dostál et al. 1948–1950, 1954, 1958,
1989). Since the 1960s, systematic attention started to be paid to plants, including aliens, in
specific human-made habitats (ports, railways, oilseed or wool processing factories, grain
silos, mills, rubbish tips, arable land, etc.) thanks to a specialized research section established
at the Institute of Botany, Průhonice, in the 1960s. This work yielded several focused
compendia (e.g. Hejný et al. 1973) and provided a basis for systematic recording of alien
plants (e.g. Jehlík 1986, 1998a).
The Flora of the Czech Republic, with eight of nine planned volumes published up to
now (Hejný & Slavík 1988–1992, Slavík 1995, 1997a, 2000, Slavík & Štěpánková 2004,
Štěpánková 2010) and the Key to the flora of the Czech Republic (Kubát et al. 2002), served
as a fundamental information source for this checklist. Other recent sources included
national floristic literature, namely that published in the journals of the Czech Botanical
Society (see References). During the last decade, new records for the flora of the Czech
Republic have been systematically reported in an annually published series, Additamenta ad
floram Reipublicae Bohemicae, which has thus far yielded 10 summarizing accounts
(Hadinec et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, Hadinec & Lustyk 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011,
2012). The series, initiated and edited by J. Hadinec, in cooperation with František
Procházka and Pavel Lustyk, proved a valuable source because it not only reports new finds
but also critically re-evaluates status of particular species and provides additional data on
their distribution.
For archaeophytes, a strong tradition of Czech archaeobotanical research provided
a solid basis for evaluation of species origin and immigration status. Main sources include
the works of E. Opravil and V. Čulíková (see References), the results of which are now
available in the Archaeobotanical database of the Czech Republic (CZAD; Archaeological
Institute AS CR 2011).
Other data sources included unpublished information provided by many colleagues
(see Acknowledgments), herbarium collections to verify some literature reports (namely
PR, PRC, BRNU and PRA; codes follow Thiers 2012) and our own floristic field records
from 2002–2012.
158 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
The data presented here and in the previous catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002) are organized
in the working database CzechFlor held at the Institute of Botany AS CR, Průhonice.
Classification of taxa: invasion status
This work focuses on alien species (synonyms: adventive, exotic, introduced, non-indigenous,
non-native) in the Czech Republic which we define as species present in the region
because human actions enabled them to overcome fundamental biogeographical barriers
(i.e. human-mediated extra-range dispersal); they occur in the area as a result of intentional
or accidental introduction by humans, or of a spontaneous spread from other regions
where they were introduced by humans. Crosses resulting from hybridization with one or
both alien species involved are considered alien (Pyšek et al. 2004a). We define native
species (synonym: indigenous species) as those that have evolved in a given area or that
arrived there by natural means (through range expansion) without any intentional or accidental
intervention of humans from an area where they are native (Pyšek et al. 2004a).
We classified species according to the stage they reached along the introduction–naturalization–invasion
continuum (INIC) that describes how species proceed in the invasion
process by overcoming geographical, environmental and biotic barriers (Richardson et al.
2000, 2011, Richardson & Pyšek 2006, Blackburn et al. 2011). Based on this concept we
use the following terms to describe the invasion status:
(i) Casual species are those alien species that do not form self-sustaining populations
in the invaded region; they may flourish and reproduce occasionally in an area but their
persistence depends on repeated introductions of propagules.
(ii) Naturalized species (synonym: established species) form self-sustaining populations
for several life cycles without direct intervention by people, or despite human intervention;
they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to adult plants and their persistence
does not depend on ongoing input of propagules.
(iii) Invasive species are a subset of naturalized species; they form self-replacing populations
over many life cycles, produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers
at considerable distances from the parent and/or site of introduction, and have the potential
to spread over long distances. In addition to this definition, we introduce the
metapopulation criterion to separate invasive species from naturalized, to account for the
historical population dynamics of the treated taxa (see the next section).
We included in the list all taxa that were reported to occur at least once in the wild,
while those kept exclusively in cultivation are not considered. For escapees from cultivation,
a plant was included in the list if it reproduced on its own outside the space where it
was sown or planted (Pyšek et al. 2002). In plants reproducing by seed, germination outside
such space was considered as an escape from cultivation. A plant reproducing
clonally was considered as an escape from cultivation only if it survived winter and persisted
in a given site until the following growing season.
Compared to the previous catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002), we adopted a more conservative
approach; if there were doubts about a species’ origin status and no strong evidence to
consider it alien, it was not included in the list; this conservative approach resulted in
removing some species that were listed in the previous catalogue (see Appendix 1).
The classification of casual vs naturalized status is especially difficult for woody plants
reproducing in the parks or gardens where they are planted; in some cases this happens
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 159
over a large area and for decades (e.g. many trees and shrubs in the Průhonice Park near
Prague where there is a long-term systematic recording of regeneration). Here we aimed at
adopting the criterion of reproduction over several generations (Richardson et al. 2000)
which puts the time criterion in a different perspective than that applied for non-woody
taxa. Such taxa are therefore mostly classified as casual. Also, the majority of hybrids are
considered casual, with the exception of stabilized hybrids that include some naturalized
(e.g. Medicago ×varia, Helianthus ×laetiflorus, Mentha ×rotundifolia and Oenothera
spp.) or invasive taxa (e.g. Reynoutria ×bohemica, Populus ×canadensis and Symphyotrichum
×versicolor).
Unlike the previous catalogue (see Pyšek et al. 2002 and their Appendix 1), we do not
explicitly label taxa as locally naturalized. In the present paper this can be inferred from
the combination of invasion status and regional abundance category in Appendix 2. In the
same vein, taxa are not labelled as post-invasive since this status is included in the classification
using the population groups (see below).
Classification of taxa into categories based on long-term population dynamics and historical
link with cultivation: incorporating the unified framework for biological invasions
In addition to traditional classification scheme dividing species into three basic categories
along the INIC (Richardson et al. 2000, Richardson & Pyšek 2006, Pyšek & Richardson
2010) here we attempt for an even finer classification based on the population approach
emphasized by Blackburn et al. (2011). The basis for this classification are the criteria of
reproduction and survival applied against the background of the metapopulation
approach. This makes it possible to separate species that survive in a single or few populations
in a spatially restricted area from those that spread and form metapopulations over
large areas.
Another important point to emphasize is that we refer to the population history viewed
from the current perspective, i.e. the state in which the populations of a given species
exist at present. Therefore, invasions that proved unsuccessful in proceeding along the various
stages of the INIC (see Blackburn et al. 2011 and their Fig. 1) are reflected in the current
classification, and in changes of invasion status compared to the previous treatment
(Pyšek et al. 2002). From this it follows that some taxa that were previously classified as
naturalized are moved to the casual category (reflecting ‘invasion failure’), and some taxa
previously considered invasive are now classified as naturalized (reflecting ‘boom and
bust phenomenon’; sensu Blackburn et al. 2011). These shifts among the INIC categories
reflect not only changes in species’ behaviour in the past decade but also the more conservative
approach adopted for the current classification. Another principle we follow is that
of the highest stage achieved at the population level; individual populations of an alien
species may occur in a region in different stages of the INIC; early in the process, some can
be naturalized while others are still casual (e.g. Essl et al. 2009), whereas later on, some
can be invasive while others not (e.g. Meyerson et al. 2010a, b, Saltonstall et al. 2010).
Therefore, if some of the populations of a species reached the naturalized or invasion
stage, the species is classified as such in Appendix 2.
Therefore, the rationale of classification of alien species into finer groups (termed
‘population groups’) is based on the following criteria (Table 1):
160 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
(A) Sustainability of populations of the species in the target region of the Czech
Republic; here we distinguish between (i) species existing as non-self-sustaining populations
or occasionally recorded individuals, corresponding to Blackburn et al.’s (2011) categories
B3+C2, and the casual stage of Richardson et al.’s (2000) framework; the reason
for lumping the categories B3 (defined as individuals transported beyond limits of native
range, and directly released into novel environment) and C2 (individuals surviving in the
wild in location where introduced, reproduction occurring, but population not self-sustaining)
is that from records in floristic literature it is impossible to infer whether the presence
of the plant is due to a direct introduction of a propagule into the region or a result of
a temporary reproductive event within the region; (ii) species occurring in self-sustaining
populations; these populations can be numerous and widespread but remain isolated
(C3+D1+D2, naturalized species – lumping due to insufficient knowledge about whether
the populations recruit from the original point of introduction and whether those spread far
from it reproduce in new locations); and (iii) species that currently form numerous and
persistent metapopulations widespread over large areas (Blackburn et al.’s 2011 category E).
(B) Historical population dynamics is used to classify species according to the highest
stage they reached in the invasion process combined with the current state. We distinguish
whether or not the most successful populations of unsuccessful species have established
and were surviving in the region before decline to the current levels of occurrence;
successful species are classified based on the tendency for spread, with respect to whether
this trend occurred in the past or is still valid (Table 1). Employing this criterion, i.e. focus
on the current status of species’ populations and processes that resulted in the present
state, is the reason why the correspondence with the categories of Blackburn et al. (2011)
is, however, not automatically translated into those of the introduction–naturalization–invasion
continuum. This concerns those species classified as D1, D2 and considered
invasive in Blackburn et al.’s (2011) scheme (self-sustaining population in the wild, with
individuals surviving, or also reproducing, a significant distance from the original point of
introduction), populations of which no longer exhibit dynamic spread and are currently
stabilized (Groups 7, 9, 11 in Table 1), or even decline in the Czech Republic (Group 6).
We also do not consider as invasive those species that only start to exhibit symptoms of the
beginning spread (Groups 8, 10, 12). Adhering to a conservative approach, these species
are still considered as naturalized. Nevertheless, they merit particular attention in terms of
monitoring as they are likely to become invasive in the near future. Only those species that
are currently spreading are classified as invasive (Groups 14, 16, 18; Table 1).
(C) Link to populations in cultivation. The above criteria are employed against the
background of species’ planting histories in the region. Here we separate species into (i)
those that have never been cultivated (corresponding to contaminant and stowaway pathways
of introduction according to Hulme et al. 2008; Appendix 2), hence unsupported by
the propagule pressure from planted populations; (ii) those in which the peak of planting
intensity was in the past and at present the planting ceased or is only of marginal importance;
and (iii) those that are still commonly kept in cultivation, be it for horticultural or
agricultural purposes. For the cultivated species this criterion refers to the degree of continuity
of propagule pressure. The time frame over which this criterion applies is the last ca
200 years for which period the information on the frequency of planting can be inferred.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 161
162Preslia84:155–255,2012
Table 1. – Classification of the alien flora of the Czech Republic into population groups (PG) based on the current population state and their connectivity, trends in their long-term
dynamics, and link to cultivated populations as a source of propagule pressure in the past and present. See text for details. The population groups are referred by numbers presented
in Appendix 2, with the INIC (introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum) status indicated and number of species shown in parentheses. The link to the unified invasion
framework (Blackburn et al. 2011) is indicated by their categories that are relevant to the given population state shown in parentheses; note that some of their categories
referring to the invasion stage such as D1, D2, E (Blackburn et al. 2011; their Fig. 1) are classified as naturalized because the focus here is on the present state and approach
adopted is conservative. Taxa in these categories may have reached the invasion stage in the past but their populations are stabilized and no longer spread. Link to standard classification
of the INIC categories (Richardson et al. 2000) is indicated by coloured shading. The scheme also separates groups of taxa introduced by unintentional pathways (contaminant,
stowaway), marked “none” in the Cultivation column, from those introduced deliberately (release, escape; Hulme et al. 2008, Pyšek et al. 2011b).
Populations Cultivation Introduction & Failure Establishment &
Failure
Establishment & No
trend
Starting spread Ongoing spread
(a) Not self-sustaining
(B3, C2)
(a1) None PG1:
casual (395)
PG2:
casual (45)
(a2) Past PG3:
casual (17)
(a3) Ongoing PG4 & 5:
casual (501 & 28)
(b) Self-sustaining
(C3, D1, D2)
(b1) None PG6:
naturalized (54)
PG7:
naturalized (40)
PG8:
naturalized (43)
(b2) Past PG9:
naturalized (36)
PG10:
naturalized (11)
(b3) Ongoing PG11:
naturalized (65)
PG12:
naturalized (31)
(c) Metapopulations
(E)
(c1) None PG13:
naturalized (100)
PG14:
invasive (28)
(c2) Past PG15:
naturalized (8)
PG16:
Invasive (9)
(c3) Ongoing Group 17:
naturalized (19)
PG18:
invasive (24)
Total taxa 924 116 268 85 61
Residence time status
Based on the residence time, i.e. the time since the arrival of a species to the territory of the
present Czech Republic, we distinguish archaeophytes (taxa introduced before the discovery
of America, approx. 1500 A. D.) and neophytes (taxa introduced after that date), following
the concept traditionally used in European studies on plant invasions (e.g. Holub &
Jirásek 1967, Pyšek et al. 2002, 2004a). When evaluating residence time status of hybrids,
we followed that of the alien parent; therefore, crosses of archaeophytes with native are
considered archaeophytes, and hybridization with neophytes involved are classified as
neophytes regardless of the status of the second parent.
For neophytes, we determined the year of the first record in the Czech Republic that is
used to infer the minimum residence time, i.e. the time for which the species is known to be
present (Rejmánek 2000, Pyšek & Jarošík 2005, Richardson & Pyšek 2006); this characteristic
is important in evaluation of invasion status since it indicates how much time the species
had to colonize suitable habitats (Williamson et al. 2009, Gassó et al. 2010), go through a lag
phase (Kowarik 1995, Crooks 2005) or build relationship with native biota (Pyšek et al.
2011a). As pointed out above, the reliability of the years of first records crucially depends on
the intensity of floristic research in the past (see Pyšek et al. 2002 for discussion).
Species traits: taxonomic affiliation and life history
Taxonomic affiliation of taxa to families follows the approach of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group Classification: APG III (Stevens 2001 onwards, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2009), and Smith et al. (2006) for ferns. This classification system incorporates data from
molecular, chemical and morphological phylogenies in an attempt to represent the latest
thinking on angiosperm evolution, and in a few lineages (e.g. Scrophulariales) it differs
markedly from the traditional system.
The following life histories were assigned to the species: annual, biennial, perennial,
semishrub, shrub, tree, fern, aquatic and parasitic (see Appendix 2).
Geographic origin
Taxa were classified according to their geographic origin (native range) at the level of continents
(parts of Europe other than the Czech Republic, Africa, Asia, North America
including Mexico, Central America, South America, and Australia). Unlike the previous
catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002), we distinguished the Mediterranean region as a separate
region of origin, covering respective parts of southern Europe, northern Africa and western
Asia from Turkey and Israel to Afghanistan. This broad definition of the Mediterranean
region corresponds to the Mediterranean, Submediterranean and Oriental Floristic
Subregions according to Meusel et al. (1965). The region delimited in this way is very convenient
for plant invasion studies as it includes the areas of origin of Neolithic agriculture.
Indications of Europe, Asia and Africa in Appendix 2 refer to their parts other than the
Mediterranean region in this delimitation.
Hybrids and species that originated through recent hybridization are listed as a special
origin category and we employed classification based on how species originated in terms
of their evolutionary history. This approach acknowledges that some did not evolve naturally,
but under human influence, do not have a natural home range, and their original habPyšek
et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 163
itat is unknown (Kühn & Klotz 2003). Especially for many archaeophytes, native ranges
are not known or are highly uncertain, and some archaeophytes are regarded as alien
throughout their known global range. These taxa, termed anecophytes (homeless plants;
Zohary 1962) could be cultivated plants that escaped to the wild or plants that co-evolved
with human land uses such as agriculture (Kühn & Klotz 2002, 2003, Kühn et al. 2004). In
our treatment, we follow the more conservative approach and label as anecophytes mostly
those species that evolved in cultivation, or species occurring in the wild but with their
region of origin being unknown.
Regional abundance
Type of regional abundance in the landscape was estimated for each taxon using the following
scale: single locality, rare, scattered, locally abundant, and common across the
whole Czech Republic. A special category termed ‘vanished’ relates to the taxa for which
no records have been known for a long period, and where it is highly improbable that they
would appear again (Pyšek et al. 2002).
Occurrence in habitats
The previous catalogue provided information on the occurrence of alien species in phytosociological
alliances, different types of landscapes and with respect to landuse (Pyšek et
al. 2002). Here we use extensively revised data from the database of species occurrences in
88 major habitat types of the Czech Republic as defined by Sádlo et al. (2007), which correspond
to phytosociological alliances or groups of alliances. All four levels of species
affinity to the habitats as defined by Sádlo et al. (2007: 305) are taken into account, i.e.
a species is considered as occurring in a habitat even if the habitat is outside its ecological
optimum, but the species is occasionally found there.
Cover in plant communities
To obtain the data on the cover of alien species in plant communities, we used vegetation
plot observations (phytosociological relevés) stored in the Czech National Phytosociological
Database held at the Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University,
Brno (Chytrý & Rafajová 2003, EU-CZ-001 according to Dengler et al. 2011). At the time
of data extraction (April 2012) the database contained 88,215 relevés from plots smaller
than 1000 m2
with an indication of plot size and geographical coordinates. Of these,
41,582 relevés contained at least one alien species. To reduce oversampling of some areas
or some vegetation types, we selected only one relevé from a group or relevés assigned to
the same phytosociological alliance within the same grid cell of 1.25 longitudinal × 0.75
latitudinal minutes, i.e. approximately 1.5 × 1.4 km. This stratified resampling yielded
16,033 relevés containing 437 alien species, which were used to quantify species cover.
Only species occurring in at least 25 relevés were evaluated to avoid inaccuracies resulting
from small sample size. For these species, mean percentage cover across all relevés in
which the species was present was calculated.
Impact
To provide the first insights into the impacts of alien plant species in the Czech Republic,
we used the data gathered by the DAISIE project (DAISIE 2008, 2009) and indicated
164 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
those species on our list for which an ecological and/or economic impact is reported in the
literature (Vilà et al. 2010). With a few exceptions indicated in Appendix 2, this classification
has not been done specifically for the Czech Republic but refers to any region in
Europe, meaning that species labelled as exerting impact may not do so in this country.
Statistical analysis
To test whether there are differences between species numbers according to their invasion
status, life histories, abundances and origins, their counts were analysed by row × column
contingency tables, using generalized linear models with log-link function and Poisson
distribution of errors (e.g. Crawley 1993: 231–237). To ascertain for which species the
counts are lower or higher than would be expected by chance, adjusted standardized residuals
of G-tests were compared with critical values of normal distribution (Řehák &
Řeháková 1986). The estimates of yearly accumulations of neophytes, including projected
total numbers in 2050, were assessed from linear regressions of cumulative numbers that
started in the year 1800.
Results and discussion
Diversity of alien flora
The alien flora of the Czech Republic consists of 1454 taxa, made up by 350 archaeophytes
(24.1%) and 1104 neophytes (75.9%; Table 2, Appendix 2), which represent addition
to ca 2945 native taxa known from the country (using a preliminary estimate from
Danihelka et al. 2012) and form 33.1% of the total plant diversity ever recorded there.
Although similar figures for individual countries are subject to variation resulting not only
from composition of floras but also from the variable depth of their knowledge, intensity
of research into alien species, or whether apomictic species are included in comparisons
(see Williamson 2002, Pyšek et al. 2002 and discussion therein), the proportion given here
seems to reasonably reflect situation in countries with detailed knowledge of their floras.
Subtracting species that are assumed to be vanished among alien (277 taxa, Appendix 2)
and extinct from native flora (153 taxa in the Red List categories A1 and A2; Danihelka et
al. 2012) yields a figure of 29.7% of aliens contributing to the plant diversity currently
occurring in the Czech Republic.
Table 2. – Numbers of all alien taxa in the Czech Republic, including hybrids, cross-tabulated across invasion status
and immigration time. Note that invasive taxa are subgroup of naturalized. Overall, the observed counts of
alien taxa (in bold) highly significantly (χ
2
= 193.56; df = 2; P < 0.0001) differ from counts expected by chance
(values in parentheses). Statistically highly significant deviations of individual counts from counts that can be
expected by chance are expressed by asterisks (*** P < 0.001); numbers in parentheses not followed by any symbol
do not differ from randomly expected values.
Naturalized
Casual Naturalized non-invasive Invasive Total
Archaeophytes 138 (235.5)*** 201 (97.6)*** 11 (14.8) 350
Neophytes 847 (748.5)*** 207 (310.3)*** 50 (47.2) 1104
All aliens 985 408 61 1454
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 165
If we further exclude 94 hybrids recorded from the total number of alien taxa, and compare
this figure with the current native species diversity without 575 hybrids (Danihelka et
al. 2002), the proportion of alien taxa 32.8%. The hybrids between neophytes and native
taxa, and between two neophytes, are more frequent than hybrids involving archaeophytes.
Overall, neophytes are involved in 58 hybrid combinations, archaeophytes in 42
and native species in 56 (Table 3).
Finally, considering only permanently present taxa, i.e. 469 naturalized aliens (including
both non-invasive and invasive) and the native flora without extinct representatives,
yields 14.4% contribution of alien flora to the current plant diversity, or 17.5% if hybrids
are excluded from native flora. This proportion is probably a more realistic measure of the
level of invasion of the country’s species pool than is usually given in overall figures based
on all species ever recorded, including casuals, because it better reflects the threat from
alien species’ impacts and potential for invasion debt to operate (Essl et al. 2011).
Table 3. – Numbers of hybrids in the alien flora classified according to the origin and residence time status of their
parental species. Note that the total number of hybrids across the three groups (n = 94) does not correspond to the
sum of numbers within the groups involved because all combinations are displayed row-wise. Anecophytes are
listed as species of unknown origin, the majority of which originated by hybridization in cultivation. Hybrids of
native species are not relevant (n.r.) for this comparison.
× Archaeophyte × Neophyte × Native Total within group
Archaeophyte 13 6 23 42
Neophyte 6 19 33 58
Native 23 33 n.r. 56
Hybrids total 94
Anecophytes 105
Hybrids and anecophytes total 199
Changes to the 2002 checklist
Compared to the first checklist (Pyšek et al. 2002), 75 taxa were removed (39
archaeophytes and 36 neophytes). The majority of these changes resulted from reclassifying
some taxa as native (41 taxa) where evidence for their alien origin was not convincing
enough under the conservative approach adopted in the present paper; they were mostly
archaeophytes but there are also six neophytes with alien status which appeared doubtful
based on recently published evidence: Agropyron pectinatum, Crocus heuffelianus,
Epilobium dodonaei, Senecio rupestris, Teucrium scorodonia and Viola tricolor subsp.
curtisii. For nine taxa previously classified as deliberately introduced casuals, the evidence
for escaping from cultivation was ambiguous. Other deletions relate to 10 taxonomically
unjustified taxa now omitted from the Czech flora, and 16 cases are doubtful records
previously only reported in the literature that cannot be considered as proven without herbarium
evidence, or taxa that were erroneously determined by the collector. All deleted
species are dealt with in detail in Appendix 1.
In total, 151 taxa not listed in Pyšek et al. (2002) are included, representing additions to
the alien flora of the Czech Republic. This includes taxa newly recorded since 2002 and (i)
reported in the literature (e.g. Convallaria majalis var. transcaucasica, Darmera peltata,
166 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Dittrichia graveolens, Euphorbia agraria, Galium murale, Geranium purpureum, Gratiola
neglecta, Hypericum annulatum, Legousia pentagonia, Pimpinella peregrina and Stachys
setifera), including two volumes of the Flora of the Czech Republic published in this period
(Slavík & Štěpánková 2004, Štěpánková 2010) that report taxa missing from previous catalogue
(e.g. Cichorium endivia, Egeria densa and Filago pyramidata); (ii) additions resulting
from investigation of sources omitted from the previous catalogue (e.g. Euphrasia
salisburgensis, Herniaria incana, Rumex longifolius subsp. sourekii, Trifolium badium and
Xerochrysum bracteatum), including some herbarium materials (e.g. Centaurea carniolica,
C. transalpina and Corispermum declinatum); (iii) redetermination of previously reported
taxa (e.g. Eriochloa punctata, Gilia achilleifolia, Hieracium sp. ex H. heldreichii agg.,
Rodgersia pinnata and Spiraea hypericifolia subsp. obovata); (iv) reassessment of some
taxa traditionally considered native for which the evidence suggests the opposite (e.g.
Eragrostis pilosa, Lathyrus hirsutus, Lilium bulbiferum, Matricaria chamomilla and Sorbus
austriaca); (v) intraspecific taxa previously not recognized in the flora (e.g. Avena sterilis
subsp. ludoviciana). Accounts on the newly added alien species in the Czech flora are given
in Appendix 1, with respective references.
In total, 44 taxa are reported in the present study for the first time as aliens introduced to
the Czech Republic or escaping from cultivation (Appendix 1): Abies concolor, A. grandis,
A. nordmanniana, Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana, A. ×vilis, Berberis julianae,
B. thunbergii, Bidens ferulifolius, Buddleja alternifolia, Buglossoides incrassata subsp.
splitgerberi, Buxus sempervirens, Corispermum declinatum, Cotoneaster dielsianus,
C. divaricatus, Euphorbia myrsinites, Gleditsia triacanthos, Helleborus orientalis, Hieracium
heldreichii agg., Koelreuteria paniculata, Lonicera periclymenum, Lotus ornithopodioides,
Malus baccata, M. pumila, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Morus alba, Muscari
armeniacum, Paeonia lactiflora, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Pinguicula crystallina subsp.
hirtiflora, P. grandiflora subsp. rosea, Podophyllum hexandrum, Pyracantha coccinea,
Rhodotypos scandens, Rumex patientia × R. tianschanicus ‘Uteuša’, Salix cordata, Sarracenia
purpurea, Sasa palmata ‘Nebulosa’, Scolymus maculatus, Spiraea japonica, Tagetes
tenuifolia, Thuja occidentalis, Trifolium badium, Vaccinium corymbosum and Viburnum
rhytidophyllum.
Finally, compared to the previous version of the catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002), 134
names were changed due to nomenclatural reasons or development in taxonomic opinion;
these changes are summarized in Electronic Appendix 1.
Transitions along the introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum
Among the 1454 taxa, 985 (67.7%) are classified as casual, 408 (28.1%) as naturalized but
non-invasive, and 61 (4.2%) as invasive (Fig. 1, Table 2). Among casual taxa, 86.0% are
neophytes and 14.0% archaeophytes, the corresponding figures being 50.7 and 49.3%,
respectively, for naturalized, and 82.0 and 18.0% for invasive taxa. From this it follows
that casual taxa are strongly over-represented among neophytes, and naturalized among
archaeophytes (Table 2, Fig. 1), a pattern previously illustrated for the Czech flora by
Pyšek et al. (2002) and also valid for neighbouring Slovakia (Medvecká et al. 2012). Interestingly,
the observed numbers of neither archaeophytes nor neophytes differ from those
expected by chance, indicating that there is no difference between the two groups in the
proportion of species that reach the invasion stage (Table 2, Fig. 1).
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 167
Data on neophytes provide insights into the transition rates along INIC, i.e. how large
a proportion of species reach the subsequent stages of the invasion process (Fig. 2); this
proportion cannot be calculated for archaeophytes because information on casual species
from the initial periods of introduction is missing (Pyšek et al. 2002). Of the total number
of 847 recorded casual neophytes, 250 (29.5%) have not been recorded for a long period of
time and are therefore considered vanished (96 of them were only known from a single
locality), and 597 (70.5%) are currently present as casuals. Of the 1104 neophytes, 257
(23.3%) became naturalized, and 50 (19.5%) of the naturalized are considered invasive
(Fig. 2).
The approach we adopt takes into account invasion failures, represented by dotted
arrows in Fig. 2 that indicate reversed directions in the invasion process. This makes it possible,
by using finer classification based on the assessment of long-term population
dynamics and its comparison with the current stage (Table 1), to map the number of taxa
onto the unified framework of biological invasions (Blackburn et al. 2011). Four types of
unsuccessful invasions can be recognized, depicted in Fig. 3 and based on population
groups described below: (i) casual taxa that failed to establish, never forming self-sustaining
populations (PG 1+4+5); (ii) taxa that formed self-sustaining populations in the past
but declined so that this is no longer the case (PG 2+3); (iii) taxa present for a long time
with populations surviving in the landscape; although they are still considered naturalized,
their invasion obviously failed because they are rare and their decline is likely to continue
(PG6); (iv) naturalized species that form stabilized metapopulations in the wild, some of
them reached the invasion stage in the past but their current occurrence indicates that they
declined; therefore they are considered as representatives of the boom and bust phenomenon
(PG 13+15+17; Fig. 3).
168 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
39.4
76.7
67.7
57.4
18.8
28.1
3.1 4.5 4.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Archaeophytes Neophytes All aliens
Casual
Naturalized
Invasive
Percentageoftaxa
Fig. 1. – Representation of taxa according to invasion status (casual, including vanished taxa; naturalized but noninvasive;
invasive) among archaeophytes, neophytes and all aliens in the flora of the Czech Republic. See Table 2
for the numbers of taxa and statistics.
Overview of population groups
( a ) N o t s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g p o p u l a t i o n s o r i n d i v i d u a l s
( a 1 ) N o l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 1. Introduction and failure. Unintentionally introduced taxa that were only
recorded as individuals or in small populations, mostly occasionally, and are reported
from a single or few locations; they are classified as casuals and a significant proportion
(186 of 395 in total) are considered vanished, i.e. recorded in the past and not observed for
a long time since the last record. The vast majority of taxa in this group (364) are neophytes,
and many occasionally recorded hybrids (75) also fall here. Typical examples
include Alhagi maurorum, Chloris virgata, Cakile maritima, Conyza triloba and Scleroblitum
atriplicinum.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 169
Introduced: 1104
Casual
surviving: 597
Casual
vanished: 250
Naturalized
non-invasive: 207
Naturalized
invasive: 50
Casual: 847 Naturalized: 257
100%
Invasionsuccess
77% 23%
Course of invasion (time)
19%
54%
23%
4%
Fig. 2. – Transition rates in alien flora of the Czech Republic, shown for neophytes, along the introduction–naturalization–invasion
continuum (INIC). For each category, the number of taxa is given and the height of the bar
with the associated number indicates the percentage of the total number of 1104 neophytes recorded that reached
that stage. Casuals are divided into those that survive (70.5% of the total number of casuals) and that are considered
vanished (29.5%), naturalized into non-invasive (80.5%) and invasive (19.5%). Invasion failures at different
stages of the INIC are represented by dotted arrows and quantified in Fig. 3.
Group 2. Establishment and failure. This group includes almost exclusively archaeophytes
(37 of 45 in total) that were surviving in the landscape for centuries or millennia,
formed self-sustained populations in the past, some of them might have been even invasive
at some stage, but now they have declined or are even considered vanished (22 taxa). In the
previous catalogue, they were mostly classified as naturalized, often post-invasive (Pyšek
et al. 2002); the change in classification of these taxa resulted from the focus on the current
state adopted in the present treatment and the fact that they no longer occur in populations
that can be considered self-sustaining. The group includes some red-listed archaeophytes
(e.g. Agrostemma githago, Atriplex rosea, Heliotropium europaeum, Lolium remotum
and Scandix pecten-veneris; Holub & Procházka 2000), but also neophytes (e.g. Cnidium
silaifolium and Xanthium spinosum), and refers to the invasion failure in the sense of
Blackburn et al. (2011).
( a 2 ) P a s t l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 3. Establishment and failure. A group of 17 taxa that are either archaeophytes or
neophytes introduced long ago, mostly in the 19th century, were surviving due to weak but
continued propagule pressure from cultivated populations in the past but never formed
self-sustaining population in the wild. Since the planting has ceased or its intensity
strongly decreased, they are currently declining or have already vanished (13 taxa). Examples
include Camelina sativa, Chenopodium foliosum, Dracocephalum moldavica, Madia
sativa, Pyrus nivalis, Stachys affinis or Trigonella foenum-graecum.
170 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Geography
Captivityor
Cultivation
Survival
Reproduction
Dispersal
Environmental
Stage
Prevention
Eradication
Containment
Management
Mitigation
Invasion Failure “Boom and Bust”
E:62
(PG14+16+18)
61
(PG14+16+18)
4.2%
55
(PG
6)
(PG
6)
61
(PG
2+3)
(PG
2+3)
E:126
(PG
13+15+17)
(PG
13+15+17)
C2
C1 C3 D1, D2C0
B3
B1, B2
A
Barrier
8.7%
AlienAlien
CasualCasual Naturalized/EstablishedNaturalized/EstablishedTerminology
InvasiveInvasive
Transport Introduction Establishment Spread
1454
taxa1454
taxa
85
(PG8+10+12)
5.8%141
(PG7+9+11)
9.7%
924
(PG
1+4+5)
924
(PG
1+4+5)
62
54
127
3.7%
4.3%
63.5%
Fig. 3. – Population groups (PG) of alien taxa in the Czech flora (see text for details and Table 1 for overview)
mapped onto the unified framework for biological invasions (Blackburn et al. 2011; the background figure
reprinted with permission from Elsevier Limited). Population groups corresponding to casual ᭿ᮀ, naturalized but
not invasive ᭿ᮀ, and invasive ᭿ᮀ taxa are distinguished by different colours. Number of taxa and percentages of
the total of 1454 are indicated for each stage. Note that the groups do not match precisely the casual–naturalized–invasive
areas at the top of the scheme due to distinguishing taxa that correspond to invasion boom and bust
(taxa that spread in the past, formed metapopulations but their spread ceased, therefore are at present considered
naturalized rather than invasive;PG13+15+17).
( a 3 ) O n g o i n g l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 4 & 5. Introduction and failure. An escape from cultivation analogous to Group 1.
Group 4 includes 501 casual taxa, mostly neophytes (458), that rely on continued input of
propagules from planted populations. Usually they are planted as garden ornamentals and
the link between planted populations and those in the wild is very close. In terms of abundance,
these taxa are at best scattered (339 are rare, 109 reported from a single site) and 56
are vanished. Examples include Convolvulus tricolor, Dahlia pinnata, Dasiphora fruticosa
and Ficus carica. Some woody plants that escaped from cultivation have close link with
planted populations, but have not formed (yet) long-sustaining populations due to long
generation time (e.g. Celtis occidentalis, Crataegus persimilis and Paulownia tomentosa)
or limited ability to establish permanently (e.g. Abies grandis and Platanus ×hispanica)
are included in this group. Some taxa previously classified as naturalized by Pyšek et al.
(2002) were reassigned to this group (e.g. Allium tuberosum, Helleborus viridis,
Othocallis siberica, Polygonatum latifolium and Sedum rupestre subsp. erectum), including
some shrubs surviving in single or a few locations (e.g. Alnus rugosa, Ribes odoratum
and Rubus canadensis).
Group 5 is defined based on the same principles, the difference being current rather massive
propagule pressure from large-scale planting for agricultural or horticultural purposes.
It includes 28 taxa, with archaeophytes prevailing (21) but neophytes also represented,
and examples include Allium cepa, Anethum graveolens, Helianthus annuus,
Triticum aestivum or Zea mays. There are 18 anecophytes in this group.
( b ) S e l f - s u s t a i n i n g i s o l a t e d p o p u l a t i o n s
( b 1 ) N o l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 6. Establishment and failure. This group includes 54 archaeophytes that were
introduced independently of cultivation, survived in the landscape for centuries or even
millennia and although their populations are declining, they still survive in the wild as rare
or scattered. The majority of them occur in warm regions and it is assumed that many of
them were invasive at some stage in their invasion history (classified as naturalized postinvasive
in Pyšek et al. 2002), often as weeds of arable land. Examples include Ajuga
chamaepitys subsp. chamaepitys, Anagallis foemina, Bifora radians and Ranunculus
arvensis. A subset in this group are taxa confined to habitats associated with breeding
domestic animals in villages, e.g. Chenopodium vulvaria, Lepidium coronopus, Marrubium
peregrinum and Sclerochloa dura.
Group 7. Establishment and no trend. The group consists of 40 taxa, most of them
archaeophytes (21) but also old neophytes are represented (19), most of them introduced
in the 19th century. The taxa from this group occur mostly as scattered or rare but without
a significant trend for decline or spread. Examples include: Brachypodium rupestre,
Genista sagittalis, Crepis capillaris, Geranium molle, Papaver dubium, Pastinaca sativa
subsp. urens and Potentilla intermedia.
Group 8. Starting spread. A group comprising almost exclusively neophytes (40 of 43 in
total), mostly introduced in the 20th century, that have formed self-sustaining populations
and exhibited signs of starting spread in the last decades. The majority of them were classified
as naturalized in the previous catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002), but there are also 11 taxa
that were in the casual stage at the beginning of the 2000s and their dynamics in the last
decade justifies reassessment, e.g. Abutilon theophrasti and Senecio inaequidens. The
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 171
group includes also taxa that formed a small but abundant and persisting population that is
currently prevented from further spread by the barrier of unsuitable habitats (Corispermum
pallasii) or those that were introduced fairly recently and had not time yet to fully
manifest their invasion potential (Agrostis scabra, Dittrichia graveolens and Panicum
miliaceum subsp. agricola).
( b 2 ) P a s t l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n .
Group 9. Establishment and no trend. An escape from cultivation analogous to Group
7. This group includes 36 taxa, mostly neophytes (27), that form stabilized self-sustaining
populations in the wild as a result of past planting, ranging from rare to common in abundance
(e.g. Calystegia pulchra, Hesperis matronalis subsp. matronalis, Saxifraga hostii
subsp. hostii and Viola suavis), but also archaeophytes with the same characteristics
(Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lilium bulbiferum and Myrrhis odorata).
Group 10. Starting spread. This group includes 11 taxa, nine of them being naturalized
neophytes that exhibit signs of starting spread and are likely to become invasive in the
future, e.g. Dipsacus strigosus and Duchesnea indica. Compared to previous catalogue
(Pyšek et al. 2002), Azolla filiculoides and Bromus carinatus that were assessed as casual,
appear in this category. The group also includes two archaeophytes, Bryonia dioica and
Galega officinalis.
( b 3 ) O n g o i n g l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 11. Establishment and no trend. A group of 65 taxa with early introduced neophytes
prevailing (57 taxa, for the majority of them the first record is available from the
19th century), that occur as rare or scattered but have formed self-sustaining populations
with ongoing support of propagule pressure from cultivated populations. Examples
include Alcea rosea, Lychnis coronaria and Matteuccia struthiopteris. Compared to previous
classification (Pyšek et al. 2002), 25 taxa considered as casual then are now considered
to form self-sustaining populations, e.g. Arabis procurrens, Eranthis hyemalis and
Erysimum cheiri. Populations of some taxa are likely to start spread in the future, being
currently still constrained by a short residence time (e.g. Elaeagnus commutata).
Group 12. Starting spread. This group includes 31 taxa, all but one neophytes, that are
still more or less widely planted and exhibit the signs of beginning spread, e.g. Colutea
arborescens, Fallopia aubertii, Hordeum jubatum and Pinus nigra. Based on the marked
dynamics in the last decade, some of them were reclassified from the casual category in
Pyšek et al. (2002) to naturalized, e.g. Buddleja davidii (first reported to escape from cultivation
in 2000), Aesculus hippocastanum, Symphyotrichium laeve or Sagittaria latifolia.
The group also includes several taxa formerly classified as invasive for which this classification
is not (yet) justified using the conservative approach adopted here: they are
Amorpha fruticosa, Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius, Galeobdolon argentatum,
Mahonia aquifolium, Physocarpus opulifolius, Rhus typhina or Sedum hispanicum.
( c ) I n v a s i v e m e t a p o p u l a t i o n s
( c 1 ) N o l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 13. Establishment and no trend. A group of 100 unintentionally introduced taxa
with occurrence stabilized during centuries or millennia of presence in the target region,
consisting mostly of archaeophytes (87 taxa). The examples include many common weeds
172 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
of agricultural land and ruderal taxa such as Anagallis arvensis, Anthemis arvensis,
Chenopodium strictum, Convolvulus arvensis, Euphorbia peplus, Lamium purpureum,
Lapsana communis subsp. communis, Malva neglecta and Thlaspi arvense. Majority of
taxa (68) were assumed to be post-invasive in Pyšek et al. (2002). Sixteen species previously
classified as invasive were reassigned into this naturalized category, e.g. Apera
spica-venti, Atriplex oblongifolia, Bryonia alba, Epilobium adenocaulon, Matricaria
discoidea, Rumex thyrsiflorus, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Veronica persica.
Group 14. Spread. This group includes 28 taxa that became invasive following unintentional
introduction. Most of them are neophytes (20), e.g. Amaranthus powelii, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia, Bidens frondosus, Conyza canadensis, Cuscuta campestris, Rumex alpinus,
but invasive archaeophytes are also represented, e.g. Atriplex sagittata, Cirsium arvense,
Echinochloa crus-galli and Portulaca oleracea subsp. oleracea. Apparently, annual
weeds prevail with some exceptions such as Bunias orientalis, whereas both other invasive
groups (16 and 18) consist mainly of robust perennials and woody taxa, the differences
reflecting life histories associated with unintentional vs deliberate pathways of introduction
(Pyšek et al. 2011b).
( c 2 ) P a s t l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 15. Establishment and no trend. Group of eight taxa, both archaeophytes (e.g.
Cymbalaria muralis and Spergula arvensis subsp. sativa) and neophytes (e.g. Acorus calamus
and Elodea canadensis), with the same features as Group 13 but supported in their
naturalization by past cultivation, and no longer spreading. Elodea canadensis, Mimulus
guttatus, Tanacetum vulgare and Veronica filiformis have been reclassified from invasive
status (Pyšek et al. 2002) to naturalized.
Group 16. Spread. Nine taxa that still spread and the naturalization and invasion of which
has been supported by planting that was most intensive in the past; they are all early introduced
neophytes classified as invasive already in the previous catalogue (Pyšek et al.
2002): Ailanthus altissima, Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica, Echinops sphaerocephalus,
Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera, I. parviflora, Lycium
barbarum and Telekia speciosa. The only exception is Asclepias syriaca, previously classified
as naturalized; this species started to spread in the last decade, especially in southern
Moravia.
( c 3 ) O n g o i n g l i n k t o c u l t i v a t i o n
Group 17. Establishment and no trend. A group of 19 taxa, consisting of 12 archaeophytes
and 7 neophytes that are still commonly planted at present and form stabilized
metapopulations in the wild. Examples include Armoracia rusticana, Lolium multiflorum,
Prunus cerasus and Trifolium hybridum. Twelve taxa were classified as post-invasive by
Pyšek et al. (2002) and four considered as invasive in this source were reassessed (Digitalis
purpurea, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis and Viola odorata) and included in this
group of naturalized taxa.
Group 18. Spread. A group of 24 invasive taxa that are currently spreading were supported
by planting throughout their invasion history, including the present time. There are
only two archaeophytes, Arrhenatherum elatius and Prunus cerasifera, while the vast
majority of species in this group are neophytes that started to appear in the wild in the 19th
century. The examples include many major plant invaders in the Czech Republic such as
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 173
Acer negundo, Helianthus tuberosus, Lupinus polyphyllus, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina,
Quercus rubra, Reynoutria ×bohemica, R. japonica var. japonica, Robinia pseudacacia,
Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea. All taxa in this group but Prunus cerasifera were
classified as invasive already in Pyšek et al. (2002). Although taxa confined to eutrophic
ruderal habitats generally prevail in this group, those preferring nutrient-poor soils (such
as Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, and Quercus rubra) are also present.
Taxonomic composition
Alien taxa in the Czech flora are representatives of 586 genera and 107 families (Appendix
2). The genera richest in taxa (including hybrids and anecophytes) among all aliens are
Amaranthus (24 taxa), Oenothera (23) and Trifolium (19) but there are marked differences
between neophytes and archaeophytes in this respect: Oenothera, Amaranthus, Trifolium,
Rumex, Solanum, Rubus and Centaurea are most represented genera among neophytes,
whereas Vicia, Prunus, Veronica, Atriplex, Bromus, Viola and Chenopodium among
archaeophytes (Table 4).
Overall, neophytes belong to 508 and archaeophytes to 184 genera; exclusively
‘archaeophytic genera’ (with only archaeophytes among their alien taxa) that include at
least three alien representatives are Arctium (7 taxa), Spergula (4), Anthriscus, Marrubium,
Myosotis, Polycnemum, Pyrus, Sonchus and Valerianella (3).
Families most represented in alien flora (Table 5) are Asteraceae (198 taxa; 13.6% of the
alien flora), Poaceae (152; 10.5%) and Brassicaceae (101; 6.3%); apart from minor changes
in the numbers of taxa resulting from the above described additions and deletions, the pattern
of richness at the level of most represented families is the same as reported in detail in
Pyšek et al. (2002). Some major changes in the richness of families in the current treatment,
compared to Pyšek et al. (2012; e.g. Amaranthaceae 76 vs 25 taxa, Scrophulariaceae 5 vs
39), are attributed to the different classification system used here (Stevens 2001 onwards,
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009). All but one (Linaceae) of the total number of 107
families included contain at least one neophyte representative, while archaeophytes originate
from only 42 families. The families richest in neophytes are Asteraceae, Poaceae,
Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae (Table 5), which together contain 485 taxa and
account for 43.9% of all neophytes. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Brassicaceae also rank high
among archaeophytes, but there are also other families that are rich in archaeophytes (e.g.
Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Plantaginaceae and Boraginaceae; Table 5).
Temporal trends and pathways of introduction
The data on the first record in the studied region, known for 771 neophytes, allow to reconstruct
the increase in the number of taxa introduced into the Czech Republic over the last
three centuries, although it is clear that the reliability of data on residence times decreases
towards the past (Lambdon et al. 2008). The numbers of new taxa recorded in particular
years reflect peaks associated with specific events such as the increased interest in plants
of human-made habitats in the 1970s, linked to the establishment of a working group at the
Institute of Botany (Hejný et al. 1973, Pyšek 2001, Pyšek et al. 2003, 2011b), or the publication
of the first catalogue of Czech alien plants (Pyšek et al. 2002). However, when the
cumulative number of the first species records is plotted against time, the trend suggests
a rather steady increase of four alien arrivals per year since the beginning of the 19th century
174 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
without any distinct decelerating trend and a projected total number of 1264 taxa in the
year 2050. Fifty per cent of the present known taxa were recorded up to 1935, 60% up to
1957, 70% up to 1963, 80% up to 1973, and 90% up to 1997 (Fig. 4). This indicates that
the number of alien taxa recorded in the Czech Republic will be increasing at a similar rate
in the near future, corresponding to a trend reported for Europe (Hulme et al. 2009) and
creating an invasion debt (Essl et al. 2011).
As to the pathways of introduction into the country, deliberate introduction was
involved in 747 of the 1454 taxa (51.4%). Most deliberate introductions resulted from
ornamental or horticultural plantings (see Pyšek et al. 2002 for detailed analyses of planting
purposes). The remaining 48.6% of taxa are assumed to have arrived by unintentional
pathways, i.e. mostly as contaminants of commodities or stowaways (Hulme et al. 2008,
Pyšek et al. 2011b). The ratio of deliberate and unintentional introduction is reversed in
archaeophytes and neophytes, with 30.7% of the total number of taxa deliberately introduced
among the former and 57.9% among the latter.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 175
Table 4. – Genera with the highest diversity of alien taxa in the Czech flora, cross-tabulated according to immigration
time and invasion status. The 23 genera represented by at least 10 alien taxa are shown. Other taxon-rich genera
include Avena, Cirsium, Hordeum, Malva, Papaver, Setaria, Silene, Sisymbrium, Symphyotrichum (8 alien
taxa), Brassica, Camelina and Fumaria (7 alien taxa). Hybrids are included. Cas – casual; natur – naturalized
non-invasive; inv – invasive.
Archaeophytes Neophytes Total
Genus cas natur inv cas natur inv archaeophytes neophytes all aliens
Amaranthus 1 1 16 4 2 2 22 24
Oenothera 16 7 0 23 23
Trifolium 16 3 0 19 19
Chenopodium 1 5 9 2 6 11 17
Rumex 11 3 3 0 17 17
Viola 4 3 8 2 7 10 17
Bromus 2 5 8 1 7 9 16
Solanum 1 14 1 1 15 16
Centaurea 1 1 11 2 2 13 15
Vicia 2 6 6 1 8 7 15
Rubus 9 5 0 14 14
Allium 3 1 8 1 4 9 13
Artemisia 1 2 7 3 3 10 13
Euphorbia 4 9 4 9 13
Epilobium 11 1 0 12 12
Geranium 4 5 3 4 8 12
Lepidium 4 6 2 4 8 12
Veronica 7 3 2 7 5 12
Atriplex 3 3 1 4 7 4 11
Prunus 2 5 1 2 1 8 3 11
Eragrostis 1 8 1 1 9 10
Lathyrus 1 1 6 2 2 8 10
Sedum 6 4 0 10 10
Life histories and regions of origin
Among all aliens, 43.3% are annuals, 33.1% perennials, 10.8% biennials, 8.5% shrubs or
semishrubs, and 4.3% trees. Archaeophytes and neophytes demonstrate a highly significant
difference in the distribution of life histories: the former are more often annuals
(56.4% vs 38.8% among neophytes) or biennials (17.0% vs 8.6%) and less often
perennials (18.2% vs 38.3%) or shrubs and trees (8.5% vs 14.3%; Fig. 5).
The main donors of alien plants to the Czech Republic are the Mediterranean region
(34.6%), other parts of Europe (19.4%), other parts of Asia (13.1%) and North America
(12.6%). The contribution of other regions (Central America, South America, Africa,
Australia) does not exceed 4%. The region of origin could not be assigned for 199 taxa,
a group consisting of 105 anecophytes and 94 taxa of hybrid origin (Fig. 6). The data on
origins confirm the well-known difference between archaeophytes and neophytes in terms
176 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Table 5.– Families with the highest diversity of alien taxa in the Czech flora, cross-tabulated according to immigration
time and invasion status. The 29 families represented by at least 10 alien taxa are shown. Hybrids are
included. Cas – casual; natur – naturalized but non-invasive; inv – invasive. The classification of families follows
that of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: APG III (Stevens 2001 onwards, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009).
Archaeophytes Neophytes Total
Family cas natur inv cas natur inv archaeophytes neophytes all aliens
Asteraceae 18 26 1 114 22 17 45 153 198
Poaceae 14 20 4 99 15 38 114 152
Brassicaceae 10 22 50 17 2 32 69 101
Rosaceae 7 10 1 54 19 1 18 74 92
Fabaceae 5 11 58 15 2 16 75 91
Amaranthaceae 9 11 1 42 8 5 21 55 76
Lamiaceae 12 9 30 9 21 39 60
Apiaceae 14 6 2 18 2 1 22 21 43
Onagraceae 29 8 0 37 37
Solanaceae 3 30 3 1 3 34 37
Caryophyllaceae 6 7 1 14 5 14 19 33
Plantaginaceae 2 12 12 6 14 18 32
Polygonaceae 2 1 18 5 6 3 29 32
Boraginaceae 4 7 17 2 11 19 30
Papaveraceae 3 11 10 2 14 12 26
Ranunculaceae 2 3 15 4 5 19 24
Malvaceae 3 4 13 2 7 15 22
Geraniaceae 5 9 3 5 12 17
Violaceae 4 3 8 2 7 10 17
Amaryllidaceae 3 1 9 2 4 11 15
Asparagaceae 1 12 2 1 14 15
Euphorbiaceae 5 10 5 10 15
Crassulaceae 9 5 0 14 14
Cucurbitaceae 3 2 4 1 1 5 6 11
Orobanchaceae 1 2 7 1 3 8 11
Saxifragaceae 10 1 0 11 11
Campanulaceae 9 1 0 10 10
Iridaceae 2 7 1 2 8 10
Rubiaceae 1 3 6 4 6 10
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 177
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
neophytes
2050
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cumulative number of taxa
Estimated total number of taxa
Number of taxa
Numberofreportedintheyear
Cumulativenumberofneophytes
Fig. 4. Temporal trends in the alien flora of the Czech Republic in the last 200 years based on neophytes with
known year of the first report (n = 771). Also shown is extrapolated trend for the total number of taxa (n = 1104),
and numbers of taxa reported in particular years (right axis).
16
(19.2)
20
(36.4)
**
77
(140.9)
***72
(43.6)
***
239
(180.7)
***
55
(55.7)
119
(105.5)
.
466
(408.1)
**
105
(126.4)
*
472
(523.3)
**
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Annual Biennial Perennial Shrub Tree
Archaeophyte
Neophyte
Percentageofthetotalnumberoftaxa
Fig. 5. – Representation of life histories among alien taxa in the Czech Republic. Taxa with multiple life histories were
considered in each category so the sum of the numbers of taxa (shown on top of the bars) does not match the total numbers
of archaeophytes and neophytes. Overall, the observed counts of alien taxa highly significantly (χ2
= 94.25; df = 4;
P < 0.0001) differ from counts expected by chance (values in parentheses). Statistically significant deviations of individual
counts from counts that can be expected by chance are expressed by the number of asterisks (*** P < 0.001; ** P
< 0.01; * P < 0.05) and marginal significance by a dot (. P < 0.1); numbers in parentheses not followed by any symbol
do not differ from randomly expected values. Semishrubs are included within shrubs. Excluded from these statistics
are 4ferns (all neophytes), 11aquatic species (all neophytes) and11parasitic species (3archaeophytes, 8neophytes).
of source regions (e.g. Pyšek et al. 2002, 2004b, 2005, Chytrý et al. 2005, 2008a, b): more
than a half (52.7%) of archaeophytes originate from the Mediterranean region (the figure
increases to 64.5% if anecophytes and hybrids are excluded), which is, however, also the
most frequent donor of neophytes (28.7%). The contribution of other parts of Europe and
Asia to the total number of taxa is slightly higher for neophytes than for archaeophytes,
19.9% vs 17.8% and 14.2% vs 10.1%, respectively (Fig. 7).
Since archaeophytes, by definition, have not arrived from overseas, it is plausible to
compare their regions of origins with those of neophytes if Americas and Australia are
excluded. The difference between archaeophytes and neophytes in such a comparison is
still statistically highly significant (χ2
= 45.057; df = 3; P < 0.0001). Highly significantly
(P < 0.001) more archaeophytes originated in the Mediterranean region (231 vs 180.5
expected counts), but highly significantly less (P < 0.01) in the other parts of Asia (44 vs
67.9), significantly (P < 0.05) less in the other parts of Europe (78 vs 100.1) and marginally
significantly less (P < 0.1) in Africa (5 vs 9.6). Conversely, neophytes originated in the
Mediterranean region were significantly less represented (385 vs 436.5) and those from
the other parts of Asia marginally significantly more represented (190 vs 164.1).
178 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Europe; 345
Mediterranean region;
616
Africa; 34
Asia; 234
North America; 224
Central America; 42
South America; 67
Australia; 19
hybrids; 94
anecophytes; 105
Fig. 6. – Proportional contribution of the world regions to the alien flora of the Czech Republic. Region names are
followed by numbers of taxa native to that region. Note that native distribution regions extend over more than one
area, therefore the sum of taxon numbers exceeds the total of 1454 recorded in the present study. Europe, Asia and
Africa refer to parts of these continents outside the Mediterranean region. Taxa originated through hybridization
and anecophytes are shown separately.
Regional abundance, habitats and cover in plant communities
Archaeophytes are generally more abundant in the field, which reflects that they were provided
with more time in the target region (Pyšek et al. 2002, 2004b, 2011a). Of the total
number of archaeophytes, 22.0% are considered common (highly significantly more than
expected by chance), 2.9% locally abundant and 28.5% scattered (highly significantly more
than expected by chance). This pattern strikingly contrasts with that found for neophytes.
Only 2.9% of neophytes (35 taxa) are classified as common (highly significantly less than
expected by chance) and 3.0% locally abundant, 8.1% scattered (highly significantly less
than expected) while as many as 86.0% occur in low-abundance categories (rare, single
locality or vanished; with the last two categories occurring highly significantly or significantly,
respectively, more often than expected by chance); the corresponding figure for
archaeophytes being 46.6%, with these categories significantly or highly significantly
underrepresented. Two hundred and twelve neophytes (17.7%) are only known from a single
locality (compared to only five archaeophyte hybrids; Appendix 2) and 250 (22.6%) are
labelled as vanished (compared to only 27 archaeophytes, i.e. 7.7%) (Fig. 8).
The contrasting patterns in the occurrence of both immigration status groups,
archaeophytes and neophytes, translate into those of the breadth of their habitat niches,
expressed as the number of habitats of the total of 88, occupied by 497 taxa that could be
classified according to their habitat affinities (Sádlo et al. 2007). Archaeophytes occupy
on average more habitats (9.5±9.0, mean±S.D., n = 244) than neophytes (6.4±6.1,
n = 253), and 31.6% of them occur in more than 10 habitats (compared to only 17.8% of
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 179
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Europe
Mediterranean
region
Africa
Asia
NorthAmerica
CentralAmerica
SouthAmerica
Australia
hybrid
anecophytes
Percentageofthetotalnumberoftaxa Archaeophytes
Neophytes
Fig. 7. – Distribution of archaeophytes and neophytes in the Czech Republic according to their origin. Taxa originating
from multiple regions as designated here are included in each region. See text for the results of statistical
analysis.
neophytes; Fig. 9). Ten archaeophytes and only three neophytes (Conyza canadensis,
Epilobium adenocaulon and Impatiens parviflora) grow in a wide range of habitats
exceeding 30 (see Sádlo et al. 2007: their Table 2). The species with the broadest habitat
niche of all alien taxa in the Czech Republic is an archaeophyte, Arrhenatherum elatius,
occurring in 62 of 88 habitats (see Appendix 1 for comments on its classification).
The covers that alien taxa reach in plant communities in the Czech Republic yield
a completely opposite picture of neophyte vs archaeophyte comparison (Fig. 10). Neophytes
are shifted towards high-cover categories, reaching on average 8.5% cover (n = 48),
markedly more than archaeophytes (4.7%, n = 131). The first five taxa with highest average
covers are all neophytes: Acorus calamus 39% (recorded in n = 293 vegetation plots),
Elodea canadensis 35% (n = 412), Helianthus tuberosus 26% (n = 62), Heracleum
mantegazzianum 26% (n = 27) and Reynoutria japonica var. japonica lumped with R. ×bohemica
26% (n = 51). Other neophytes with a high cover are Impatiens glandulifera (18%, n
= 302), Solidago gigantea (17%, n = 99), Echinocystis lobata (14%, n = 33) and Pinus
nigra (13%, n = 33).
180 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
78
(25.6)
***
10
(10.4)
101
(44.8)
***
133
(158.3)
*
5
(49.1)
***
27
(62.7)
***35
(87.4)
***
36
(35.6)
97
(153.2)
***
566
(540.7)
212
(167.9)
***
250
(214.3)
*
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Common Locally
abundant
Scattered Rare Single Vanished
Archaeophytes
NeophytesPercentageofthetotalnumberoftaxa
Fig. 8. – Distribution of alien taxa in the Czech Republic in abundance categories. The sum of the numbers of
taxa, shown on top of the bars, exceeds the total numbers of archaeophytes and neophytes as some taxa occurred
in a single location and disappeared; they are included in both ‘single’ and ‘vanished’ categories. Overall, the
observed counts of alien taxa highly significantly (χ
2
= 312.392; df = 5; P < 0.0001) differ from counts expected
by chance (values in parentheses). Statistically significant deviations of individual counts from counts that can be
expected by chance are expressed by the number of asterisks (*** P < 0.001; * P < 0.05); numbers in parentheses
not followed by any symbol do not differ from randomly expected values.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 181
0
50
100
150
200
250
<10 11–20 21–30 31–40 >40
Number of habitats
Archaeophytes
Neophytes
Numberoftaxa
Fig. 9. – Frequency distribution of the numbers of habitats (n = 88) in which alien taxa are recorded, shown separately
for archaeophytes (n = 244) and neophytes (n = 253).
0
20
40
60
80
100
<10 10–20 20–30 30–40
Average cover in vegetation plots (%)
Archaeophytes
Neophytes
117
34
12
9
2
3
2
Percentageofthetotalnumberoftaxa
Fig. 10. – Frequency distribution of covers of alien taxa in plant communities in the Czech Republic. Only taxa for
which data from at least 25 plots are available were included. Numbers of taxa in each cover class are shown on
top of the bars.
Although this comparison must be taken with caution because the vegetation plots were
sampled in a subjective, preferential way, average plot sizes for individual taxa differ and
there is also great variation in the number of plots from which the data are derived, the differences
between the two groups of aliens are robust enough to indicate that neophytes are
on average more successful in colonizing plant communities and often forming monodominant
stands (see also Chytrý et al. 2008a).
Impact
A thorough assessment of impacts of plant invasions in the Czech Republic is still missing
which reflects the fact that studies summarizing information on impacts across alien floras
of large regions are still rare despite intensive research in the last few years (Parker 1999,
Gaertner et al. 2009, Pyšek & Richardson 2010, Vilà et al. 2010, 2011, Winter et al. 2009,
Pyšek et al. 2012). Based on data on impacts of alien plants in Europe summarized by the
DAISIE project (DAISIE 2009, www.europe-aliens.org), there are 133 taxa on the list of
Czech alien plants that were documented in the literature to exert ecological impacts
and/or economic impacts in some parts of Europe (Appendix 2), some of them also in the
Czech Republic (Hejda et al. 2009). These data make it possible to highlight taxa that
already impose ecological impacts but also those that can become threat in the future.
The group of taxa with documented ecological impacts covers 33 taxa that are classified
as invasive in the present study, and includes most of the major invaders in the Czech
Republic, some of them threatening seminatural habitats (e.g. Acer negundo, Ailanthus
altissima, Helianthus tuberosus, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera,
Impatiens parviflora, Lupinus polyphyllus, Lycium barbarum, Pinus strobus, Prunus
serotina, Reynoutria japonica var. japonica, R. sachalinensis, R.×bohemica, Robinia
pseudoacacia, Rudbeckia laciniata, Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea) but also noxious
weeds of arable land (e.g. Amaranthus retroflexus and Galinsoga parviflora) or species
affecting human health (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Besides these taxa, already exerting
impacts in the Czech Republic, the 113 taxa with ecological impacts in Europe include
45 that we currently classify as naturalized; some of them belong to population groups that
exhibit symptoms of starting spread and their impact in the near future is likely (e.g.
Abutilon theophrasti, Lepidium virginicum and Senecio inaequidens). Finally, for 35 taxa
that occur as casual in the Czech Republic ecological or economic impact is documented
from elsewhere in Europe; this group includes some noxious invaders (e.g. Elodea
nuttalii, Rosa rugosa and Solidago graminifolia) that should be monitored to enable early
action should their population dynamics change (Appendix 2).
Notes on the classification of taxa
The present update of the 10 years old data yielded a number of changes to the taxa listed,
and their invasion and residence time statuses. These changes are due to several reasons.
First, they reflect the real changes in species’ behaviour and their invasion dynamics over
the last decade. Second, the interest in and knowledge of alien plants has improved considerably
as a result of intensive research in biological invasions in the Czech Republic during
this period. Third, the more conservative approach towards what should be considered
native or alien also brought about changes in the species list, and finally, introducing the
182 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
population-based approach to the classification of taxa adopted here (Blackburn et al.
2011) resulted in shifts in invasion status.
The main change in approach relative to the previously used scheme concerns a strict
focus on the current state of a taxon’s populations in a region. This allowed us to take into
account and quantify categories that refer to unsuccessful invasions – the ‘invasion failure’
and ‘boom and bust’ phenomena as defined by Blackburn et al. (2011). This is reflected
namely in classifying taxa that formed self-sustained populations in the past, some
assumed to have been invasive (and labelled post-invasive in Pyšek et al. 2002), as casual,
suggesting the reversed trajectory along the INIC (Fig. 2). Although they would not be
classified as casuals, should the criterion of relying on repeated introduction of
propagules, which is part of the traditionally accepted definition, be strictly followed
(Richardson et al. 2000, 2011), we believe that the criterion of population selfsustainability
is a more important one, reflecting closely the population dynamics in both
directions along the INIC. This approach is further supported by the fact that many of
these taxa are red-listed or missing for a long time, which strongly argues against selfsustainability
of their populations. This group includes also many archaeophytes that have
never been planted indicating that their occasional occurrence is due to long-term survival
in and occasional germination from seed banks.
Consequently, the number of invasive taxa is substantially smaller than in the previous
catalogue (50 neophytes and 11 archaeophytes in the present study compared to 69 neophytes
and 21 archaeophytes, respectively, in Pyšek et al. 2002). A decrease this dramatic
is due to the newly adopted conservative approach; unlike in the previous account, the
emphasis here was on ongoing spread as a major criterion. The lower numbers do not
mean that the problems with invasive plants in the Czech Republic are diminishing; rather
the opposite is true as indicated by species that started to spread recently. In conclusion, we
believe that the more rigorous approach to separating invasive species from naturalized
makes the current assessment of species status more comparable with other parts of the
world, especially those that experience serious problems with invasions, and forms
a sounder basis for managing plant invasions at the national scale.
See http://www.preslia.cz for Electronic Appendices 1,2
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by grant no. P504/11/1028 (Czech Science Foundation), long-term research development
project no. RVO 67985939 (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) and institutional resources of
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. P.P. acknowledges the support by the Praemium
Academiae award from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. We thank Vladimír Řehořek and Laura
Meyerson for their comments that greatly improved the manuscript. We thank following colleagues for consultations
and/or providing us with unpublished data, and permission to use them: Jiří Burda, Věra Čulíková, Vít
Grulich, Jiří Hadinec, Rudolf Hlaváček, Jan W. Jongepier, Petr Kočár, Petr Koutecký, Radka Kozáková, Petr
Krása, Martin Křivánek, Karel Kubát, Martin Lepší, Petr Petřík, Petr Pokorný, Uwe Raabe, Olga Rotreklová,
Jaroslav Rydlo, Lukáš Sekerka, Pavel Sekerka, Ota Šída, Milan Štech, Jan Štěpánek, Bohumil Trávníček, Jiří
Uher, Adam Veleba, Václav Větvička and Jiří Zázvorka. Laura Meyerson kindly improved our English. Technical
help from Zuzana Sixtová is acknowledged.
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 183
Souhrn
Práce přináší úplný seznam nepůvodních taxonů zaznamenaných na území České republiky; je aktualizací a doplněním
předchozího seznamu publikovaného v roce 2002. Zahrnuje nové údaje shromážděné za poslední desetiletí
a přehodnocuje zařazení a status některých druhů, vyplývající z rozvoje taxonomického poznání. Nepůvodní
flóra České republiky zahrnuje 1454 taxonů, které jsou uvedeny v Apendixu 2 s informacemi o taxonomické příslušnosti,
životní formě, oblasti původu, invazním statusu (zda jde o druh přechodně zavlečený, naturalizovaný
avšak neinvazní, nebo invazní), charakteru výskytu v krajině, době zavlečení (archeofyt nebo neofyt), způsobu introdukce
do země a u neofytů o datu prvního nálezu. Oproti původnímu katalogu je uveden počet typů biotopů, ve
kterých se druh vyskytuje, pokryvnost v rostlinných společenstvech a impakt. Podíl zavlečených druhů v české
flóře je značný: tvoří jej 350 (24,1%) archeofytů a 1104 (75.9%) neofytů. Nárůst počtu taxonů oproti původnímu
katalogu, který uváděl 1378 taxonů, vyplývá z toho, že bylo přidáno 151 taxonů. Celkem 75 (39 archeofytů a 36
neofytů) bylo naproti tomu vypuštěno; značná část tohoto počtu jde na vrub přeřazení 41 taxonů mezi původní
druhy, a to vesměs na základě archeobotanických dokladů. Přírůstky na seznamu představují taxony nově objevené
a uvedené v botanické literatuře od roku 2002, taxony zařazené na základě excerpce dříve opominutých zdrojů
či revize zdrojů použitých, nebo přehodnocenístatusu některých taxonů tradičně považovaných za původní. V některých
případech jde o infraspecifické taxony, které nebyly dříve v české flóře rozeznávány. Seznam obsahuje 44
taxonů, které jsou uváděny pro Českou republiku poprvé jako zavlečené, nebo pro něž je podán první důkaz o jejich
zplaňování: Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. nordmanniana, Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana, A. ×vilis, Berberis
julianae, B. thunbergii, Bidens ferulifolius, Buddleja alternifolia, Buglossoides incrassata subsp. splitgerberi,
Buxus sempervirens, Corispermum declinatum, Cotoneaster dielsianus, C. divaricatus, Euphorbia myrsinites,
Gleditsia triacanthos, Helleborus orientalis, Hieracium heldreichii, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lonicera periclymenum,
Lotus ornithopodioides, Malus baccata, M. pumila, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Morus alba, Muscari armeniacum,
Paeonia lactiflora, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora, P. grandiflora
subsp. rosea, Podophyllum hexandrum, Pyracantha coccinea, Rhodotypos scandens, Rumex patientia × R. tianschanicus
‘Uteuša’, Salix cordata, Sarracenia purpurea, Sasa palmata ‘Nebulosa’, Scolymus maculatus, Spiraea
japonica, Tagetes tenuifolia, Thuja occidentalis, Vaccinium corymbosum a Viburnum rhytidophyllum. Komentáře
ke všem přidaným nebo vypuštěným taxonům jsou uvedeny v Appendixu 1. Z celkového počtu 1454 taxonů
je jich 985 klasifikováno jako přechodně zavlečené, 408 jako naturalizované a 61 jako invazní. Úbytek invazních
taxonů oproti původnímu katalogu je důsledkem konzervativnějšího přístupu: za invazní jsou považovány
pouze ty taxony, které se v současnosti šíří. Mezi neofyty převládají přechodně zavlečené taxony (76,7 % ze
všech neofytů, ale jen 39,4 % archeofytů), mezi archeofyty naturalizované (57,4 % versus 18,8 % neofytů). Pokud
jde o podíl invazních druhů, není mezi oběma skupinami statisticky průkazný rozdíl. Z celkového počtu 1104
neofytů jich 250 vymizelo (byly pozorovány pouze jednou nebo několikrát a z lokalit vymizely nebo nebyly zaznamenány
po dlouhou dobu); 23,3 % jich zdomácnělo a 4,5 % se stalo invazními. Vedle tradiční klasifikace postavení
druhu v invazním procesu byly taxony klasifikovány do 18 populačních skupin, definovaných na základě
dlouhodobých trendů v metapopulační dynamice, současného stavu populace na území ČR a přísunu diaspor
z kultury. Tato podrobná klasifikace umožnila kvantifikovat, v jaké fázi invazního procesu dochází ke „ztrátám“
a jak jsou tyto ztráty velké. Podle toho, zda zahrneme do srovnání zavlečené a původní flóry specifické kategorie
taxonů (vymizelé a vyhynulé, křížence), tvoří nepůvodní taxony 29,7–33,1 % z celkové flóry. Pokud vyčíslíme
podíl pouze pro zdomácnělé, tedy trvale přítomné složky zavlečené flóry, dospějeme k 14,4–17,5 %. Analýza
roků prvního nálezu, který je k dispozici pro 771 neofytů, ukazuje, že nepůvodní druhy přibývají v květeně České
republiky stálým tempem; extrapolujeme-li tato data na všechy neofyty, lze předpovědět, že do roku 2050 by jejich
počet měl vzrůst na 1264. Přes polovinu taxonů (747, tj. 51,4 %) bylo zavlečeno alespoň zčásti prostřednictvím
kultury, zbývajících 48,6 % neúmyslně. Archeofyty jsou obecně v krajině hojnější a obsazují širší spektrum
stanovišť než neofyty; ty naopak dosahují v průměru větší pokryvnostiv invadovaných společenstvech. Práce dále
analyzuje složení nepůvodní flóry z hlediska příslušnosti k rodům a čeledím, oblasti původu a životní formy.
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Received 29 May 2012
Revision received 8 June 2012
Accepted 11 June 2012
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 201
Appendix 1. – Comments on taxa that represent changes against the previous Catalogue of alien plants of the
Czech Republic (Pyšek et al. 2002).
Changes of names, difficult cases and corrections of earlier misidentifications
Compared to the previous version of the catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002), 124 names were changed due to nomenclatural
reasons or development in taxonomic opinion (Electronic Appendix 1). Additional seven taxa are listed
under a different name due to the reidentification; their names refer to the same taxa which were erroneously
determined in 2002 or their taxonomic classification has changed. These taxa are commented below and represent
additions to the alien flora of the country.
Azolla filiculoides was listed as A. caroliniana in Pyšek et al. (2002), based on treatment in the Flora of the
Czech Republic (Křísa in Hejný & Slavík 1988). The taxonomy of the New World Azolla has been controversial
for a long time. The number of distinguished species varied and different characters were used for their identification.
However, Evrard & Van Hove (2004) in their recent thorough investigation based on morphological, molecular
and physiological data concluded that only two species can be distinguished taxonomically in America. They
revealed that the type specimen of A. caroliniana belongs to the species described earlier as A. filiculoides, and
the fern usually identified as A. caroliniana by many authors should be correctly named A. cristata. Although
both species were recorded as introduced in Europe, only A. filiculoides is widespread, whereas A. cristata was
apparently documented only from the Netherlands. Plants recently collected in the Czech Republic are identical
with A. filiculoides (coll. and det. Z. Kaplan, PRA, rev. C. Van Hove). The other species, A. cristata (A. caroliniana
auct.), has apparently never occurred in the country as introduced or escaped.
Corispermum pallasii was listed in Pyšek et al. (2002) as C. leptopterum. However, recent taxonomic studies
revealed that the European plants are conspecific with the Siberian ones, described much earlier as C. pallasii
(Mosyakin 2003). Vymyslický & Grulich (2004), reporting on their find of Corispermum from Ivančice, distr.
Brno, suggested that southern Moravian plants correspond to C. canescens, which is native to Hungary. However,
based on a careful re-examination of specimens from BRNU and PR (J. Danihelka), we believe that all
Corispermum specimens so far collected in the Czech Republic, with the only exception of C. declinatum (see
below), most likely belong to C. pallasii. The earliest documented record of this species is from 1933 (ex herb.
F. Hrobař, PR). At present, C. pallasii occurs in two populations consisting of thousands of plants in sand pits near
Bzenec, southern Moravia, from where it is spread with traded sand to other places.
Eriochloa punctata. Three Eriochloa species were reported in the literature from the Czech Republic:
E. ramosa from a wool-processing factory Mosilana in Brno (Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Grüll 1979) and E. punctata
from railway station in Brno (Grüll 1979); these two species are given in the Flora of Dostál (1989), who in addition
lists E. procera, all as casual wool aliens introduced to Brno. Actually, the names E. procera and E. ramosa
refer to the same taxon, with the former accepted as its correct name (Zuloaga & Morrone 2003, Shouliang &
Phillips 2006). The plant reported as E. ramosa by Dvořák & Kühn (1966), collected by F. Kühn in 1960, was
deposited in BRNU in 1972 under the name E. punctata; obviously, J. Dvořák re-determined the plant before
depositing it in the herbarium. Comparison of the specimen collected by F. Kühn in 1960 and another specimen
collected by F. Grüll in 1965 (reported by Grüll 1979) has shown that both of them very likely represent the same
species, most probably E. punctata, as already suggested by J. Dvořák (rev. J. Danihelka). Consequently, the species
listed as E. procera in Pyšek et al. (2002) is in fact E. punctata, the same as found by Grüll (1979).
Gilia achilleifolia. Another species of the genus, G. multicaulis, is listed in Pyšek et al. (2002), based on
a note in the Flora of the Czech Republic (Křísa in Slavík 2000) that it is planted and rarely escapes from cultivation,
without further details. In 2005, two flowering plants of G. achilleifolia were reported growing in the
Stárkovský les forest near Lanžhot, southern Moravia, on a forest clearing along a road, together with Legousia
pentagonia. They were probably introduced to the site with forestry vehicles (Řehořek & Lososová in Hadinec &
Lustyk 2009). Since G. multicaulis is sometimes classified as G. achilleifolia var. multicaulis, we included only
G. achilleifolia as it is possible that the above reports refer to this taxon.
Hieracium heldreichii agg. Listed in Pyšek et al. (2002) as H. pannosum, a cultivation relict. In the 1930s it
was introduced at Kunětická hora hill near Pardubice (eastern Bohemia) and is still persisting there. The species,
originally determined as H. pannosum by J. Holub, has been now re-identified by Z. Szeląg as Hieracium sp. ex
H. heldreichii agg. The species is native to the Balkan Peninsula.
Rodgersia pinnata. The species reported in Pyšek et al. (2002: Fig. 1b) as R. aesculifolia was misidentified.
The mistake was corrected by Král et al. (2004c).
Spiraea hypericifolia subsp. obovata was listed as S. crenata in Pyšek et al. (2002), based on the escape from
cultivation reported from ruins of the Skalka castle near Vlastislav, northern Bohemia, at the end of the 19th cen-
202 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
tury (Koblížek in Hejný & Slavík 1992). This report was based on erroneous determination of a herbarium specimen
that belongs to S. hypericifolia subsp. obovata (Businský & Businská 2002).
New taxa: additions to the alien flora of the Czech Republic
The following 151 taxa, not listed in Pyšek et al. (2002), represent additions to the alien flora of the Czech Republic:
Abies concolor, A. grandis and A. nordmanniana. Natural regeneration from seed produced by planted trees
occurs in the Průhonice Park near Prague (J. Burda, pers. comm.).
Acanthus hungaricus. A rarely planted species in the Czech Republic, first recorded as escaped from cultivation
in Praha (Prague)-Lipence in 1999. The population of ca 150 flowering plants, reproducing by seed and surviving
winter, probably resulted from planting along the wall of a baroque farmstead in the early 1990s (Hadinec
in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Acer tataricum was part of the Czech flora in the Subatlantic period but became extinct (Opravil 1967). Its
modern presence is due to escapes from cultivation and subsequent naturalization, with the first record of planting
in 1835 (Koblížek in Slavík 1997a). In 2004, it was recorded regenerating in the Hevlínské jezero Nature Reserve,
distr. Znojmo, southern Moravia (Čáp & Koblížek in Hadinec et al. 2005 as var. torminaloides). Self-sown plants
established from seed were further observed in the vicinity of planted individuals in numerous locations in Prague
(Suchdol, Černý Most and Libeň; recorded by J. Sádlo in 2011–2012).
Actinidia deliciosa was first recorded in the wild at the channelled stream of Botič in Prague in 2008, forming
a population of seven sterile plants, originated from seed of the kiwi fruit (Hadinec et al. in Hadinec & Lustyk
2008). The first report in Europe of its occurrence outside cultivation is from Germany in 1998 (Kasperek 2003),
followed by records in other countries and natural habitats. Seeds germinate well, plants spread vegetatively and
survive mild winters. Populations in suitable climatic conditions can be therefore considered as likely candidates
for naturalization and spread (Hadinec et al. in Hadinec & Lustyk 2008).
Ageratina altissima occasionally escapes from cultivation, with so far the single documented record from the
vicinity of the Ostravice railway station in northeastern Moravia in 1979 (Slavík in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Allium cristophii. A commonly planted species, found in a scrub near Kostomlaty, central Bohemia, in 1994.
Occasional escapes from gardens can be expected also in other places, but since the bulbs are consumed by
rodents, its naturalization is unlikely (Krahulec & Lepší in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Allium roseum. In 2005 a population of 18 plants was recorded in Hojná Voda, southern Bohemia, at a site that
is probably a long abandoned garden, and it was still present there in 2009; further spread cannot be excluded as
the species is a prolific bulbil producer (Krahulec & Lepší in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Allium stipitatum. A frequently planted species, found once escaped from cultivation along a road in
Hradčany, central Bohemia, in 2008. Occasional escapes from gardens can be expected due to frequent planting
but naturalization is unlikely because bulbs are consumed by rodents (Krahulec & Lepší in Hadinec & Lustyk
2009).
Allium zebdanense. First documented from abandoned garden allotments in Praha-Střížkov in 2006, but the
species is known to grow spontaneously for several decades in the Botanical Garden of Charles University in
Prague. It has not been reported escaped from cultivation from other central European countries as yet, but further
records from the wild are likely to appear in the future because plants produce a number of small bulbils providing
the species with potential to spread (Krahulec & Marek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2006).
Amelanchier alnifolia was first recorded outside cultivation in Český Krumlov, southern Bohemia, in 2008
(Lepší & Lepší 2008), but it was uncertain if the plants were escapees from cultivation or remnants from planting.
Since then it has been repeatedly observed as escaping from cultivation (M. Lepší, pers. comm.).
Amelanchier spicata. First documented from the wild by a herbarium specimen collected near Havlíčkův
Brod in 1880, the species was recently reported from 32 localities scattered over the country, growing naturalized
in scrub, oak and pine forests, their margins and in river valleys. A recent review revealed that it is the most frequently
planted and escaping species of the genus in the Czech Republic (Lepší & Lepší 2008).
Ammobium alatum is planted as an ornamental plant and rarely escapes from cultivation (Slavíková in Slavík
& Štěpánková 2004). Outside cultivation it is reported from several sites in the Železné hory Mts, with the first
record from 1942 (Hadač et al. 1994), and from a ruderal site in Bruntál, northern Moravia (Hradílek et al. 1999).
Amsinckia lycopsoides was found once growing in a lawn in Brno-Bohunice in 2000, probably introduced
with soil or as a seed admixture. The population was destroyed by planting of shrubs in the following year
(Rotreklová & Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009). It was also growing on rocks adjacent to a private garden in
Vimperk, southwestern Bohemia, following an unintentional introduction. It survived there for several years in
the 1990s (F. Krahulec, pers. obs.).
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 203
Anthemis cotula × Cota tinctoria (syn. Anthemis ×bollei). This hybrid was found once in Břeclav-Poštorná,
southern Moravia (1994, BRNU; Dvořáková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae. Status of this taxon in the Czech botanical literature is unclear. It was
reported from three localities since 1871, last observed in the 1920s (Dvořáková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Given the scattered distribution in the mountains of southwestern Europe and northern Africa, and the fact that
Czech localities are rather isolated occurrences north of the Alps, we follow the treatment in Euro+Med Plantbase
(Greuter 2006–2009), which considers the species as alien to the Czech Republic and assigns Czech populations
to A. cretica subsp. cretica.
×Anthematricaria dominii (= Anthemis cotula × Matricaria chamomilla). A single plant was found at the
Vltava river bank in Praha-Zlíchov in 1929 (Rohlena, PRC; Dvořáková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Artemisia alpina. One population was observed in Újezd near Brno outside a garden in a partly mown lawn.
Two young plants were found growing at a railway bank 80–100 m from the source population, suggesting that
the species reproduced by seed at the locality, and died later due to summer drought (Čáp in Hadinec & Lustyk
2011).
Asparagus officinalis subsp. officinalis. This old cultural vegetable and medicinal plant has been widely cultivated
in central Europe since the 16th century, and at the territory of the Czech Republic since the 18th century. It
is naturalized in warm parts of the country. Some localities are remnants of cultivation in gardens or fields
(Bělohlávková & Slavíková in Štěpánková 2010).
Avena sterilis. Two subspecies of the species given in Pyšek et al. (2002) are newly recognized in the country.
Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis was planted in botanical gardens and nurseries in the 19th and the first half of the 20th
century, with the first record of planting in the Kačina castle in 1836, from where it occasionally and temporarily
escaped. The oldest records are from ruderal sites in Praha-Zlíchov (1922) and from a railway station PrahaMichle
(1923). However, these records are not supported by herbarium specimens. The second subspecies,
A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana, was also formerly planted in botanical gardens, and occasionally found in waste
places in Semily (1966 V. Jehlík, PRA), Prague (1968 Z. Kropáč, PRA) and Malý Budíkov near Humpolec (1965
A. Čábera, CB). Čábera (1967) published his find under the name A. strigosa (J. Zázvorka in Štěpánková in prep.).
Avena ×vilis (= A. fatua × A. sativa). Individual plants of this hybrid are occasionally found in the fields of
A. sativa within the distribution range of A. fatua (J. Zázvorka in Štěpánková in prep.).
Berberis julianae. Self-sown young shrubs originated from a source population nearby were observed in
a park plantation in Praha-Klánovice (50°05'42.2"N, 14°40'10.2"E) in 2010 (J. Sádlo).
Berberis thunbergii. A young shrub originated most probably from seed was found nearby a planting site in
Stará Červená Voda, northern Moravia (50°19'44.9"N, 17°12'05.2"E) in 2011 (J. Sádlo).
Beta vulgaris Altissima Group. The annual weedy types that started to spread in the 1980s have been introduced
with beet seed from southwestern Europe (Skalický & Pulkrábek 2006), where they originated through the
pollination of cultivated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris Altissima Group) with the pollen of the wild B. vulgaris subsp.
maritima or of weedy annual plants derived from some cultivars of the Altissima Group. For this reason, the
assignment to the Altissima Group is a pragmatic solution, not fully reflecting the genetic nature of the plants concerned.
A survey from 2006 revealed that “weed beet” occurred on 70% of farms over the Czech Republic growing
sugar beet and on 4% of those its density exceeded 1000 plants/ha (Landová et al. 2010). The issue requires
further study; the populations of weedy plants are now classified as invasive neophyte.
Bidens ferulifolius. Planted in flowerpots in towns and escaping from cultivation, growing in paving interstices
and surviving temporarily, but not over winter (Mladá Boleslav and Náchod, P. Petřík; Bechyně and Prague,
J. Sádlo). A vigorous population that was later destroyed by remodelling of the pavement was observed at the railway
station in Jablonec nad Nisou, northern Bohemia, in 2006 (P. Petřík, pers. comm.).
Buddleja alternifolia. Several young shrubs up to 1.5 m tall, growing from seed, were recorded in ruderalized
shrubland at abandonded factory yard in the Mostecká street, Chomutov, northern Bohemia (50°27'51.8"N,
13°25'12.7"E) in 2008 (K. Štajerová). The plants were present at this locality still in 2011 (J. Sádlo).
Buglossoides incrassata subsp. incrassata. A population of about 15 plants was observed at a railway station
in Strážnice (distr. Hodonín, southern Moravia) in 2005 and first reported as Lithospermum arvense subsp.
sibthorpianum (Jongepier et al. in Hadinec & Lustyk 2006), but the revision of herbarium specimens (BRNU)
revealed that the identification was erroneous (rev. J. Danihelka, conf. E. Zippel, Berlin). The population still
occurred in the locality in spring 2012 when about 11 m long strip with 10–15% cover of flowering plants was
recorded between the rails (J. Jongepier, pers. comm.).
Buglossoides incrassata subsp. splitgerberi. This subspecies was first reported from the Czech Republic as
B. arvensis subsp. sibthorpiana by Clermont et al. (2003), based on the specimens issued as no. 1654 of Fl. Exs.
Reipubl. Social. Čechoslov. However, Jongepier et al. (in Hadinec & Lustyk 2006) considered this record erroneous
and assigned duplicates of that gathering to B. arvensis. The presence of this subspecies is now confirmed by
204 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
numerous herbarium specimens (rev. J. Danihelka, conf. E. Zippel) from both Bohemia and Moravia, collected
mostly from ruderal sites and dry graslands.
Bupleurum pachnospermum. The only find from the Czech Republic (1885 A. Oborny, PR) originates from
the Dyje river valley near Znojmo, southern Moravia, and was reported by Snogerup & Snogerup (2001). It is
considered here as a neophyte in accordance with the treatment for Austria (Fischer 2008) and in the Euro+Med
Plantbase (Hand 2011).
Buxus sempervirens. Ongoing regeneration from seed is observed in the surroundings of planted shrubs in the
Průhonice Park near Prague (J. Burda, pers. comm.). Several young shrubs were found in a natural ravine forest at
Medník hill south of Prague, probably from self-seeding of shrubs planted near a cottage (2010 J. Sádlo).
Calystegia hederacea. The species has been observed since ca 25 years ago growing on settling fields of
a sugar refinery in Kojetín, central Moravia (Trávníček & Dančák 2011).
Campanula lactiflora is documented from one locality at Kladská (distr. Cheb, western Bohemia), where it
occurs at the margin of a peat meadow (first collected in 1973, F. Grüll, BRNU as C. latifolia), probably as a consequence
of plantings in the area of a hunting lodge built in 1877–1878(Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009). Previously
reported naturalized occurrence of this species in the former Czechoslovakia by Fedorov (1976) is doubtful
and it is unclear on what data it was based (Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Caragana arborescens. Reported as escaping from windbreaks in southern Moravia, where it is extensively
planted (Tichá 2004).
Capsella rubella. A population consisting of tens of plants was found in 2006 in a camping site Babí hora near
Hluk, distr. Uherské Hradiště, SE Moravia, probably introduced by foreign tourists. The species is native to
southern Europe and reported from several countries north of its native distribution, e.g. Austria, Switzerland,
Germany, Belgium and the UK (Jongepier in Hadinec & Lustyk 2007).
Carex grayi. A species occasionally planted in botanical and private gardens; three plants were found on
a ruderal site at the railway station Zastávka u Brna, southern Moravia, in 2010. The plants did not persist until
next year due to construction works at this site (Hrbáč in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Centaurea carniolica. A herbarium specimen collected in Hradec Králové was found in PRC (1914
K. Prokeš; Koutecký 2008).
Centaurea ×javorkae (= C. nigrescens × C. oxylepis). A hybrid involving the casual neophyte C. nigrescens
was collected in 1933 near Litovel, distr. Olomouc (Novák, PRC; Koutecký & Štěpánek in Slavík & Štěpánková
2004).
Centaurea ×extranea (= C. jacea × C. nigrescens). Another hybrid involving C. nigrescens, listed under the
name C. ×thaiszii in the Flora of the Czech Republic, is documented with certainty from two localities but its
occurrence is probable in other localities where mixed populations of both parents occur (Koutecký & Štěpánek
in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Centaurea transalpina. Collected in Orlík nad Vltavou, southern Bohemia, around 1900 (K. Domin, PRC;
Koutecký 2008).
Cichorium endivia. Escape from cultivation of about 40 plants in Brno-Lesná close to a bus stop was recorded
in 1968 (Dvořáková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004). In 2009, several tens of plants were recorded in an old field in
the military training area of Boletice, distr. Český Krumlov, southern Bohemia (Grulich in Hadinec & Lustyk
2011). The species was most likely introduced to the country as a vegetable in the 16th century (Petráčková et al.
1982).
Cirsium ×moravicum (= C. arvense × C. rivulare). This hybrid between an archaeophyte and a native species
is known from one locality between the villages Ústí and Skalička, distr. Přerov, central Moravia (Bureš in Slavík
& Štěpánková 2004).
Convallaria majalis var. transcaucasica. Planted in a hospital in Klatovy, western Bohemia, from where it
spread into a nearby park and formed a viable population, which is still present. The introduction was by a local
botanist M. Král in the 1970s (Čížek & Král 2009, Slavík & Zázvorka in Štěpánková 2010).
Coreopsis lanceolata was found in 1962 at Kunětická hora hill near Pardubice, eastern Bohemia, where it was
surviving for several years, with most plants remainig sterile (Bělohlávková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Corispermum declinatum was collected in Praha-Stodůlky in 1960 (S. Hejný, PRC, det. J. Danihelka). The
specimens come from the same locality as that of C. pallasii, treated in the Flora of the Czech Republic under the
name C. leptospermum (Tomšovic in Hejný & Slavík 1990). This source notes that the collection included another
species that remained unidentified, probably C. squarrosum (= Agriophyllum squarrosum) or C. orientale.
Cotoneaster dielsianus. Ongoing regeneration from seed is observed in the Průhonice Park near Prague
(J. Burda, pers. comm.).
Cotoneaster divaricatus. A frequently planted species of the genus escaping from cultivation by seed dispersed
by birds. It was recorded, for example, in Mikulov and Brno (J. Danihelka) or Praha-Klánovice (a fruiting
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 205
shrub in a woodland near railway station; J. Sádlo 2010 BRNU, det. J. Danihelka and V. Řehořek, rev.
J. Koblížek).
Cotoneaster zabelii. First reported from Černvír, distr. Žďár nad Sázavou, where several older shrubs and saplings
grow on a rock above the Svratka river ca 100–150 m from the maternal shrub planted at a nearby house
(Čáp in Hadinec & Lustyk 2007).
Crocus tommasinianus. The species was deliberately planted in the wild at Velká hora hill near Srbsko, Bohemian
Karst, central Bohemia, before WWI, where it survived for several years, last observed in 1931 (Chrtek in
Štěpánková 2010).
Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora. Frequently planted hybrid, originated in cultivation, sometimes planted also in
the wild or rarely escaping from cultivation (Chrtek in Štěpánková 2010).
Cyperus glomeratus. Rarely found escaped from cultivation (Kubát et al. 2002), first recorded in the Brdy
Mts, central Bohemia, in 1895, later collected near Protivín, southern Bohemia, in 1947 and in Brno in 1965
(K. Kubát in Štěpánková in prep.).
Darmera peltata. The species was first found growing along a wet road ditch near Lukavice, western Bohemia,
in 1960. The locality was later destroyed and the species was found again at the periphery of Klatovy town,
western Bohemia, in 2004. The latter population consisted of a group of fruiting plants growing close to private
gardens, and plants that grew from seed, scattered along a nearby stream (Král et al. 2004c). A herbarium specimen
is deposited in PR (O. Šída, pers. comm.).
Digitaria ciliaris. The occurrence of this species in the Czech Republic was first reported by Wilhalm (2009)
who refers to a herbarium specimen from Podhůří, distr. Trutnov, collected on a decayed waste from cotton processing
in 1908 (V. Cypers, BC). Another specimen from the same locality, collected one day later, is deposited at
BRNU (no 5272, leg. V. Cypers). It needs to be noted that the name Panicum ciliare Retz., a basionym of the
name D. ciliaris, repeatedly appears in herbaria and floristic literature from the Czech Republic since the first half
of the 19th century, but based on morphological descriptions and numerous gatherings, the plants actually represent
D. sanguinalis var. pectiniformis, which we consider a naturalized archaeophyte. The reference in Wilhalm
(2009) to plants collected by V. Cypers is therefore the first record of this casual neophyte in the country (see
Danihelka in Hadinec & Lustyk 2011 for details and references therein).
Dittrichia graveolens. Thirteen localities from 2008–2009 are listed from the Czech Republic in a recent
paper reporting it as a new species of the Czech flora (Raabe in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009). This Mediterranean species
has been spreading rapidly in Central Europe, following the first reports at the beginning of the 1980s and
2000s in Germany and Austria, respectively, where it forms extensive stands in highway medians. In the Czech
Republic, it was very abundant along the D1 highway Prague – Brno already in 2008, forming large stands close
to Brno and Velké Meziřící (Raabe in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009). In 2011, it was seen at other 10 sites between km
27 and km 106 (U. Raabe, pers. comm.). At present it spreads further southeastwards to Bratislava, and it is also
recorded from the D11 highway (J. Rydlo, pers. comm.) and the Nymburk district, central Bohemia (F. Krahulec,
pers. observ.). The species is thus classified as naturalized even though the first documented record from the
Czech Republic is very recent.
Egeria densa, planted in aquaria, was observed two times in the wild: in a pond in the Kinského sady park in
Prague in 1991, and in a village pond in Borek near České Budějovice, southern Bohemia. The finds are most
likely due to deliberate release; the plants do not survive winter in local conditions (Kaplan in Štěpánková 2010).
Elaeagnus commutata was planted on a spoil heap Antonín in the Sokolov coal mining area, northwestern
Bohemia, during rehabilitation activities in the first half of the 1970s (Dimitrovský 2001) and spread over an area
of several hectares, first along roads but gradually also elsewhere, forming dense stands in places (P. Krása & V.
Grulich, pers. comm.).
Eragrostis pectinacea. The species was first collected in a botanical garden in Olomouc (1937 O. Leneček,
PRC) and one tussock was observed in Pardubice, eastern Bohemia, in 2000–2001 (P. Špryňar, PRC). It was
reported as a new alien species in the Czech flora based on a thorough revision of herbarium collections of the
genus (Špryňar & Kubát 2004).
Eragrostis pilosa was traditionally considered as native based on a near-natural character of the locality from
which it has been known since the beginning of the 20th century, but this view was recently reconsidered based on
a revision of the genus in the country (Špryňar & Kubát 2004). The species was first collected at Znojmo-Hradiště,
southern Moravia, in 1902 (A. Wildt, BRNM) where it still grows, and reported from several other localities in
warm regions, including slaughter house in Praha-Holešovice where it was surviving for 30 years. It is still
included among Red List species as a critically endangered (Holub & Procházka 2000), based on the Hradiště
locality. We follow the opinion of Špryňar & Kubát (2004) and consider it as a naturalized neophyte.
206 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Euphorbia agraria. A single plant was found growing on abandoned valley terraces close to Komořany, distr.
Vyškov, in 2005, and disappeared by 2008 when the grassland was mown. The find represents the first report not
only for the Czech Republic but the whole of Central Europe (Čáp 2008, Čáp in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Euphorbia myrsinites was found in 1998 growing on garden waste at an abandoned quarry on Svatý kopeček
hill near Mikulov, southern Moravia (J. Danihelka). In 2009, several tens of plants were found in a sand pit in
Tasovice near Znojmo, southern Moravia. Most likely, deliberate planting of the species in the wild was followed
by its proliferation by seed (J. Sádlo).
Euphrasia salisburgensis and Gentianella obtusifolia subsp. norica. These two species were most likely
deliberately introduced to the Rýchory range, Krkonoše Mts, at the end of the 19th century (Štursa et al. 2009),
and repeatedly collected during the first half of the 20th century mostly around the Rýchorská studánka spring.
The idea of deliberate introduction into the wild is supported by the species being not reported as a part of local
flora by botanists working in the area in the 19th century (A. F. Pax, R. Traxler).
Fallopia ×convolvuloides. A hybrid between an archaeophyte F. convolvulus and a native species F. dumetorum,
occasionally found where both species grow together (Chrtek in Hejný & Slavík 1990).
Ferulago confusa was collected at two localities: in an oak forest in the Koda Nature Reserve near Tetín, distr.
Beroun, central Bohemia, in 1998 (one plant), and in a dry grassland in the Kamenný vrch Nature Reserve in
Brno-Starý Lískovec in 2002. The species still occurs at the latter site, with 2–3 flowering plants observed every
year (O. Rotreklová, pers. comm.). It is not cultivated in the Czech Republic, except perhaps in some botanical
gardens, and it is not reported as escaped from cultivation in the neighbouring countries. The way of introduction
is therefore unclear, and given that both localities were discovered at about the same time, deliberate sowing cannot
be excluded (Rotreklová & Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Filago pyramidata was collected at two localities, Olomouc and Olomouc-Černovír in 1833 and 1860,
respectively (both specimens at W), and not observed since then (Wagenitz 1965). This corresponds to the fact
that the species’ native distribution was more extensive until the 19th century, allowing for introductions to the
Czech Republic, but it has been retreating since then (M. Štech in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Gaillardia ×grandiflora is a commonly cultivated ornamental hybrid, occasionally found escaping (Bělohlávková
in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004). It was recorded in Mikulov, southern Moravia, where the plants seeded
for two years in 2003–2004 at the foot of a wall, and in Břeclav-Poštorná, southern Moravia (2003 J. Danihelka,
MMI).
Galium murale. Five fruiting plants were recorded at the Albertov university canteen entrance in Prague in
2009, eight plants in 2010 and two plants in 2011. In Europe the species was up to now only reported as an alien
from the UK and Belgium (Prančl in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Geranium purpureum was first recorded at a railway station Hrušovany u Brna in 2005. Three years later it
was found at all stations between Hrušovany and Brno (Růžička & Koblížek 2009). Further spread is likely in the
near future.
Gleditsia triacanthos. The species occasionaly occurs in near-natural vegetation. While it is not clear whether
older trees are cultivation remnants or established spontaneously, a massive occurrence of seedlings was documented
from an exposed bottom of the Prostřední rybník fishpond near Lednice, southern Moravia (2008
J. Danihelka, BRNU).
Gratiola neglecta was recorded at two sites near Lázně Bohdaneč, eastern Bohemia, in 2002, and at one site in
the surroundings of Blatná, southern Bohemia, in 2008 (Šumberová & Ducháček 2009).
Helianthemum nummularium subsp. nummularium. Occasionally planted as a garden ornamental, reported to
escape in Olomučany near Brno (Hrouda in Hejný & Slavík 1990).
Helichrysum thianschanicum. Plants usually assigned to this species are known to have occurred on
Kunětická hora hill near Pardubice (Štech in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004), together with several other species associated
with intentional introductions of many species that were planted at the locality in the 1930s by a nature history
society from Pardubice (Pyšek et al. 2002). The record is based on a herbarium specimen collected in 1941
(V. Horák, MP; M. Štech, pers. comm.).
Helleborus orientalis. A hybrid population involving this species (see Jäger et al. 2008) persists outside cultivation
in the Průhonice Park near Prague (P. Sekerka, pers. comm.).
Herniaria incana. The species was recorded in a mown dry grassland near Hříměždice, central Bohemia, in
1986 (Hlaváček 1989). It reproduced by seed and persisted in the locality until the beginning of the 1990s
(Hlaváček & Pyšek 1992). Later it started to retreat due to changes in the management of the site (R. Hlaváček,
pers. comm.).
Hieracium mixtum. A population of a flowering maternal plant and several juveniles was found growing on
a stony slope along a hiking trail to Mt Praděd, Hrubý Jeseník Mts, at 1355 m a.s.l., in 2006. By 2010, the population
increased and one of the juveniles was also flowering. The species is a triploid apomict not requiring pollination
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 207
for seed production, and is rarely planted as an alpine plant in rockeries, and traded by garden centres. Its occurrence
most likely results from deliberate planting or sowing in the wild (Kocián & Chrtek in Hadinec & Lustyk
2011).
Hordeum brevisubulatum. A herbarium specimen collected in 1974 (M. Dvořáková?, BRNU 605154) on
a waste place in a textile factory Brunka in Humpolec, distr. Pelhřimov, was identified as the first record of this
species in the country. It was almost certainly introduced with wool of Soviet origin, most likely from southern
Siberia or central Asia (Danihelka in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Hyacinthoides hispanica was recorded escaped from cultivation near a fishpond in Prague and in a forest near
Mašov, eastern Bohemia, in 2007 and 2008, respectively (Trávníček 2010, Hadinec & Lustyk 2012). Another
plant was found in the Herštýn Nature Reserve near Kdyně, western Bohemia, in 2009 (P. Petřík, pers. comm).
Hypericum annulatum. A population of about 20 plants was recorded on a power plant fly ash heap near railway
station at Oslavany, distr. Brno, in 2008 (Sutorý 2010a, b, Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Koelreuteria paniculata. Copious regeneration from seed was observed in park plantations in Brno and
Lednice, both in 2009 (J. Sádlo).
Lamium ×holsaticum. A hybrid of the archaeophyte L. album with the native L. maculatum, assumed to occur
rather frequently near the populations of its native parent (Dvořáková in Slavík 2000).
Lathyrus hirsutus. The species was considered native in the Flora of the Czech Republic (Chrtková &
Bělohlávková in Slavík 1995), but its native distribution range in southern Europe, character of habitats and
namely the absence from old floras (e.g. Čelakovský 1868–1883) are arguments against its native status; we suggest
it be classified as a neophyte but its status requires further study (see also Hadinec & Lustyk 2011).
Legousia pentagonia. Recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time in 2005, when several flowering
plants were found on a forest clearing along a road near Lanžhot, southern Moravia, together with two plants of
another casual neophyte, Gilia achilleifolia. The species was probably introduced to the site with forestry vehicles
(Řehořek & Lososová in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Lilium bulbiferum. Although some authors consider its localities in southern Bohemia as a margin of its native
distribution, we classify the species as an archaeophyte, following the recent treatment in Flora of the Czech
Republic (Hrouda in Štěpánková 2010).
Lilium candidum. A frequently planted species, occasionally surviving as a cultivation relic, or growing in
places with deposited garden waste (Hrouda in Štěpánková 2010).
Lolium ×hybridum. A hybrid between a neophyte L. multiflorum and the native L. perenne is reported to occur
by Kubát et al. (2002).
Lonicera periclymenum is occasionally reported in the literature, but without the character of occurrence
specified. Therefore it is in most cases difficult to decide whether the reports relate to surviving, originally planted
shrubs, cultivation relics or escape. Extensive clonally spreading stands were recorded in ruins of the Ronov castle
near Česká Lípa (50°37'13.3"N, 14°24'52.1"E) in 1994 (J. Sádlo) and in a wet forest margin near Doksy
(50°34'20.7"N, 14°39'12.2"E) in 2010 (J. Sádlo), both northern Bohemia.
Lotus ornithopodioidesis occasionally found on fodder plots in game preserves in southern Moravia, growing
from seed most likely originating from Fodder Research Institute in Troubsko near Brno. It is documented by herbarium
specimens from two sites: (i) Mikulov: Bulharská obora game reserve, fodder plot between a water hole
and path along the fence, ca 4.1 km ENE–E of the town church (1997 J. Danihelka, MMI, det. T. Vymyslický); (ii)
Lanžhot: a small forest meadow south of the bend of the Iklínská cesta forest road, 3.7 km SSE–S of the church
(1996 J. Danihelka, MMI).
Malus baccata. Ongoing regeneration from seed is observed in the whole area of the Průhonice Park near
Prague (J. Burda, pers. comm.).
Malus fusca. A young flowering shrub grown from seed was found in 2004 near Telnice, distr. Brno. The species
was not observed in cultivation in the wider surroundings of the locality, suggesting probable dispersal by
birds. Seeds collected at the locality germinated easily (Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Malus pumila. A species of unclear origin, introduced to Europe from the Southern Caucasus where it does
not, however, occur in the wild (Dostálek in Hejný & Slavík 1992). It is known from the territory of the present
Czech Republic since 1852. At present it is mostly planted as a rootstock for M. domestica and occasionally
reported as escaped in the floristic literature from various parts of the country (Křivánek 2008).
Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana. The taxon was listed in Pyšek et al. (2002) at the species level, now both
varieties occurring in the country are included (Appendix 2). This old variety of unclear origin is occasionally
planted as a medicinal or ornamental herb and temporarily escapes from cultivation (Slavík in Hejný & Slavík
1992).
208 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Matricaria chamomilla. The species is considered as an archaeophyte in Central Europe, following the treatment
in the Flora of the Czech Republic. It is planted as a medicinal herb and is common throughout the country
as a weed on arable land or at ruderal sites (Kubát in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Matricaria chamomilla × Tripleurospermum inodorum. An intergeneric hybrid between two archaeophytes,
so far only reported from Germany and the Czech Republic. Several plants were collected at two localities in
Prague in 1929 (Rohlena 1930, Kubát in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Meconopsis cambrica. A frequently planted ornamental species, reported to escape easily from cultivation. It
was recorded spreading in an abandoned garden in Zahrady, distr. Děčín, northern Bohemia, in 2000 (Kubát in
Härtel et al. 2002, Hadinec et al. 2003).
Miscanthus sacchariflorus. Several tussocks grown from seed were observed in a garden allotment in Ostrá,
distr. Nymburk, central Bohemia, in 2003, and one young plant on a garden waste in a quarry near Velká Vápenná,
Jeseníky Mts in 2010 (J. Sádlo).
Morus alba is reported in literature (Křivánek 2008), but in most cases it is difficult to decide whether the
reports relate to surviving, originally planted trees, cultivation relics or escapes. Regeneration by seed is, however,
reported from Slovakia, where the species is classified as naturalized (Medvecká et al. 2012).
Muscari armeniacum was reported as likely to escape from cultivation but not observed as such in the Flora of
the Czech Republic (Hrouda in Štěpánková 2010). However, it was recorded in many localities in Prague and
Mělník, central Bohemia (both J. Sádlo), and Brno and Mikulov, southern Moravia (both J. Danihelka).
Muscari botryoides is an archaeophyte with scattered distribution in the past, but not observed since the last
record in 1995 (Hrouda in Štěpánková 2010).
Opuntia polyacantha is a taxonomically complex species, also reported under other names in the horticultural
literature, e.g. O. erinacea var. utahensis (Bíba 2007). Here these two names are synonymized following a flora
from the species’ native range (Pinkava 2003). It is recorded from several localities in warmer regions, e.g. Lovoš
hill near Litoměřice, northern Bohemia, Prague and Brno and their surroundings. Populations range from those of
seedlings (Průhonice Park near Prague) to those of polycormons with estimated age of 20 years in the Skalky
u přehrady Nature Reserve near Brno-Bystrc (L. Tichý, pers. observ.). It is assumed to have been deliberately
planted in these localities (Hadinec & Kubát in Hadinec et al. 2004). The first observation of such plants comes
from the Dalejský profil Nature Reserve in Prague in 1997 (Špryňar et al. 1998). The other species of the genus,
O. phaeacantha, listed in Pyšek et al. (2002) is reported from Slánská hora hill in the town of Slaný, central Bohemia,
surroundings of Prague, the České středohoří hills, northern Bohemia, and the Pavlovské vrchy hills, southern
Moravia, assumed to persist following deliberate planting (Kubát et al. 2002, Pyšek et al. 2002).
Paeonia lactiflora escapes from cultivation in gardens, persists in abandoned nurseries and garden allotments,
and on rubbish tips from garden waste; it regenerates vegetatively from rhizome segments. It was recorded
as escaped e.g. in Praha-Kbely in 2011 (J. Sádlo).
Pennisetum alopecuroides. One flowering plant was found in Praha-Satalice, on stairs of a house, in 2002
(J. Sádlo).
Physalis pubescens. A single plant was recorded on a soil heap in Zlatá Koruna, distr. Český Krumlov, southern
Bohemia, in 2001, but no longer found when the locality was revisited in 2002 (Lepší 2005).
Pimpinella peregrina. A population of this species scattered along about 300 m long strip on a ruderal site was
recorded in Ústí nad Labem in 2011 (Nepraš et al. 2011). Its introduction was probably linked with recent remodelling
of a railway corridor. Its spread in the neighbouring Saxony, observed since the 1990s, is attributed to grass
seed used for revegetation following building activities (Nepraš in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012). Further spread in the
Czech Republic thus cannot be excluded.
Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora and P. grandiflora subsp. rosea. Both taxa were recorded on a tufa
cascade in a forest near Tichá in the Beskydy Mts, distr. Nový Jičín, northern Moravia, in 2006, where it was probably
deliberately planted. The population of the former taxon has considerably spread in the locality since then
(A. Veleba, M. Chytrý).
Podophyllum hexandrum. Found at a forest margin by the Nový Herštejn castle near Kdyně (49°24'45.8"N ,
13°04'00.2"E), western Bohemia, in 2009 by P. Slovák, close to an abandoned garden (P. Petřík, pers. comm.).
Pontederia cordata is occasionally planted as an aquatic ornamental in garden ponds, and recorded from several
localities outside cultivation in 2004–2007. These occurrences are mostly due to deliberate planting in the
wild, with plants surviving as cultivation relics. Plants found in the Labe river near Chvalovice (river km 62.91),
central Bohemia, were obviously dispersed to the site by water and observed in two subsequent years, 2006 and
2007 (Kaplan in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Potentilla adscharica. The species was first collected escaped in the Botanical garden of Charles University
in Prague in 1947, then repeatedly at the then unfinished Prague – Brno highway in 1950–1956; both finds were
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 209
probably related to plants spreading from the botanical garden, and they are only two records of this species in
Europe (Soják 2007).
Potentilla radiata. Repeatedly collected in the Průhonice Park near Prague in 1920–1926; the occurrence has
not been confirmed since then (Soják 2007).
Primula rosea. A Himalayan species recorded for the first time in the Czech Republic at two sites in the
Praděd Nature Reserve, Hrubý Jeseník Mts, in 2005. It is likely that this popular garden ornamental was deliberately
planted in a spring fen where it occurs (Kočí in Hadinec & Lustyk 2007).
Ptelea trifoliata is reported growing along roads in Bruntál, northern Moravia (Opravil 1961). A fruiting
shrub was also seen at the fence of the Michelská plynárna gasworks in Prague in 1964 (Skalická & Svoboda
1971).
Pteris multifida. One plant was found growing in a wall crevice in Prague in 1998, but it was destroyed next
year during the facade renewal (Ekrt in Hadinec & Lustyk 2011).
Pulmonaria rubra. Several populations were found scattered in different habitat types along ca 2 km of the
Všenorský potok stream near Všenory, distr. Praha, in a woodland valley. The species was first collected in 2001,
then again in 2002 but at the time of the first collection it was already growing at that site for some time
(V. Větvička, pers. comm.). The species is very rarely planted in the Czech Republic as a garden ornamental. It is
very likely that the escape from cultivation is related to a former experimental gardening centre, used as an acclimation
garden of the Institute of Botany AS CR, which is located up the stream (Hadinec & Rydlo in Hadinec et
al. 2004).
Pyracantha coccinea. A popular ornamental shrub, recently found escaping from cultivation with increasing
frequency in urban shrubland and grassland, ruderal sites, usually spread by seed to a short distance (up to 100 m)
from cultivated plants. Numerous localities were recorded in Prague in 2002–2012 (J. Sádlo). One shrub 4–5 m
tall was also found in a shaded forest near the Koněpruské jeskyně caves, distr. Beroun, central Bohemia, in 2008
(R. Hlaváček, pers. comm.).
Rhaponticum carthamoides. The species started to be planted as a medicinal plant in the 1980s. It was first
recorded escaped from cultivation in 1991 in a road ditch near Vlkava, central Bohemia, not far from a field where
it was planted. The second record, from 2003, refers to individual plants surviving on an abandoned field in Velký
Osek, central Bohemia, after the cultivation has ceased (Řehořek in Hadinec et al. 2004).
Rheum officinale. Five localities are reported in the Novohradské hory Mts, southern Bohemia, one of them
has been surviving since the 1980s (Lepší et al. 2006). Other localities found recently in mountainous areas of
northern Bohemia (Šída in Hadinec & Lustyk 2008) make further spread of the species likely.
Rhodanthe manglesii. Reported as escaped from cultivation in Chudenice, distr. Klatovy, western Bohemia
(Dostál et al. 1948–1950, Štech in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Rhodotypos scandens. A locally naturalized population has been observed since the early 1990s in the Boří
les forest between Valtice and Břeclav, southern Moravia, where the species has spread and formed a vital population.
The species was introduced to cultivation in the region probably in the 1920s, when former pastures south of
the Prostřední rybník fishpond were afforested mainly with introduced species (J. Uher, pers. comm.). This is the
first case when the species became locally established in Europe; so far it is only reported as casual from Belgium
and Hungary (DAISIE 2009), as well as from Vienna in Austria (Fischer 2008).
Ribes sanguineum. Several tens of flowering shrubs were found along a tourist path in a spruce and larch plantation
close to a chalet settlement near Dolany, distr. Olomouc, central Moravia. As the species increasingly
appears on sale in garden centres, its spread by birds is likely. Plants growing in the locality probably belong to
some of the numerous garden cultivars (Hadinec & Prach in Hadinec & Lustyk 2008).
Rodgersia podophylla survives as cultivation relic in parks for many decades, e.g. in Průhonice or Vrchotovy
Janovice. Seeds do not germinate and plants spread only vegetatively (Sekerka 2009).
Rosa multiflora is reported as escaping from windbreaks in southern Moravia (Tichá 2004). Shrubs most
likely established from seed were repeatedly observed at urban sites in Prague (J. Sádlo, pers. obs. 2009 and
2012).
Rudbeckia fulgida is a garden ornamental once documented as temporarily escaped from cultivation on
a ruderal site at the Pustý rybník fishpond near Blatná, southern Bohemia (Deyl & Skočdopolová-Deylová 1989).
Rumex patientia × R. tianschanicus is a hybrid originated in cultivation in the Ukraine and planted as a biofuel
crop in the Czech Republic since the 2000s, usually referred to as Rumex ‘Uteuša’. Probably the first record outside
cultivation was a single sterile plant at the western shore of the Rozkoš water reservoir, eastern Bohemia, in
2005, ca 3 km from the nearest planting plot (F. Krahulec). Since then it has been repeatedly reported as escaping
from cultivation in other places elsewhere.
Rumex longifolius subsp. sourekii. Pyšek et al. (2002) listed only the species R. longifolius without indication
of subspecies. Now both subspecies occurring in the country (subsp. longifolius and subsp. sourekii) are included.
210 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
This subspecies occurs in disturbed habitats at higher altitutes. In the 1990s it was locally common (Krkonoše
Mts, Jizerské hory Mts) and spreading (K. Kubát in Hejný & Slavík 1990).
Salix melanopsis is locally naturalized at the Nové Mlýny water reservoirs, southern Moravia, where it was
planted to prevent bank erosion in 1984–1992. It spreads by vigorous root suckers, but rooting of branches dispersed
by water was also observed. The species was recorded on 10 out of 16 islands investigated and on the upper
dam of the middle reservoir of Nové Mlýny. Plants cultivated in the Czech Republic are a single clone (Úradníček
2004).
Salix cordata. Originally reported as a find of a rooted branch at the Rovenský rybník fishpond under the
name Salix ‘Americana’ (Krahulec 1975). A clone of this species (det. J. Koblížek) persists at one site in Česká
Skalice, eastern Bohemia, since the 1960s, most probably as a cultivation relict; the population is maintained by
rooting.
Santolina chamaecyparissus is occasionally planted in gardens and reported to escape rarely and temporarily,
e.g. near Ledeč nad Sázavou, eastern Bohemia (Bělohlávková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Sarracenia purpurea. About 10 plants were recorded at the Řásník fishpond near Křižánky in the Žďárské
vrchy Mts, eastern Bohemia, in 2011, having survived winter from the previous year. The plants were assumed to
have been deliberately planted in the wild and since the locality is in a protected area, nature conservation authorities
planned their eradication when the species was found. As the information appeared on the internet
(http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/229243-na-vysocine-se-objevila-americka-masozrava-rostlina.html), the identification
based on a photograph was possible. The species was also observed to survive winter and produce seedlings
in a peaty site in a private garden in Liberec (L. Sekerka, pers. comm.). In the Borkovická blata peatbog near
Soběslav, southern Bohemia, a single plant was planted in the wild, survived winter for several years and produced
numerous seedlings before it was eradicated (M. Štech, pers. comm.).
Sasa palmata ‘Nebulosa’. Two dense stands, the larger one of about 150 m2
, were found in Praha-Podhoří
(50°07'25.1"N, 14°24'06.4"E) in 2012, probably resulting from former cultivation and subsequent vigorous
clonal spread (J. Sádlo).
Scilla forbesii. The species is often planted and known to escape from cultivation in some botanical gardens
and parks, first reported in the Podzámecká zahrada garden in Kroměříž in 1934 (H. Zavřel, BRNM, PR). Two
confirmed records in the wild come from the surroundingsof Prague, near Lhota in 1998 and in the Milíčovský les
wood in 2000. It is likely that several herbarium specimens from the second half of the 20th century, determination
of which was not possible due to collections late in the season, also relate to the species (Trávníček 2010,
Trávníček in Štěpánková 2010).
Scilla sardensis is occasionally planted and recorded as escaped in two localities. A population of ca 100
plants was first observed in the castle park in Otín, western Bohemia, in 1965; by 2004 it has increased to 500–600
plants spontaneously occurring in the park (Král et al. 2004a). It was reportedly planted in the wild in the
Průhonice Park near Prague (Blažek 1972), and recorded spontaneously growing in several other localities such
as Ludéřov, central Moravia, and the university botanical garden in Olomouc (Trávníček 2010, Trávníček in
Štěpánková 2010).
Senecio ×helwingii. A hybrid between the neophyte S. vernalis and the archaeophyte S. vulgaris is rarely
found in populations of parental species (Grulich in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Scolymus maculatus. Collected in 1969 at a rubbish tip in the former loam pit (“Kohnova cihelna”) below
Červený kopec hill in Brno, southern Moravia (F. Grüll, BRNU, det. J. Danihelka). It was erroneously determined
as Carthamus lanatus and published under this name by Grüll (1979).
Sorbus austriaca was formerly considered native but the plants actually represent another species. A taxonomic
revision revealed that S. austriaca, with the native distribution range from the Pyrenees to the Alps, has
been planted in the Czech Republic since at least 1966 as a garden ornamental and alley tree, and rarely escapes
from cultivation. So far it has been documented from two localities in central Bohemia: Průhonice and Benešov.
A population of tens of young individuals up to 2–3 m tall was found growing along a tourist path in a woodland
on Žďár hill near Rokycany, western Bohemia, in 1999 (Lepší et al. 2011).
Sorbus latifolia is occasionally planted in the Czech Republic and rarely escapes from cultivation (Lepší et al.
2011).
Spiraea japonica. Ongoing regeneration from seed is observed in the Průhonice Park near Prague where the
species forms small stands (J. Burda, pers. comm.). Several occurrences outside cultivation were also reported in
the floristic literature from the 1990s (Křivánek 2008).
Stachys setifera. A single clone with three flowering ramets was found on a sand heap in Brno-Stránice,
southern Moravia, in 2007, and disappeared by the next year. The plant probably belonged to the subsp. iranica. It
is unlikely that the species was planted nearby as it is not used as a garden ornamental or medicinal plant in the
Czech Republic (Řehořek et al. in Hadinec & Lustyk 2009).
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 211
Symphyotrichum laeve × S. lanceolatum is a stabilized hybrid similar to taxa known from the native range in
North America. Plants were so far only collected in Moravia: around Brno, Vyškov, Frýdek, and in the Moravian
karst (Kovanda & Kubát in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Tagetes tenuifolia is reported as not known to escape from cultivation in the Flora of the Czech Republic
(Bělohlávková in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004), however, it was recorded in Nová Ves u Bakova in 2009 (J. Sádlo).
Thuja occidentalis. Young trees were recorded in Praha-Satalice, planted trees also occasionally regenerate
on cemeteries and in villages (2012 J. Sádlo). It was also observed to regenerate, mostly from seed, near planted
individuals in the Průhonice Park near Prague (J. Burda, pers. comm.).
Trachyspermum ammi was recently reported as a new alien species for the Czech Republic based on a herbarium
specimen collected in Ústí nad Labem-Svádov on a sandy bank of the Labe river in 1903, and recently identified
by M. Marek. The species probably originated in cultivation (Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Trifolium alpinum and T. badium. The species were most likely deliberately introduced to the Rýchory Range,
Krkonoše Mts, at the turn of the 19th century (Štursa et al. 2009). Trifolium alpinum was collected once in 1919
(Kubát in Slavík 1995), T. badium repeatedly during the first half of the 20th century mostly around Rýchorská
studánka spring, where it still survived at the end of the 2000s (F. Krahulec). The hypothesis of a deliberate introduction
into the wild is supported by these species being not reported by the 19th century botanists working in the
area (A. F. Pax, R. Traxler).
Trifolium vesiculosum was collected in 1989 in a field near Troubsko, distr. Brno, where it was previously
planted as a genetic resource for fodder production (R. Řepka, BRNU), and escaped in Louky, distr. Zlín, northern
Moravia, in 2009 (Řehořek in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Typha laxmannii. Although previously considered native and even red-listed (Procházka 2001), the species is
a naturalized neophyte first recorded in 1968 near Kroměříž (H. Zavřel, OLM). In 2010, there were about ten
localities reported in the literature, and in recent years the species tends to spread at waterholes at reclaimed coal
mining heaps, in sand pits and similar habitats. The spread is supported by frequent planting in garden ponds
(Kubát in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Vaccinium corymbosum. Hundreds of plants originated from seed were recorded in a peaty forest in the
Borkovická blata peat bog near Mažice, southern Bohemia, in an abandoned planting site (2011 J. Sádlo).
Viburnum rhytidophyllum. Several young shrubs were found growing in a hedgerow in Brno-Řečkovice in
2011, resulting from natural regeneration of two large shrubs grown nearby (J. Danihelka), and in an abandoned
garden in Průhonice (J. Sádlo).
Viola septemloba. An abundant self-sustaining population of the species was found at the Central Cemetery in
Brno-Bohunice, in the part with soldiers’ graves from the 1920s. It was first collected by K. Sutorý (BRNM) in
2003. This author suggests that since the species is not known as planted in Europe, it might have been introduced
by legionnaires returning from Russia via North America to the former Czechoslovakia after WWI (Sutorý in
Hadinec & Lustyk 2008).
Xanthium orientale. A North American species naturalized in southern Europe but only occasionally introduced
to more northerly parts of the continent. In the Czech Republic it was collected only once at a ruderal site in
Brno-Královo Pole in 1965 (F. Grüll, BRNU; Havlíček in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Xanthium ×kostalii. A rare hybrid between the neophyte X. albinum and the archaeophyte X. strumarium, collected
only from the surroundings of Děčín (1854 Malinský, PRC), northern Bohemia, and repeatedly from
Kralupy nad Vltavou (1896, 1897, PRC), central Bohemia (Havlíček in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004). Recently, it
was collected in the surroundings of Znojmo (R. Němec, MZ, rev. J. Danihelka).
Xerochrysum bracteatum. Flora of the Czech Republic stated that the species may very rarely escape from
gardens where it is occasionally planted, but the authors were not aware of any report (Štech in Slavík &
Štěpánková 2004). However, there is a report on its escape at a rubbish tip in Přímělkov near Jihlava, western
Moravia, where the species was observed in 1991–1992 and 1994–1995 (Růžička & Zlámalík 1997).
Changes of immigration status
Residence time: neophytes reclassified as archaeophytes
Most changes to the residence time status are based on the sources that the authors of the original catalogue were
not aware of, or that appeared since the publication of the original catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002). This concerns
namely extensive archaeobotanical research focusing on thorough analysis of archaeological sites in several parts
of the Czech Republic, carried out by V. Čulíková (Most, Prague, Česká Lípa, Libice nad Cidlinou, Čáslav,
Opava; summarized in Čulíková 1986, 1994, and reported in numerous papers referred to below) and E. Opravil
(e.g. Opravil 1980, 1986, 1993, 1994). This research provided evidence of the medieval presence of a number of
212 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
taxa previously considered as neophytes at the territory of the Czech Republic: these taxa need to be reclassified
as archaeophytes.
Allium cepa was part of medieval diet and is sporadically documented by archaeobotanical finds so far. A find
from 1438 at Kozí Hrádek (distr. Tábor) is documented, and sporadic onion seed from the High Medieval come
from Opava and Jihlava (Čulíková 2000; see also Čížek 1994).
Anthriscus cerefolium var. cerefolium was cultivated as a vegetable since the Medieval (Slavík in Slavík
1997a) at it was escaping in the past (Koutecký in Hadinec et al. 2004).
Arrhenatherum elatius was already reclassified as an archaeophyte due to the lack of clear evidence for its
introduction only in the Modern Period (Chytrý et al. 2005, Sádlo et al. 2007). This reclassification is supported
by archaeobotanical evidence from the work of Čulíková (1999) who found five caryopses in Libice nad Cidlinou
in the material from the mid 10th century. Other archaeobotanical finds of A. elatius come from the 16th century
(Čulíková 1995b, 2002). Recently Poschlod et al. (2009) argued that the neophyte status is more appropriate for
A. elatius var. elatius because the medieval archaeobotanical records refer to A. elatius var. bulbosum, native to
southern and southwestern part of Central Europe (Conert 1998: 231–232). There are a few records of the latter
from the Czech Republic (Dostál 1989: 1381). However, as M. Dvořáková (in Štěpánková in prep.), who treated
the species for the Flora of the Czech Republic, could not find any herbarium specimens of var. bulbosum collected
in the country, we include A. elatius only at the species level and consider it as an archaeophyte. The issue,
however, requires further study.
Atriplex hortensis was used as a vegetable and medicinal plant in the Medieval, and its achenes were found
from archaeobotanical sites in the town of Most, northern Bohemia, dated to the 13th and 14th centuries
(Čulíková 1981, 1995b).
Camelina microcarpa was repeatedly documented by archaeobotanical studies to be regularly present at several
archaeological sites (Prague, Most, Libice nad Cidlinou, Opava) since the 10th century (Čulíková 1998a, b,
1999, 2001a, b, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010).
Camelina sativa. There are rare archaeobotanical finds of the seed of this species in medieval diet. Čulíková
(2000) points out that while they do not provide unequivocal proof of its cultivation, the species is considered
a traditional oil plant (Čulíková 2000).
Chenopodium foliosum was recorded in a fill of a waste pit from the 14th century in Most, northern Bohemia
(Čulíková 1981).
Citrullus lanatus. Three localities (in Prague and Opava) are reported in the CZAD (Archaeological Institute
ASCR 2011).
Coriandrum sativum is an ancient spice that was spreading with Roman colonization. On the Czech territory
it has been documented since the 13th century (Čulíková 2000; see also Čížek 1994). It was recorded in several
parts the country, i.e. Prague, Most, Česká Lípa and Opava (Čulíková 1981, 1987, 1995b, 1997a, 2002, 2009,
2011a).
Cucumis melo was reported to occur in sporadic finds from Bohemia and Moravia dating back to the late Middle
Ages (Čulíková 2000).
Cucumis sativus. The earliest record of this species comes from the 9th–10th century Prague (Čulíková
2001a); it was further documented in a number of archaeobotanical studies in northern Bohemia and Prague
(Čulíková 1981, 1995b, 1997a, 2000, 2001a, 2002, 2005, 2010).
Daucus carota subsp. sativus. Historical evidence suggests that it has been planted in Central Europe since
the High Medieval; the region of carrot planting in Europe extended during that period from the southwest to the
north and east, with reports from neighbouring Poland in the 14th century (Stolarczyk & Janick 2011).
Dipsacus sativus is reported from the Medieval (Opravil 2000). It is also recorded from that period in Germany
(Knörzer 1984) and Great Britain (Ryder 1994).
Elsholtzia ciliata was recorded in a fill of a waste pit from the 14th century in Most, northern Bohemia
(Čulíková 1981, 1995b).
Galega officinalis. Pollen of this species was recorded in an archeobotanical profile from Libice nad Cidlinou,
central Bohemia, from the Early medieval (R. Kozáková, unpublished).
Fagopyrum esculentum was first documented from the turn of the 9th century in Prague (Čulíková 1998a,
2000) as well as from several later medieval sites (Čulíková 1987, 1995b, 2002).
Ficus carica. Its fuits are considered to be imported already in the Medieval, although it may have been occasionally
cultivated in warmer regions of the country (Čulíková 2000; see also Čížek 1994). The oldest documented
record comes from Prague already from the 9th century (Čulíková 1998b, 2001a). Achenes were usually
found in abundance at each locality subject to archaeobotanical research (Čulíková 2000) throughout the Medieval
(Čulíková 1981, 1987, 1995b, 1997a, b, 1998a, b, 2001a, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010).
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 213
Glaucium flavum was recorded, as a seed, in samples from Prague dated to the 9th–10th centuries (Čulíková
2001a).
Iris ×germanica and Iris ×sambucina. Planted in central Europe since the Medieval (Jäger et al. 2008).
Lathyrus sativus. Palaeobotanical evidence suggests that the species was planted in the Bronze Age, recorded
from Dobšice, southwestern Moravia (Kočár & Dreslerová 2010).
Lens culinaris was recorded from the medieval period in the Prague Castle (Čulíková 2001b). Two seeds were
also recorded in a 13th century sample from a well in the Prague Castle. Although the species has been planted in
the region since prehistoric times it is rarely recorded in medieval archaeobotanical samples (Čulíková 2012).
Levisticum officinale was present in several archaeobotanical samples from Most and Prague from 13th– 15th
centuries (Čulíková 1981, 1987, 1995b, 2002). It is supposed that it has been more widespread in the Medieval
than indicated by the frequency of its finds (Čulíková 2000).
Myrrhis odorata was present in the Medieval from Prague (Opravil 1986) and was well known from Central
Europe in that period (Harvey 1984).
Prunus cerasifera was reported by Čulíková (1995b) from Most, which is not unambiguous evidence as the
dating of this site extends until the 16th century, but there are several records from the High Medieval in the
CZAD (Archaeological Institute ASCR 2011).
Rapistrum rugosum. The species was recorded from the medieval period at Mikulčice, southern Moravia
(P. Kočár, pers. comm.). There are two subspecies distinguished in the Czech Republic, subsp. rugosum and
subsp. orientale, both up to now considered as neophytes first recorded in the Czech Republic in 1850 and 1940,
respectively (Smejkal in Hejný & Slavík 1992). As they cannot be separated based on archaeobotanical evidence,
we use this find as the reason for classifying subsp. rugosum as an archaeophyte.
Salvia officinalis was recorded in a fill of a waste pit from the 13th–14th centuries in Most, northern Bohemia
(Čulíková 1981, 1995b; see also Čížek 1994).
Satureja hortensis was recently confirmed with certainty from a 13th century sample in Čáslav (Čulíková
2011b). Until now it was missing from the largest medieval sampling site in Most (Čulíková 1994) and previous
records did not allow unambiguous identification, with the exception of a fill of a waste pit in Opava from the 15th
century (Čulíková 2011a) and records from the early post-medieval period (Čulíková 2007, 2008).
Silene dichotoma was reported from medieval archaeobotanical samples in Uherský Brod (Opravil 1993).
Silybum marianum was used as a medicinal plant in the High Medieval (CZAD, Archaeological Institute
ASCR 2011).
Sorbus domestica. Recorded from the Medieval repeatedly by Opravil (1994) and in the CZAD (Archaeological
Institute ASCR 2011).
Vicia ervilia. Paleobotanical evidence suggests that the species was planted in the region in the Iron Age
(Opravil 2000).
Another valuable source proved to be the summary of medieval sources on the use of medicinal plants in
Bohemia (Čížek 1994). This author extracted information from the writings of Křišťan z Prachatic (Cristannus de
Prachaticz, probably 1366–1431), a dean of the faculty of medicine and rector of Charles University in Prague,
who wrote his works at the beginning of the 15th century, and they are probably the first scientific popularization
in Czech. His Medicinal books and herbal, together with other then sources analysed by Čížek (1994), became,
after careful interpretation of the original plant names, a basis for reclassifying the following species from neophytes
to archaeophytes: Allium fistulosum, A. porrum, Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica, Borago
officinalis (see also Jankovská 2011, who gives archaeobotanical evidence from Prague and Opava in the High
Medieval), Cnicus benedictus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hyssopus officinalis, Lactuca sativa, Lavandula angustifolia,
Majorana hortensis, Ocimum basilicum, Paeonia officinalis, Pimpinella anisum, Ruta graveolens and Vicia faba.
Archaeophytes reclassified as neophytes
Lathyrus aphaca is considered alien without residence time specified in the national literature (Chrtková et al.
1977, Bělohlávková & Chrtková in Slavík 1995), and was classified as an archaeophyte in Pyšek et al. (2002).
However, its status is reassessed here because the species is absent from old floras. Its earliest record for the country,
based on a find in the vicinity of Uherské Hradiště, was published in 1856 (Sapetza 1856) and remained
neglected, for instance, by Oborny (1886). The species only started to be occasionally recorded at the beginning
of the 20th century (Chrtková et al. 1977).
Fumaria parviflora was reclassified based on reinterpretation of the account in the Flora of the Czech Republic
(Smejkal in Hejný & Slavík 1988) and classification for Germany (Jäger 2011).
214 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Species included in 2002 version and omitted from here
Seventy-five taxa listed in the previous version of the catalogue (Pyšek et al. 2002) were removed. They can be
divided into several groups:
( i ) R e c l a s s i f i e d a s n a t i v e (41). For several taxa more or less convincing arguments were given recently
suggesting their native status: Agropyron pectinatum (Řepka & Chytrý in Hadinec et al. 2003), Crocus
heuffelianus (Chrtek in Štěpánková 2010), Epilobium dodonaei (Kaplan in Hadinec & Lustyk 2007), Senecio
rupestris (Lustyk & Šída in Hadinec & Lustyk 2008), Teucrium scorodonia (Hadinec in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012)
and Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (V. Grulich, pers. comm.). This concerns mostly rare species occurring in a single
or a few localities; the status of these species in the literature has been long debated without clear evidence in
one direction or another. Following a conservative approach, we classify these species as native. Such a conservative
approach also resulted in removing from the list some species originally classified as archaeophytes (Pyšek et
al. 2002) yet without sufficient support for the hypothesis of their alien origin; they are thus considered native
here: Aethusa cynapium, Androsace maxima, Arctium minus and its hybrid, A. ×maassii, Arnoseris minima,
Carduus crispus (including its hybrids C. ×stangii and C. ×sepincola), Cerinthe minor, Chenopodium ficifolium,
C. glaucum, C. opulifolium, C. polyspermum, Cirsium vulgare (including its hybrids C. ×bipontinum,
C. ×gerhardtii, C. ×sabaudum and C. ×subspinuligerum), Crepis biennis, Echium vulgare, Galeopsis ladanum,
Medicago lupulina, Mentha arvensis (including its hybrids M. ×dalmatica and M. ×verticillata; see also Štěpánek
1998a, b), Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa, Plantago major subsp. major (including its hybrids P. ×mixta and
P. ×moravica), Polygonum aviculare, Sagina apetala subsp. apetala, S. apetala subsp. erecta, Scleranthus annuus
and Vicia hirsuta.
In the case of Brachypodium rupestre, a possibility of its native status was discussed recently (Dančák &
Hadinec in Hadinec & Lustyk 2011), but we consider it as a neophyte. This species has been reported as occurring
in the territory of the current Czech Republic since the mid 19th century (Opiz 1852) albeit without unambiguous
herbarium evidence; recently it has been discovered in several localities in eastern Moravia and near Veltěže in
Louny district, northern Bohemia (Dančák & Hadinec in Hadinec & Lustyk 2011), and near Bělá pod Bezdězem
in northern Bohemia (50°30'11.6"N, 14°46'6.2"E) where a clone covering ca 100 m2
was found in a dry grassland
with prevailing Bromus erectus (2009 J. Sádlo). Although it occurs together with several native species of putative
relict status, the species is known to spread along roads in Germany (Hemm et al. 2007).
In the same vein, Artemisia alba was first recorded in 1965 in one locality in the České středohoří hills, northern
Bohemia, as a clone growing on an area of approximately 7 m2
. The locality was destroyed in 1977 but the
species was found again in 2004 close to the original site, probably as a remnant of the original population
(Hadinec & Lustyk 2012). Although its native status is considered unlikely in the flora of the Czech Republic
(Grulich in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004) and the species was listed as alien in Pyšek et al. (2002), the recent treatment
suggests that its alien status be reconsidered (Hadinec & Lustyk 2012). We do not follow this opinion as the
species is absent from historical floristic literature from this botanically very intensively studied area, and its
native distribution is in southern Europe with the northernmost occurrences in Hungary, 400 km from the site in
the Czech Republic (Grulich in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
( i i ) N o t e s c a p i n g f r o m c u l t i v a t i o n (9). Several taxa are not planted in the Czech Republic, or if
they are, there is so far no evidence for them escaping from cultivation: Amelanchier ovalis (only rarely planted
and not escaping; Lepší & Lepší 2008), Avena nuda (probably never cultivated, reports on its occurrence are confusing
and relate to Avena sativa Chinensis Group; J. Zázvorka in Štěpánková in prep.), Campanula speciosa
(previous reports on escapes assigned to this species, native to the Pyrenees, most likely refer to C. glomerata),
Catananche caerulea (listed previously based on a note about escape from cultivation in Dostál 1989 but herbarium
evidence is lacking; Skalická in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004), Cerastium biebersteinii (this species, endemic
to the Crimea, is most likely not planted in the Czech Republic, being confused with C. tometosum), Cichorium
intybus subsp. foliosum, Grindelia squarrosa, Ellisia nyctelea and Teucrium marum (no reliable records of
escape from cultivation exist).
( i i i ) Ta x o n o m i c a l l y n o t j u s t i f i e d t a x a (10). This concerns some subspecies recognition of which
is not justified based on the material from the Czech Republic; they are now included within the species level:
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum, Bromus hordeaceus subsp. pseudothominii (included in B. hordeaceus
subsp. hordeaceus; plants roughly corresponding to this taxon cannot be separated from other morphotypes of
this highly variable species) and B. secalinus subsp. decipiens (included in B. commutatus). Further, this category
includes some taxa with doubtful taxonomic status: Chenopodium integrifolium (included in Dysphania
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 215
ambrosioides), Hesperis matronalis subsp. oblongipetala (included in H. matronalis subsp. matronalis),
Lathyrus articulatus (included in L. clymenum), Urtica dodartii (included in U. pilulifera), Vicia cordata (included
in V. sativa). Also excluded are some formerly listed hybrids: Spergula arvensis subsp. arvensis × S. arvensis subsp.
sativa, and Cannabis ×intersita (a hybrid between two varieties, not distinguished in the current list).
( i v ) D o u b t f u l r e c o r d s (16). This category includes taxa that were recently suggested to have never
occurred in the country, mistaken with other species, or bearing names that are difficult to interpret.
Aster parviflorus (syn. Symphyotrichum parviflorum). Reportedly an almost sterile taxon that originated in
Europe but its possible occurrence and distribution in the Czech Republic is unclear (Kovanda & Kubát in Slavík
& Štěpánková 2004).
Bromus inermis × B. pumpellianus. The reexamination of plants growing at the locality reported in Krahulec
& Jiřiště (1997) suggests that they fall within the range of individual variability of the native species B. inermis
(B. Trávníček, pers. comm). Still, the issue may require further study.
Bromus riparius. A doubtful record without any details (Kubát et al. 2002) and unclear source.
Bromus grossus, recorded as B. secalinus subsp. multiflorus in Pyšek et al. (2002), is a weed of spelt wheat
(Triticum aestivum Spelta Group) fields. It appears that this species was never documented from the Czech
Republic as no specimens was found in Czech herbaria (J. Danihelka & J. Chrtek, unpubl.); the name was misapplied
to plants of B. secalinus with spikelets consisting of many florets (see Dostál 1989).
Centaurea nigra × C. phrygia was listed based on the determination by the collector (V. Jehlík, PRA) but this
hybrid combination has not been reported elsewhere and its occurrence is unlikely (P. Koutecký, pers. comm.).
Cirsium ×preiseri. Listed in previous version of this catalogue based on Dostál (1989) but not documented
from the Czech Republic (Bureš in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
×Conygeron huelsenii. This hybrid is reported in the literature since the 19th century (Čelakovský 1888b) but
the herbarium specimens either represent different taxa, or are not available for some records. Although it is documented
from neighbouring countries and its occurrence in the Czech Republic is possible, we omit it from the list
due to the lack of evidence.
Filago gallica. Reported in Kubát et al. (2002) but the more recent treatment concluded that the occurrence of
the species in the Czech Republic is doubtful and never reliably documented. One herbarium specimen available
refers to F. minima (Štech in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Filipendula rubra. Reports on the occurrence of this species refer to F. kamtschatica (Slavík 2002).
Hyacinthella rumelica was reported by Šuk (2001) but not included in the recent treatment in the Flora of the
Czech Republic, where Velká hora hill near Karlštejn, central Bohemia, is mentioned as locality of H. cf.
leucophaea (Bělohlávková in Štěpánková 2010). In fact, recent sources (Tutin et al. 1980, Delipavlov et al. 2003)
recognize only H. leucophaea, even without mentioning H. rumelica in its synonymy. In our treatment, the plants
reported by Šuk (2001) as H. rumelica are therefore included within H. leucophaea.
Kickxia elatine subsp. crinita. Chrtek (1984), analysing the variation of the populations of K. elatine subsp.
elatine in southern Moravia, considered some of the morphotypes transitory towards this Mediterranean subspecies.
He even identified one specimen as K. elatine subsp. crinita (see also Slavík in Slavík 2000). However, based
on phytogeographic information, we consider its occurrence in the Czech Republic quite unlikely and include all
records of K. elatine in the type subspecies.
Lithospermum arvense subsp. caerulescens is reported to have occurred near Všetaty, central Bohemia
(Slavík in Slavík 2000). Given that both Buglossoides arvensis and B. incrassata have blue-flowered forms, it is
impossible to interpret the above report with certainty.
Mantisalca salmantica. Rather vague literature reports about occasional occurrence of this species in the
Czech Republic (Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002) lack details and are not supported by herbarium specimens
(Štěpánek in Slavík & Štěpánková 2004).
Parapholis strigosa. The species was reported by Dostál (1989: 1357) as “once introduced to Brno with cotton”.
We believe that this is a misinterpretation based on the record of Pholiurus incurvus (= Parapholis incurva),
introduced to Brno with wool and reported earlier by Dvořák & Kühn (1966). No speciments documenting the
occurrence of P. strigosa in the Czech Republic were found in herbaria.
Veronica acinifolia. The only herbarium speciment from the Czech Republic, on which the reported occurrence
is based (Smejkal 1970, Hrouda in Slavík 2000), belongs to V. triphyllos (Danihelka 2011).
Vicia ×poechhackeri. Omitted due to the lack of evidence.
216 Preslia 84: 155–255, 2012
Pending issues: species with uncertain status, doubtful records and taxa requiring further study or moni-
toring
In the Průhonice Park near Prague there is a good long-term record of regeneration of planted woody taxa. The
following were observed to regenerate, mostly from seed, in the vicinity of planted individuals: Acer saccharum,
Carya ovata, C. tomentosa, Crataegus intricata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis,
C. pisifera, Juglans ailanthifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, ×Malosorbus florentina, Mahonia repens, Padus
maackii, Picea sitchensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Quercus palustris, Rhododendron luteum, Symplocos
paniculata, Taxus baccata × T. cuspidata, T. cuspidata, Thuja plicata, Torreya nucifera and Tsuga canadensis
(J. Burda, pers. comm.). These taxa are not included in the list but a note is given here for comparison with other
regions of the world where they may appear as aliens.
Some species are not included in the list even though they are reported in national sources such as floras and
field guides. This concerns, for example, several taxa of the genus Symphyotrichum (Aster s. l.), possible occurrence
and distribution of which in the Czech Republic is unclear and requires further study. These species are
either reported as being confused with other species in older sources (S. tradescantii), or are reported as (likely) to
occur but not documented by any herbarium specimens (S. praealtum, S. ericoides). This is also the case of
Galatella sedifolia subsp. sedifolia (syn. Aster punctatus). Two records exist from the Czech Republic, both
assuming either accidental introduction or garden escape (Makowsky in Oborny 1885, see also Danihelka 2008,
Dostál et al. 1948–1950) but no herbarium specimens were found.
The same conservative approach was adopted towards hybrids with alien species involved in taxonomically
difficult genera that are reported from the Czech Republic but not confirmed with certainty, e.g. Chenopodium
album × C. strictum, C. ×tridentium (= C. opulifolium × C. strictum), C. ×variabile (= C. album × C. berlandieri
subsp. zschackei; Dostálek et al. in Hejný & Slavík 1990, Kubát et al. 2002), or Atriplex hortensis × A. sagittata
(Kubát et al. 2002).
We did not include species that are known to have been planted in the wild and survive as the originally
planted individuals such as Rhododendron hirsutum and R. ferrugineum (Kubát et al. 2002). One shrub of the latter
species was planted in the Králický Sněžník Mts and still survives since at least 1825 when it was first recorded
(F. Krahulec, pers. obs.). Neither were included cases such as Cyclamen coum, of which one plant was found in
the Radotínské údolí valley, Prague, where it was most likely deliberately planted and reported to survive since
2008 (Prančl in Hadinec & Lustyk 2012).
Pyšek et al.: Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic 217
218Preslia84:155–255,2012
Appendix 2. – List of alien taxa of the Czech flora. Taxa are arranged alphabetically. Family codes (Fam) are formed by initial letters of the family name. The following information is
given for each taxon, if available: Life history (LH): a – annual, b – biennial, pe – perennial, ss – semishrub, s – shrub, t – tree, f – fern, aq – aquatic, p – parasitic (life histories in which the
taxon does not occur in the Czech Republic are given in parentheses). Residence time status (Res): ar = archaeophyte , neo = neophyte. Invasion status (Inv): cas = casual, nat = naturalized,
inv = invasive. Population group (PG): 1–18, reflecting the dynamics of populations of the species in the region, with link to cultivation (see text for details). First record (1st): date
of the first reported occurrence in the wild in the Czech Republic; in some cases approximate date (century or decade) is given inferred from the sources (e.g. 17th, 1990s). Abundance
type (Abund) in the wild in the country: s – single locality, r – rare, sc – scattered, la – locally abundant, c – common, v – vanished (if no records have been known for a long period), s+ev –
single locality, now vanished. Pathway of introduction (Path) of the species into the country: d – deliberate planting involved; a – accidental (unintentional) pathway only. Region of origin:
M – Mediterranean region, E – Europe, As – Asia, Af – Africa, AmN – North America, AmC – Central America, AmS – South America, Au – Australia, hybrid – hybrid origin, anec –
anecophyte (see text for details). Hybrid formulas for hybrids (nothospecies) and most anecophytes of hybrid origin listed here under their binomials are given in Electronic Appendix 2.
Cover refers to average % cover in plant communities in the Czech Republic; upper index refers to the number of vegetation plots from which the value was calculated (note that the same
values are given for Chenopodium striatiforme and C. strictum, and Prunus domestica and P. insititia, respectively, as the vegetation plots with these species could not been distinguished
with certainty, and were merged). Number of habitats (Hab), classified according to Sádlo et al. (2007), in which the species grows (n = 88). Impact (IEc – ecological, IEn – economic):
yes indicates that the species is reported to exert an impact in Europe; yes+, documented from the Czech Republic. Source: It primarily refers to the treatment in the Flora of the Czech
Republic if the species is reported there as an alien; otherwise the sources refer to papers first reporting the species, or explicitly dealing with the given taxon. Also included are selected
comprehensive accounts and specialized case studies, or updates of recent situation. Detailed information on taxa that represent additions to the Czech flora is given in Appendix 1. References
to the eight volumes of the Flora of the Czech Republic (F1 – Hejný & Slavík 1988, F2 – Hejný & Slavík 1990, F3 – Hejný & Slavík 1992, F4 – Slavík 1995, F5 – Slavík 1997a, F6 –
Slavík 2000, F7 – Slavík & Štěpánková 2004, F8 – Štěpánková 2010) and to the Additamenta ad floram Reipublicae Bohemicae series (A1 – Hadinec et al. 2002, A2 – Hadinec et al. 2003,
A3 – Hadinec et al. 2004, A4 – Hadinec et al. 2005, A5 – Hadinec & Lustyk 2006, A6 – Hadinec & Lustyk 2007, A7 – Hadinec & Lustyk 2008, A8 – Hadinec & Lustyk 2009, A9 –
Hadinec & Lustyk 2011) are indicated using codes. Taxa reported for the first time here are designated as ‘this study’. See Appendix 1 for comments on newly added and/or taxonomically
difficult taxa, and for changes in residence time status.
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Abies concolor (Gordon et Glend.) Hildebr. Pina t neo cas 4 r del AmN this study
Abies grandis (D. Don) Lindl. Pina t neo cas 4 r del AmN this study
Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach Pina t neo cas 4 r del E this study
Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Malv a neo nat 8 1894 r acc M As 3 yes yes Hejný et al. 1973, Slavík in F3, Jehlík 1998a
Acanthus hungaricus (Borbás) Baen. Acan pe neo cas 4 1999 s del E Hadinec in A8
Acer ginnala Maxim. Sapi s t neo cas 4 2001 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Acer monspessulanum L. Sapi t neo cas 4 2001 r del M Pyšek et al. 2002
Acer negundo L. Sapi t neo inv 18 1875 c del AmN 551
8 yes yes Koblížek in F5
Acer saccharinum L. Sapi t neo cas 4 s del AmN Koblížek in F5
Acer tataricum L. Sapi s t neo cas 4 r del E Koblížek in F5, Čáp & Koblížek in A4
Achillea crithmifolia Waldst. et Kit. Aster pe neo cas 1 1886 r acc E M Danihelka in F7
Achillea filipendulina Lam. Aster pe neo cas 4 1945 r del E M Sutorý 1993, Danihelka in F7
Aconitum ×cammarum L. Ranu pe neo nat 9 1819 sc del anec 8 Skalický in F1
Acorus calamus L. Acor pe aq neo nat 15 1679 sc del As 39293
9 yes yes Pyšek & Mandák 1998a, Hendrych 2003,
Záveská Drábková in F8
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. L.
Ferguson
Acti s neo cas 4 2008 s del As Hadinec et al. in A7
Adonis aestivalis L. subsp. aestivalis Ranu a ar nat 6 sc acc M 5
128
3 Křísa in F1
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic219
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Adonis annua L. subsp. annua Ranu a neo cas 4 1874 r del M 1 Křísa in F1
Adonis flammea Jacq. Ranu a ar cas 2 r acc M 1 Křísa in F1, Fajmon in A4, Štefánek in A4
Aegilops cylindrica Host Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002, Dostál 1989
Aegilops geniculata Roth Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002, Dostál 1989
Aesculus ×carnea Hayne Sapi t neo cas 4 1963 r del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Aesculus hippocastanum L. Sapi t neo nat 12 la del M 6 Skalická in F5
Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King et H. Rob. Aster pe neo cas 4 1979 s del AmN Slavík in F7
Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Aster a (pe) neo cas 4 r del AmC AmS Bělohlávková in F7
Agrostemma githago L. Cary a ar cas 2 r acc anec 2 Šourková in F2, Otýpková 2003
Agrostis gigantea Roth Poac pe neo nat 13 sc acc M 4157
21 Kubát et al. 2002
Agrostis scabra Willd. Poac pe neo nat 8 2001 s acc AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Sima t neo inv 16 1874 sc del As 10 yes yes+ Koblížek in F5
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. subsp. chamaepitys Lami a b ar nat 6 r acc M 5 Slavíková in F6
Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang. Lami a b pe ar cas 2 v acc E M Slavíková in F6
Alcea rosea L. Malv b pe neo nat 11 1880 r del anec 3 yes Slavík in F3
Alchemilla conjuncta Bab. Rosa ss neo cas 4 s del E Plocek in F4, Havlíček 1999
Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. Rosa pe neo cas 4 1985 r del E M Plocek in F4
Alchemilla sericata Rchb. Rosa ss neo cas 4 s del E M Plocek in F4
Alchemilla speciosa Buser Rosa pe neo cas 4 s del E Plocek in F4
Alchemilla tytthantha Juz. Rosa pe neo cas 4 r del E Plocek in F4
Alhagi maurorum Medik. Faba pe neo cas 1 1963 s+v acc E M As Pyšek et al. 2002
Allium atropurpureum Waldst. et Kit. Amary pe neo cas 4 1946 s del E Pyšek et al. 2002, Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Amary pe neo cas 1 1922 s+v acc E M Pyšek et al. 2002, Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium cepa L. Amary pe ar cas 5 sc del M Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium cristophii Trautv. Amary pe neo cas 4 1994 s del M As Krahulec in A8, Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium fistulosum L. Amary pe ar cas 4 r del As yes Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium moly L. Amary pe neo cas 4 r del M Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don Amary pe neo nat 12 1867 r del E 6 Hejný 1971, Hejný et al. 1984, Hadinec in A2,
Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium porrum L. Amary pe ar cas 4 r del anec Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium roseum L. Amary pe neo cas 4 2005 s del M Krahulec & Lepší in A8, Krahulec &
Duchoslav in F8
Allium sativum L. Amary pe ar nat 11 sc del anec 4 Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium stipitatum Regel Amary pe neo cas 4 2008 s del As Krahulec in A8, Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium tuberosum Spreng. Amary pe neo cas 4 1866 s+v del M Krahulec & Duchoslav in F8
Allium zebdanense Boiss. et Noë Amary pe neo cas 4 2006 r del M Krahulec & Marek in A5, Krahulec &
Duchoslav in F8
Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Betu s t neo cas 4 1872 r del AmN Kovanda in F2
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Poac a ar nat 8 r acc M 3 Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Althaea armeniaca Ten. Malv pe neo cas 1 1966 v acc M Smejkal 1966, Slavík in F3
Althaea hirsuta L. Malv a neo cas 1 1870 v acc M Slavík in F3
Alyssum murale Waldst. et Kit. Bras pe neo nat 11 r del M Smejkal in F3
220Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Alyssum rostratum Steven Bras a neo cas 1 1897 v acc E Smejkal in F3
Amaranthus acutilobus Uline et W. L. Bray Amara a neo cas 4 1909 v del AmN Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus albus L. Amara a neo nat 8 1893 sc acc AmN 4 yes Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Amaranthus ×alleizettei Aellen Amara a neo cas 1 1945 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson Amara a neo nat 7 1931 sc acc AmN 5 yes Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Amaranthus blitum L. subsp. blitum Amara a ar nat 13 sc acc M 6 Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus bouchonii Thell. Amara a neo cas 1 1948 v acc AmN Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus caudatus subsp. saueri V. Jehlík Amara a neo cas 4 1838 sc del AmS Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. et Thévenau) N. Terracc. Amara a neo nat 8 1926 r acc AmS yes Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus cruentus L. Amara a neo cas 4 1834 r del AmC AmS Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus deflexus L. Amara a pe neo nat 8 1905 r acc AmS yes Jehlík in F2, Grüll 1999, Fajmon et al. in A7
Amaranthus graecizans L. subsp. graecizans Amara a neo cas 1 1912 v acc M Af Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus graecizans subsp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan Amara a ar cas 2 v acc M Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus graecizans subsp. thellungianus (Nevski)
Gusev
Amara a neo cas 1 1965 v acc M As Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus hybridus L. Amara a neo cas 1 1961 r acc AmN AmC
AmS
yes Grüll & Priszter 1969, Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Amara a neo cas 4 1853 r del anec Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus ×ozanonii Thell. Amara a neo cas 1 1943 sc acc hybrid Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson Amara a neo cas 1 1908 r acc AmN Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus powellii S. Watson Amara a neo inv 14 1853 c acc AmC AmS 3114
8 Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Amara a neo cas 1 1910 v acc AmS Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amara a neo inv 14 1818 c acc AmN AmC 6443
10 yes yes Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus rudis J. D. Sauer Amara a neo cas 1 1967 r acc AmN Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus spinosus L. Amara a neo cas 1 1909 r acc AmC AmS Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus ×turicensis Thell. Amara a neo cas 1 1909 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F2
Amaranthus viridis L. Amara a neo cas 1 1964 r acc AmS yes Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Aster a neo inv 14 1883 la acc AmN 5 yes yes+ Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1998a, Slavík in F7
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Aster pe neo cas 1 1999 s acc AmN 2 Červinka & Sádlo 2000, Slavík in F7
Ambrosia trifida L. Aster a neo cas 1 1960 sc acc AmN AmC 3 yes+ Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1998a, Slavík in F7
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) M. Roem. Rosa s t neo cas 4 2008 r del AmN Lepší & Lepší 2008
Amelanchier lamarckii F. G. Schroed. Rosa s t neo cas 4 1867 r del AmN Lepší & Lepší 2008
Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch Rosa s neo nat 10 1880 sc del AmN 5 Lepší & Lepší 2008
Ammi majus L. Apia a neo cas 1 1898 r acc M Tomšovic in F5
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Apia a neo cas 1 1987 v acc M Tomšovic in F5
Ammobium alatum R. Br. Aster a neo cas 4 1942 r del Au Hadač et al. 1994, Hradílek et al. 1999,
Slavíková in F7
Amorpha fruticosa L. Faba s neo nat 12 1932 la del AmN 2 yes Chrtková in F4
Amsinckia lycopsoides (Lehm.) Lehm. Bora a neo cas 1 2000 s+v acc AmN Rotreklová & Řehořek in A8
Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. Aster a neo cas 4 v del M Skalická in F7
Anagallis arvensis L. Prim a ar nat 13 c acc M 2949
9 Kovanda in F3
Anagallis ×doerfleri Ronn. Prim a ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Kovanda in F3
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic221
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Anagallis foemina Mill. Prim a ar nat 6 sc acc E M 297
4 Kovanda in F3
Anagallis monelli L. Prim a neo cas 1 1953 v acc M Kovanda in F3
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Aster pe neo cas 4 1887 r del As AmN 3 Kubát in F7
Anchusa azurea Mill. Bora pe neo cas 1 r acc M Křísa in F6
Anchusa officinalis L. Bora b pe ar nat 6 sc acc E M 4 yes Křísa in F6
Androsace elongata L. Prim a ar nat 6 r acc E 5 Kovanda in F3
Anethum graveolens L. Apia a ar cas 5 sc del M 2 Tomšovic in F5
Angelica archangelica L. subsp. archangelica Apia b pe ar inv 16 la del E As 11 Jehlík & Rostański 1975, Slavík in F5
Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. Malv a pe neo cas 1 1973 r acc AmN& C & S Slavík in F3
×Anthematricaria dominii Rohlena Aster a ar cas 1 1929 s+v acc hybrid Dvořáková in F7
Anthemis arvensis L. Aster a ar nat 13 c acc M 5387
8 yes Dvořáková in F7
Anthemis cotula L. Aster a ar nat 6 sc acc M 669
5 Dvořáková in F7
Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae (Ten.) Franzén Aster pe neo cas 4 1871 s+v del E Dvořáková in F7
Anthemis cotula × Cota tinctoria Aster a ar cas 1 s+v acc hybrid Dvořáková in F7
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. Poac a neo cas 1 1883 r acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. Apia a ar cas 2 r acc E M 7 Slavík in F5, Ondráček in A3
Anthriscus cerefolium L. var. cerefolium Apia a ar cas 4 r del anec 6 Slavík in F5, Koutecký in A3
Anthriscus cerefolium var. trichocarpus Neilr. Apia a ar nat 9 la del M 9 Slavík in F5, Hadinec in A2
Antirrhinum majus L. Plant pe a neo nat 11 1819 r del M 3 Grulich in F6
Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a ar nat 13 c acc E M 5572
15 Kubát et al. 2002
Apium graveolens L. Apia b ar cas 4 r del anec yes Tomšovic in F5
Aquilegia atrata W. D. J. Koch Ranu pe neo cas 4 r del E Chrtková in F1
Arabis alpina L. Bras pe neo nat 11 r del E Af 1 Štěpánek in F3
Arabis caucasica Willd. Bras pe neo nat 11 1957 r del E 1 Štěpánek in F3
Arabis procurrens Waldst. et Kit. Bras pe neo nat 11 r del E Štěpánek in F3
Arctium ×ambiguum (Čelak.) Nyman Aster b ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Štěpánek in F7
Arctium ×cimbricum (E. H. L. Krause) Hayek Aster b ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Štěpánek in F7
Arctium lappa L. Aster b ar nat 13 c acc E 3270
24 Štěpánek in F7
Arctium ×mixtum (Simonk.) Nyman Aster b ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Štěpánek in F7
Arctium ×neumannii P. Fourn. Aster b ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Štěpánek in F7
Arctium ×nothum (Ruhmer) J. Weiss Aster b ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Štěpánek in F7
Arctium tomentosum Mill. Aster b ar nat 13 c acc E 6382
24 Štěpánek in F7
Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns Aster b neo cas 1 r acc Af yes Bělohlávková in F7
Argemone mexicana L. Papa a neo cas 1 1965 v acc AmC Kubát in F1
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. Plum pe neo cas 4 1890 v del E Kovanda in F2
Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn. et al. Bras pe ar nat 17 c del E 2127
13 yes Tomšovic in F3
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl et C. Presl Poac pe ar inv 18 c del E 93128
62 Kubát et al. 2002
Artemisia abrotanum L. Aster ss ar cas 4 r del anec Grulich in F7
Artemisia absinthium L. Aster pe ar nat 13 sc acc M 6134
22 Grulich in F7
Artemisia alba Turra Aster pe neo cas 1 1965 s acc M Grulich in F7, Hadinec & Lustyk 2012
Artemisia alpina Willd. Aster pe neo cas 4 2008 s del E M Čáp in A9
Artemisia annua L. Aster a neo nat 8 1874 r acc M As 3 Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1998a, Grulich in F7
222Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Artemisia biennis Willd. Aster pe neo cas 1 1960 r acc AmN 2 Jehlík 1984, Grulich in F7
Artemisia dracunculus L. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del E As Grulich in F7
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana Aster pe neo cas 1 1971 s+v acc AmN Grüll 1974, Grulich in F7
Artemisia repens Willd. Aster pe neo cas 1 1872 r acc E M As Grulich in F7
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. Aster a b ar nat 6 r acc E M As 4 Grulich in F7
Artemisia siversiana Willd. Aster a b neo cas 1 1953 r acc E As Hejný 1964, Hejný et al. 1973, Grulich in F7
Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb. Aster pe neo nat 8 1964 sc acc M As 4 Grüll 1972, Grulich in F7
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte Aster pe neo nat 10 1947 r del As 6 yes Gutte & Pyšek 1972, Jehlík 1998a, Grulich in F7
Asclepias syriaca L. Apoc pe neo inv 16 1901 r del AmN 8 Slavík in F6
Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Aspa pe neo nat 11 ca 1800 sc del As 155
13 Bělohlávková & Slavíková in F8
Asperugo procumbens L. Bora a ar nat 6 r acc M 6 Křísa in F6
Asperula arvensis L. Rubi a ar cas 2 v acc M Kubát in F6
Asperula orientalis Boiss. et Hohen. Rubi a neo cas 4 1905 v del M Kubát in F6
Astilbe Arendsii Group Saxi pe neo cas 4 1999 s del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Astragalus alopecuroides L. Faba pe neo cas 1 1872 v acc M Chrtková in F4
Astragalus glycyphylloides DC. Faba pe neo cas 1 v acc E M Chrtková & Kubát in F4
Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude Apia b neo cas 2 1847 v acc E M Tomšovic in F5
Atocion armeria (L.) Raf. Cary a neo cas 4 1850 r del E M Šourková in F2, Grulich in A5
Atriplex hortensis L. Amara a ar cas 4 r del E 1 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex littoralis L. Amara a neo cas 1 1977 s+v acc E M AmN Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. Amara a neo cas 1 1967 r acc E As Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2, Jehlík 1998b
Atriplex ×northusiana K. Wein Amara a ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. et Kit. Amara a ar nat 13 c acc E M As 1659
9 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex patula L. Amara a ar nat 13 c acc E M As 3790
14 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex rosea L. Amara a ar cas 2 r acc E M 2 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex sagittata Borkh. Amara a ar inv 14 c acc E M As 23257
12 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex semilunaris Aellen Amara a neo cas 1 1963 v acc Au Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex sibirica L. Amara a neo cas 1 1939 v acc As Kirschner, Tomšovic in F2
Atriplex tatarica L. Amara a ar nat 13 la acc M As 1366
7 Kirschner & Tomšovic in F2
Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. Bras pe neo cas 4 r del M Dvořák in F3
Avena barbata Link Poac a neo cas 1 s+v acc M Dostál 1989
Avena fatua L. Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 4422
6 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Avena sativa Chinensis Group Poac a neo cas 1 r acc anec Kubát et al. 2002
Avena sativa Praegravis Group Poac a neo cas 1 r acc anec Kubát et al. 2002
Avena sativa Sativa Group Poac a ar cas 5 c del anec 4 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Avena sterilis L. subsp. sterilis Poac a neo cas 4 1922 v del M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet et
Magne
Poac a neo cas 1 1965 v acc M this study
Avena strigosa Schreb. Poac a ar nat 9 r del E 2 yes Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Avena ×vilis Wallr. Poac a ar cas 1 r acc hybrid this study
Axyris amaranthoides L. Amara a neo cas 1 1953 s+v acc As Tomšovic in F2
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic223
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Azolla filiculoides Lam. Salv a pe f
aq
neo nat 10 1895 r del AmN 3 yes yes Křísa in F1
Ballota nigra L. subsp. nigra Lami pe ar nat 13 c acc E M 8
563
25 Štěpánková in F6
Ballota nigra subsp. meridionalis (Bég.) Bég. Lami pe neo cas 1 1932 r acc E M Štěpánková in F6
Basella rubra L. Base a (pe) neo cas 4 1901 v del As Tomšovic in F2
Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss subsp. scoparia Amara a neo inv 14 1819 sc acc E M As 2 Tomšovic in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss subsp. scoparia
‘Trichophylla’
Amara a neo cas 4 1819 sc del E M As Tomšovic in F2
Bassia scoparia subsp. densiflora (B. D. Jacks.)
Ciruja et Velayos
Amara a neo inv 14 1901 sc acc E M As Tomšovic in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host subsp. eruciformis Poac pe neo cas 1 r acc E As Vicherek et al. 2000, Kubát et al. 2002
Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald Poac a neo cas 1 1995 r acc As AmN 2 Kubát et al. 2002, Jelínková in A9
Bellidiastrum michelii Cass. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del E Bělohlávková in F7
Berberis julianae C. K. Scheid. Berb s neo cas 4 2010 s del As this study
Berberis thunbergii DC. Berb s neo cas 4 2011 s del As this study
Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch Saxi pe neo cas 4 r del As Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. subsp. incana Bras a b pe ar nat 13 c acc E M As 4177
18 Smejkal in F3
Berteroa incana subsp. stricta (Boiss. et Heldr.) Stoj.
et Stef.
Bras a b pe neo cas 1 1960 v acc M Smejkal in F3, Smejkal 1994
Beta trigyna Waldst. et Kit. Amara pe neo cas 4 1935 r del E M Tomšovic in F2
Beta vulgaris Altissima Group Amara b a neo inv 14 1980s la acc hybrid Skalický & Pulkrabek 2006, Landová et al.
2010
Beta vulgaris Cicla Group Amara b a ar cas 4 r del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Beta vulgaris Vulgaris Group Amara ba ar cas 4 r del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Bidens connatus Willd. Aster a neo cas 1 1940s r acc AmN Lhotská 1968a, Štěpánková in F7
Bidens ferulifolius (Jacq.) Sweet Aster a neo cas 4 2006 r del AmN this study
Bidens frondosus L. Aster a neo inv 14 1894 c acc AmN 6845
22 yes yes Hejný 1948, Lhotská 1968a, Hejný et al. 1973,
Štěpánková in F7
Bidens pilosus L. Aster a neo cas 1 1981 r acc AmN AmC
AmS
Štěpánková in F7
Bifora radians M. Bieb. Apia a ar nat 6 r acc M 3 Křísa in F5
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Poly pe neo cas 4 1966 r del As Chrtek in F2
Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S. G. Sm. Cype pe neo nat 7 1925 s acc E M Af Hroudová et al. 1999, Kubát et al. 2002
Borago officinalis L. Bora a ar cas 4 r del M 1 Křísa in F6
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. et Schult. Poac pe neo nat 7 1891 r acc E M Opiz 1852, Dostál 1989, Dančák & Hadinec in
A10
Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp. elongata Bras b pe neo cas 1 1873 r acc E 4 Zelený in F3
Brassica elongata subsp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr. Bras b pe neo cas 1 1960 v acc E As yes Zelený in F3
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Bras a neo cas 4 1963 r del As 3 Zelený in F3
Brassica napus Napus Group Bras a ar cas 5 sc del anec 8 Zelený in F3
Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Bras a ar nat 9 r del M 7 Zelený in F3
Brassica oleracea L. Bras a b pe ar cas 5 r acc M 5 Zelený in F3
224Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa Bras a ar cas 5 sc del M 7 Zelený in F3
Brassica rapa var. sylvestris (Lam.) Briggs Bras a b neo cas 1 1964 r acc M Kühn 1968, Zelený in F3
Briza maxima L. Poac a neo cas 4 r del M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Briza minor L. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus arvensis L. Poac a ar cas 2 r acc M 3 Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus briziformis Fisch. et C. A. Mey. Poac a neo cas 4 r del M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus carinatus Hook. et Arn. Poac a pe neo nat 10 1934 sc del AmN Dostál 1989, Svobodová & Řehořek 1996,
Kubát et al. 2002, Řehořek in A1
Bromus catharticus Vahl Poac a neo cas 1 1853 r acc AmS yes Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002, Řehořek in A1
Bromus commutatus Schrad. Poac a ar nat 6 r acc M 4 Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. hordeaceus Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 2330
24 Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus japonicus Thunb. Poac a ar nat 6 sc acc M 136
5 Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus lanceolatus Roth Poac a neo cas 1 1848 r acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Bromus lepidus Holmb. Poac a neo cas 1 1883 r acc E Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus madritensis L. Poac a neo cas 1 1926 r acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Bromus rigidus Roth Poac a neo cas 1 1929 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus rubens L. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Bromus scoparius L. Poac a neo cas 1 1920s s+v acc M As Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Bromus secalinus L. Poac a ar cas 2 r acc M 3 Kubát et al. 2002, Lososová & Šumberová in A4
Bromus sterilis L. Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 7253
16 Kubát et al. 2002
Bromus tectorum L. Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 5226
20 Kubát et al. 2002
Brunnera macrophylla (Adam) I. M. Johnst. Bora pe neo cas 4 1965 r del E M yes Holub 1970, Křísa in F6, Kaplan in A8
Bryonia alba L. Cucu pe ar nat 13 c acc M 10 Chrtková in F2
Bryonia dioica Jacq. Cucu pe ar nat 10 sc del E M 4 Chrtková in F2
Buddleja alternifolia Maxim. Scro s neo cas 4 2011 s del As this study
Buddleja davidii Franch. Scro s neo nat 12 2000 r del As 2 yes Pyšek et al. 2002
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I. M. Johnst. subsp. arvensis Bora a ar nat 13 sc acc M 3189
9 Slavík in F6
Buglossoides incrassata (Guss.) I. M. Johnst. subsp.
incrassata
Bora a neo cas 2 2005 s acc E M Jongepier in A5, this study
Buglossoides incrassata subsp. splitgerberi (Guss.)
E. Zippel et Selvi
Bora a ar nat 6 sc acc E M this study, Clermont et al. 2003
Bunias erucago L. Bras b pe neo cas 1 r acc M Smejkal in F3
Bunias orientalis L. Bras b pe neo inv 14 1856 la acc E 9 yes Jehlík & Slavík 1968, Hejný et al. 1973,
Smejkal in F3, Jehlík 1998a, Křivánek 2004
Bunium bulbocastanum L. Apia pe neo cas 1 1879 v acc E As yes Tomšovic in F5
Bupleurum croceum Fenzl Apia a neo cas 1 1943 s+v acc M Snogerup & Snogerup 2001, Hadinec in A1
Bupleurum pachnospermum Pančić Apia a neo cas 4 1885 s+v del E Snogerup & Snogerup 2001
Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Apia a ar cas 2 r acc M 2 Šourková & Hrouda in F5, Štefánek in A4
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic225
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Buxus sempervirens L. Buxa s (t) neo cas 4 r del E M this study
Cakile maritima subsp. baltica (Rouy et Fouc.) P. W. Ball Bras a neo cas 1 1929 v acc E Dvořák in F3
Cakile maritima subsp. euxina (Pobed.) Nyár. Bras a neo cas 1 1960 v acc E Dvořák in F3
Calandrinia compressa DC. Port a neo cas 4 1853 r del AmS Sekera 1854, Skalický & Sutorý in F2
Calendula arvensis L. Aster a neo cas 1 1901 r acc M Slavíková in F7
Calendula officinalis L. Aster a neo cas 4 1872 sc del anec 2 Dostál 1989, Slavíková in F7
Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees Aster a neo cas 4 1872 r del As Bělohlávková in F7
Calystegia hederacea Wall. Conv pe neo cas 4 ca 1986 s del As Trávníček & Dančák 2011
Calystegia pulchra Brummit et Heywood Conv pe neo nat 9 1857 r del As 4 Holub 1971, Křísa in F6
Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. subsp. alyssum Bras a ar cas 2 v acc anec Smejkal in F3
Camelina alyssum subsp. integerrima (Čelak.) Smejkal Bras a ar cas 2 v acc E M As Smejkal in F3
Camelina laxa C. A. Mey. Bras a neo cas 1 1958 v acc M Chrtek & Žertová 1958, Smejkal in F3
Camelina microcarpa DC. subsp. microcarpa Bras a ar nat 7 sc acc E As 7 Smejkal in F3
Camelina microcarpa subsp. pilosa (DC.) Hiitonen Bras a ar nat 7 sc acc E M As 170
Smejkal in F3
Camelina rumelica Velen. Bras b neo cas 1 1963 r acc M Smejkal in F3
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz var. sativa Bras a ar cas 3 v del anec Smejkal in F3
Camelina sativa var. zingeri Mirek Bras a neo cas 1 v acc M Smejkal in F3
Campanula alliariifolia Willd. Camp pe neo cas 4 r del E Kovanda in F6
Campanula ×iserana Kovanda Camp pe neo cas 1 1974 s acc hybrid Kovanda 1999, Kovanda in F6
Campanula lactiflora M. Bieb. Camp pe neo cas 4 1973 s del M Řehořek in A8
Campanula medium L. Camp b neo cas 4 1968 r del M Kovanda in F6
Campanula rapunculus L. Camp b neo cas 1 1892 r acc E M Kovanda in F6
Campanula rhomboidalis L. Camp pe neo nat 11 1880 r del M Kovanda & Husová 1976, Kovanda 1996,
Kovanda in F6
Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa Cann a ar cas 4 r del E M 3 Chrtek in F1
Cannabis sativa var. spontanea Vavilov Cann a neo inv 14 1868 la acc E M As 2 Soják 1962, Chrtek in F1, Jehlík 1998a
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Bras a b ar nat 13 c acc M 22182
24 Dvořáková in F3
Capsella rubella Reut. Bras a neo cas 1 2006 s acc M Jongepier in A6
Caragana arborescens Lam. Faba s t neo cas 4 r del As Tichá 2004
Cardamine chelidonia L. Bras a pe neo nat 8 1930 r acc M 7 Kučera 1991, Hrouda in F3, Paulič in A6, A7
Cardamine hirsuta L. Bras a b ar nat 7 r acc E M Af As 8 Marhold in F3
Carduus acanthoides L. Aster b ar nat 13 c acc M 2389
24 Štěpánková in F7
Carduus ×leptocephalus Peterm. Aster b ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Štěpánková in F7
Carduus ×orthocephalus Wallr. Aster b ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Štěpánková in F7
Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis Aster a b neo cas 1 1967 s+v acc E Pyšek et al. 2002
Carex grayi J. Carey Cype pe neo cas 4 2010 s+v del AmN Hrbáč in A10
Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Cype pe neo cas 1 1947 s+v acc AmN Jedlička 1949, Grüll 1952, Pyšek et al. 2002
Carthamus lanatus L. Aster a b neo cas 1 1958 v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Zelený in F7
Carthamus tinctorius L. Aster a b neo cas 4 1876 r del M Zelený in F7
Castanea sativa Mill. Faga t neo cas 4 r del E M 4 Pyšek et al. 2002
Catalpa bignonioides Walter Bign t neo cas 4 r del AmN Skalická in F6
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubb. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc E M Dostál 1989
226Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Caucalis platycarpos L. subsp. platycarpos Apia a ar nat 6 r acc M 479
6 Hrouda in F5
Caucalis platycarpos subsp. muricata (Čelak.) Holub Apia a ar cas 2 r acc M Hrouda in F5
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Cela s neo cas 4 s del As 2 Skalická in F5, Červinka & Sádlo 2000
Celosia argentea Cristata Group Amara a neo cas 4 1902 r del anec Jehlík in F2
Celtis occidentalis L. Cann t neo cas 4 2001 r del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Cenchrus echinatus L. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc AmN Kubát et al. 2002
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Aster a ar cas 4 r del M Bělohlávková in F7
Centaurea calcitrapa L. Aster a neo cas 1 1872 r acc M Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea carniolica Host Aster pe neo cas 1 1914 s acc E Koutecký 2008
Centaurea cyanus L. Aster a ar nat 13 sc acc anec 4429
7 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea diffusa Lam. Aster b neo nat 8 r acc M 3 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea ×extranea Beck Aster pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea ×gerstlaueri Erdner Aster pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Pyšek et al. 2002, Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea ×javorkae Budai et J. Wagner Aster pe neo cas 1 1933 s acc hybrid Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea macrocephala Willd. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del E Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea melitensis L. Aster a neo cas 1 1901 v acc M Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea nigra L. Aster pe neo nat 7 1872 r acc E 5 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea nigrescens Willd. Aster pe neo cas 1 1823 r acc M 4 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea ×psammogena Gáyer Aster b neo cas 1 s acc hybrid Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis Aster a neo cas 1 1823 r acc M 3 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
Centaurea transalpina DC. Aster pe neo cas 1 ca 1900 s acc E Koutecký 2008
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. Vale pe neo cas 4 1880 r del M 1 Holub & Kirschner in F5
Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov Dips pe neo cas 4 1951 r del E Smejkal 1952, Štěpánek & Holub in F5
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roem. et Schult. Dips a neo cas 1 1948 s+v acc M Štěpánek & Holub in F5
Cerastium arvense subsp. arvense × C. tomentosum Cary pe neo nat 11 sc del hybrid 4 Pyšek et al. 2002
Cerastium tomentosum L. Cary pe neo nat 11 sc del M 3 Smejkal in F2
Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Spach Rosa s neo cas 4 1986 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Chaerophyllum nodosum (L.) Crantz Apia a neo cas 1 1997 s acc E M Filippov 1999
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl. Cupr t neo cas 4 r del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Chamaecytisus elongatus (Waldst. et Kit.) Link Faba s neo nat 9 r del E Skalická in F4
Chelidonium majus L. Papa pe ar nat 13 c acc E M As 4680
26 Kubát in F1
Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. Amara a neo cas 1 1953 v acc As Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium album subsp. pedunculare (Bertol.)
Arcang.
Amara a ar nat 13 c acc E 7 Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. zschackei (Murr)
Zobel
Amara a neo cas 1 r acc AmN Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. Amara pe ar nat 13 c acc E 9
85
9 Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. Amara a neo cas 3 1809 r del AmN Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium foliosum Asch. Amara a b ar cas 3 r del E M As Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. Amara a neo cas 1 1957 r acc AmS Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium karoi (Murr) Aellen Amara a neo cas 1 v acc As Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium missouriense Aellen Amara a neo cas 1 1963 r acc AmN 3 Hejný et al. 1973, Dostálek et al. in F2
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic227
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Chenopodium murale L. Amara a ar nat 6 sc acc M Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium nitrariaceum (F. Muell.) Benth. Amara a (s) neo cas 1 1963 v acc Au Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium probstii Aellen Amara a neo cas 1 r acc AmN 2 Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Amara a neo cas 4 1966 v del AmS Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium striatiforme J. Murr Amara a neo nat 8 r acc E M 1063
4 Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium strictum Roth Amara a neo nat 13 sc acc M 1063
5 Dostálek 1983, Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium urbicum L. Amara a ar nat 6 sc acc E M As 1 Dostálek et al. in F2
Chenopodium vulvaria L. Amara a ar nat 6 sc acc E M As 4 Dostálek 1983, Dostálek et al. in F2
Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Chloris truncata R. Br. Poac a neo cas 1 1956 v acc As Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Chloris virgata Sw. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. Bras a neo cas 1 1960 r acc E As Tomšovic in F3
Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Hemsl. Aster a (pe) neo cas 4 r del anec Pyšek et al. 2002, Zelený in F7
Cicer arietinum L. Faba a neo cas 4 r del M Chrtková in F4
Cicerbita macrophylla subsp. uralensis (Rouy) P. D. Sell Aster pe neo nat 11 r del E Kovanda in F7
Cichorium endivia L. Aster a b neo cas 4 1968 r del M Dvořáková in F7, Grulich in A9
Cichorium intybus L. Aster pe ar nat 13 c acc M 2249
13 Dvořáková in F7
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Aster pe ar inv 14 c acc E As 33084
44 Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×aschersonii Čelak. Aster pe neo cas 1 s+v acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×celakovskyanum Knaf Aster pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium echinus (M. Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz. Aster b neo cas 1 1937 v acc M Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×moravicum Petr. Aster pe ar cas 1 s acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×polivkae Podp. Aster pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×sessile Peterm. Aster pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium ×sextenum Huter Aster pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Bureš in F7
Cirsium tuberosum (L.) All. Aster pe neo cas 1 1869 s+v acc E Bureš in F7
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai Cucu a ar cas 5 r del Af As 1 Chrtková in F2
Clarkia pulchella Pursh Onag a neo cas 4 r del AmN Smejkal in F5
Clarkia unguiculata Lindl. Onag a neo cas 4 r del AmN Smejkal in F5
Claytonia perfoliata Willd. Mont a pe neo cas 3 r del AmN AmC Skalický & Sutorý in F2
Claytonia sibirica L. Mont a neo nat 9 1951 r del AmN Holub 1975, Skalický & Sutorý in F2, Paulič
in A6
Clematis flammula L. Ranu s neo cas 4 r del M Křísa in F1
Clematis tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh. Ranu s neo cas 4 1953 r del As Pilát 1953, Procházka 1998, Hrouda in Kubát
et al. 2002
Clematis viticella L. Ranu s neo cas 4 r del M Křísa in F1
Clinopodium grandiflorum (L.) Kuntze Lami pe neo cas 4 1945 s del E M Štěpánková in F6
Clinopodium menthifolium (Host) Stace Lami pe neo cas 1 1989 s+v acc E M Štěpánková in F6
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. nepeta Lami pe neo cas 4 1996 s del E M Štěpánková in F6
228Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Clinopodium nepeta subsp. glandulosum (Req.)
Govaerts
Lami pe neo cas 4 1948 s del E M Štěpánková in F6
Cnidium silaifolium (Jacq.) Simonk. Apia pe neo cas 2 1868 v acc E M Grulich in F5
Cochlearia officinalis L. Bras b pe neo cas 4 1819 r del E Smejkal in F3
Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb. f. Aster a neo cas 4 s+v del M Zelený in F7
Collomia grandiflora Lindl. Pole a neo nat 9 1880 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Colutea arborescens L. Faba s neo nat 12 1819 r del E M 5 Chrtková in F4
Commelina communis L. Comm a neo cas 4 1940 sc del As 2 Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al.
2002
Conium maculatum L. Apia a b ar inv 14 sc acc M As 1949
8 Křísa in F5
Conringia orientalis (L.) C. Presl Bras a ar nat 6 r acc M 439
6 Smejkal in F3
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Ranu a neo cas 4 1880 sc del M 3 Chrtková in F1
Consolida hispanica (Costa) Greuter et Burdet Ranu a neo nat 8 1913 r acc E M As 3 Chrtková in F1, Jehlík 1998a
Consolida regalis Gray subsp. regalis Ranu a ar nat 13 sc acc M 5430
7 Chrtková in F1
Convallaria majalis var. transcaucasica (Grossh.)
Knorring
Aspa pe neo cas 4 1970s s del E Čížek & Král 2009, Slavík & Zázvorka in
Slavíková 2010
Convolvulus arvensis L. Conv pe ar nat 13 c acc M 32021
37 Křísa in F6
Convolvulus tricolor L. Conv a (pe) neo cas 4 r del M Křísa in F6
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Aster a neo cas 1 1964 s acc AmS yes Šída 2003, Šída in F7
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Aster a neo inv 14 1750 c acc AmN 2754
34 yes yes Šída in F7
Conyza triloba Decne. Aster a neo cas 1 1971 s+v acc Af As Šída 2003, Šída in F7
Coreopsis lanceolata L. Aster pe neo cas 4 1962 s+v del AmN yes Bělohlávková in F7
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Aster a neo cas 4 1883 r del AmN Bělohlávková in F7
Coriandrum sativum L. Apia a ar cas 4 r del M 2 Tomšovic in F5
Corispermum declinatum Steven Amara a neo cas 1 1960 s+v acc As this study
Corispermum pallasii Steven Amara a neo nat 8 1933 la acc E yes Tomšovic in F2, this study
Cornus sericea L. Corn s neo nat 12 1900 r del AmN yes Holub in F5
Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W. D. J. Koch Faba a neo cas 1 v acc M Chrtková in F4
Corylus colurna L. Betu t neo cas 4 2001 s del M Pyšek et al. 2002
Corylus maxima Mill. Betu s neo cas 4 1902 r del M Kovanda in F2
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Aster a neo cas 4 r del AmN Slavíková in F7
Cota austriaca (Jacq.) Sch. Bip. Aster a ar nat 6 sc acc M 8107
4 Dvořáková in F7
Cotinus coggygria Scop. Anac s neo cas 4 1884 r del E M Skalická in F5
Cotoneaster bullatus Bois Rosa s neo cas 4 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Cotoneaster dielsianus Diels Rosa s neo cas 4 2011 s del As this study
Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder et E. H. Wilson Rosa s neo cas 4 2012 r del As this study
Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. Rosa s neo cas 4 1986 r del As 6 Pyšek et al. 2002, Joza 2009
Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl. Rosa s neo cas 4 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Cotoneaster zabelii C. K. Schneid. Rosa s neo cas 4 2005 s del As Čáp in A6
Cotula australis (Spreng.) Hook. f. Aster a neo cas 1 1958 s+v acc Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Bělohlávková in F7
Crambe abyssinica R. E. Fr. Bras a neo cas 4 1965 v del Af As Smejkal 1989a, Smejkal in F3
Crambe maritima L. Bras pe neo nat 7 r acc E Smejkal in F3
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic229
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Crataegus coccinea L. Rosa t s neo cas 4 sc del AmN Holub in F3
Crataegus crus-galli L. Rosa t s neo cas 4 1900 s+v del AmN Holub in F3
Crataegus flabellata (Spach) K. Koch Rosa s t neo cas 4 1993 r del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Crataegus mollis (Torr. et A. Gray) Scheele Rosa t s neo cas 4 r del AmN Holub in F3
Crataegus persimilis Sarg. Rosa s t neo cas 4 s del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Aster a pe ar nat 7 la acc E 132
9 Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis foetida L. subsp. foetida Aster b a neo cas 2 1872 v acc E M Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia (M. Bieb.) Čelak. Aster b a ar nat 7 la acc E M 4 Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis nicaeensis Balb. Aster a pe neo cas 1 1872 r acc M yes Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis setosa Haller f. Aster a ar nat 7 r acc E 4 Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis tectorum L. subsp. tectorum Aster a pe ar nat 6 r acc M 6 Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crepis vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. Aster b neo cas 1 1900 s+v acc M Kaplan & Kirschner in F7
Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N. E. Br. Irid pe neo cas 4 r del anec Chrtek in F8
Crocus chrysanthus (Herb.) Herb. Irid pe neo cas 4 1925 r del M Šuk 2001, Chrtek in F8
Crocus flavus Weston Irid pe neo cas 3 1910s v del anec Pyšek et al. 2002, Chrtek in F8
Crocus sativus L. Irid pe neo cas 4 s+v del anec Chrtek in F8
Crocus tommasinianus Herb. Irid pe neo cas 4 1910s s+v del E Chrtek in F8
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill Irid pe neo cas 4 r del M Chrtek in F8
Cucumis melo L. Cucu a ar cas 4 r del Af As 2 Chrtková in F2
Cucumis sativus L. Cucu a ar cas 4 r del As 2 Chrtková in F2
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cucu a neo cas 4 r del AmS 1 Chrtková in F2
Cucurbita pepo L. Cucu a neo cas 4 1969 r del AmN & C & S 1 Chrtková in F2
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Conv a neo inv 14 1883 sc acc AmN 4 Jehlík 1998a, Chrtek in F6
Cuscuta epilinum Weihe Conv a ar cas 2 v acc anec Chrtek in F6
Cydonia oblonga Mill. Rosa t s ar cas 4 r del M Kovanda in F3
Cymbalaria muralis G. Gaertn. et al. subsp. muralis Plant pe ar nat 15 sc del M 1737
5 Slavík in F6
Cymbalaria pallida (Ten.) Wettst. Plant pe neo nat 11 r del M 3 Slavík in F6, Láníková in A9
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poac pe ar nat 13 sc acc Af As 1945
10 Kubát et al. 2002
Cynosurus echinatus L. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Cyperus eragrostis Lam. Cype pe neo cas 1 1999 s acc AmN & C & S yes yes Kubát et al. 2002, Petřík 2003
Cyperus glomeratus L. Cype pe neo cas 4 1895 s+v del E As Kubát et al. 2002, Kubát in Štěpánková 2012
Cyperus rotundus L. Cype pe neo cas 1 v acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Cypripedium reginae Walter Orch pe neo cas 4 1935 v del AmN Dostál et al. 1948–1950, Šuk 2001
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Wood pe f neo cas 4 s del AmN Marek et al. in A1
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. scoparius Faba s neo nat 12 1819 sc del E 567
17 Skalická in F4
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc Af As Kubát et al. 2002
Dahlia pinnata Cav. Aster a (pe) neo cas 4 r del AmN Bělohlávková in F7
Darmera peltata (Benth.) Voss Saxi pe neo cas 4 1960 r del AmN Král et al. 2004c
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Rosa s neo cas 4 1977 s del E As Pyšek et al. 2002
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Datura ferox L. Sola a neo cas 1 1987 v acc As Štěpánek in F6
Datura inoxia Mill. Sola a neo cas 4 1934 s+v del AmN & C & S Štěpánek in F6
230Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Datura stramonium L. var. stramonium Sola a neo nat 13 1809 sc acc AmN 3 Štěpánek in F6
Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr. Sola a neo cas 4 1935 r del AmN Štěpánek in F6
Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. et
G. Martens
Apia b ar cas 4 r del anec Tomšovic in F5
Descurainia sophia (L.) Prantl Bras a ar nat 13 c acc M As 3
494
18 Dvořák in F3
Deutzia scabra Thunb. Hydra s neo cas 4 2001 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Dianthus barbatus L. subsp. barbatus Cary pe neo nat 11 1874 r del E Kovanda in F2
Dianthus caryophyllus L. Cary pe neo cas 4 r del M Kovanda in F2
Dianthus chinensis L. Cary a b neo cas 4 r del As Kovanda in F2
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould Poac pe neo cas 1 r acc AmC AmS Kubát et al. 2002
Dichanthium sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus Poac pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Diervilla lonicera Mill. Dier s neo cas 4 r del AmN Chrtek in F5
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Plant b neo cas 4 1881 r del E Kubát in F6
Digitalis lutea L. Plant pe neo cas 4 1872 r del E Kubát in F6
Digitalis purpurea L. Plant b pe neo nat 17 1790 la del E M 1058
8 Kubát in F6
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Poac a neo cas 1 1908 s acc Af As Wilhalm 2009, Danihelka in A9
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Poac a ar inv 14 sc acc M 1073
10 Kubát et al. 2002
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. var. sanguinalis Poac a ar nat 15 c del M 1578
10 Kubát et al. 2002
Digitaria sanguinalis var. pectiniformis (Henrard)
Tuyama
Poac a ar nat 6 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. Poac a neo cas 1 1972 r acc Af As Dvořák & Frank 1975, Kubát et al. 2002
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Bras a b ar nat 6 sc acc M 3
25
8 yes yes Smejkal in F3
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Bras pe ar nat 6 sc acc M 4 yes Smejkal in F3
Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honck. Dips b ar cas 4 r del anec Štěpánek & Holub in F5
Dipsacus strigosus Roem. et Schult. Dips b neo nat 10 1864 la del E M 7 Lhotská 1968b, Štěpánek & Holub in F5
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Aster a neo nat 8 2008 la acc M Raabe in A8
Doronicum columnae Ten. Aster pe neo nat 11 r del E Pyšek et al. 2002, Štech in F7
Doronicum orientale Hoffm. Aster pe neo cas 4 1819 r del E M Čelakovský 1885, Pyšek et al. 2002, Štech in F7
Doronicum pardalianches L. Aster pe neo cas 4 1897 s del E Štech in F7
Draba sibirica (Pall.) Thell. Bras pe neo cas 4 1963 r del As Chrtek in F3
Dracocephalum moldavica L. Lami a neo cas 3 1854 v del As Hrouda in F6
Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Lami a neo cas 1 1958 v acc E As Hejný et al. 1973, Hrouda in F6
Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Rosa pe neo nat 10 1960 r del As 4 yes Smejkal 1975b, Křísa in F4
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin et Clemants Amara a b neo cas 4 1835 r del AmS 3 yes Dostálek et al. in F2
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin et Clemants Amara a ar nat 7 sc acc M As 3 Dostálek et al. in F2
Dysphania melanocarpa (J. M. Black) Mosyakin et
Clemants
Amara a neo cas 1 v acc Au Dostálek et al. in F2
Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin et Clemants Amara a neo nat 8 1890 sc acc Au 3 Hejný & Schwarzová 1978, Lhotská & Hejný
1979, Dostálek et al. in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Dysphania schraderiana (Schult.) Mosyakin et
Clemants
Amara a neo cas 4 1864 r del Af Dostálek et al. in F2
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. Cucu a neo cas 4 1880 r del M Chrtková in F2
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic231
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poac a neo cas 1 v acc M yes Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a ar inv 14 c acc anec 4833
19 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Echinochloa frumentacea Link Poac a neo cas 1 v acc As Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald Poac a neo cas 1 r acc AmN Kubát et al. 2002
Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch Poac a neo cas 1 1950 v acc M yes Hejný 1950-1951, Hejný et al. 1973, Kubát et
al. 2002
Echinochloa utilis (A. Braun) H. Scholz Poac a neo cas 1 r acc As Kubát et al. 2002
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et A. Gray Cucu a neo inv 18 1911 la del AmN 1433
7 yes Slavík & Lhotská 1967, Chrtková in F2, Rydlo
2000, Sutorý 2000
Echinops exaltatus Schrad. Aster pe neo nat 12 r del E 5 Slavík in F7
Echinops sphaerocephalus L. subsp. sphaerocephalus Aster pe neo inv 16 1871 c del E M 659
9 Hendrych 1987, Slavík in F7
Echium plantagineum L. Bora b neo cas 1 1960 s+v acc M Smejkal 1980, Křísa in F6
Egeria densa Planch. Hydro pe aq neo cas 4 1991 r del AmS Kaplan in F8
Ehrharta longiflora Sm. Poac a neo cas 1 1963 s+v acc Af Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Pont a (pe)
aq
neo cas 4 1991 r del AmS yes yes Rydlo 1992, 2001, Pyšek et al. 2002, Kaplan
in A8
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Elae t neo cas 4 r del E M As Koblížek in F5
Elaeagnus commutata Rydb. Elae s neo nat 11 1974 r del AmN P. Krása, V. Grulich pers. com.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poac a neo cas 1 1963 r acc Af As Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et
al. 2002, Kubát in A7
Elodea canadensis Michx. Hydro pe aq neo nat 15 1879 c del AmN 35412
8 yes yes Pyšek & Mandák 1998b, Husák et al. in F8
Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John Hydro pe aq neo cas 4 1988 r del AmN yes yes Husák et al. in F8
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Lami a ar cas 4 r del As 5 Cejp 1948b, Slavíková in F6
Elymus canadensis L. Poac pe neo cas 1 v acc AmN Kubát et al. 2002
Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. Onag pe neo nat 13 1926 c acc AmN AmC 1684
45 yes yes Holub 1966, Smejkal 1986, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×floridulum Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1980 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×fossicola Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×iglaviense Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1979 s acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×interjectum Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1987 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×josefi-holubii Krahulec Onag pe neo cas 1 1997 s acc hybrid Krahulec 1999
Epilobium komarovianum H. Lév. Onag pe neo cas 4 1964 r del Au 2 Řehořek 1974, Holub 1978a, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×mentiens Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1987 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×novae-civitatis Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1972 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1974, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×nutantiflorum Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1976 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epilobium ×prochazkae Krahulec Onag pe neo cas 1 1997 r acc hybrid Krahulec 1999
Epilobium ×vicinum Smejkal Onag pe neo cas 1 1971 r acc hybrid Smejkal 1995, Smejkal in F5
Epimedium alpinum L. Berb pe neo cas 4 1874 r del E Zelený in F1
Eragrostis albensis H. Scholz Poac a neo cas 1 1968 s acc anec 3 Kubát et al. 2002, Špryňar & Kubát 2004
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M As Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Eragrostis gracilis Schrad. Poac a neo cas 1 v acc AmS Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link Poac a neo cas 1 1966 r acc AmN Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
232Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Eragrostis minor Host Poac a ar inv 14 sc acc M 1281
7 Kubát et al. 2002
Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 v acc As Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Poac a neo cas 1 1968 s acc AmN AmC Špryňar & Kubát 2004
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a neo nat 8 1902 r acc As Špryňar & Kubát 2004
Eragrostis suaveolens Claus Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter Poac a neo cas 1 1965 v acc M Kubát 1979, Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Ranu pe neo nat 11 r del M 4 Chrtková in F1
Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) DC. Aster pe neo nat 8 1895 sc acc AmN 10 Dvořáková in F7, Hadinec in A9
Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf. subsp. annuus Aster a neo inv 14 1884 sc acc AmN 3109
13 Jehlík 1998a, Šída in F7
Erigeron annuus subsp. septentrionalis (Fernald et
Wiegand) Wagenitz
Aster a b neo inv 14 c acc AmN Šída in F7
Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. Aster pe neo cas 4 1888 s+v del AmN Dostál 1989, Šída in F7
Erigeron strigosus Willd. Aster a pe neo nat 8 r acc AmN 2 Šída in F7
Eriochloa punctata (L.) Ham. Poac a neo cas 1 1960 s+v acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Gera a b neo cas 1 1956 v acc M Slavík 1996a, Slavík in F5
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. Gera a b ar nat 13 c acc E M As 3430
16 Slavík in F5
Erodium gruinum (L.) L’Hér. Gera a b neo cas 1 1897 v acc M Slavík in F5
Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. Gera a b neo cas 1 1855 r acc M Slavík in F5
Erodium neuradifolium Godr. Gera a b neo cas 1 1986 v acc M Slavík 1996b, Slavík in F5
Eruca sativa Mill. Bras a neo cas 4 1900 r del M Zelený in F3
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz Bras a b neo nat 8 1867 sc acc E 3 Štěpánek 1983, Štěpánek in F3
Erucastrum nasturtiifolium (Poir.) O. E. Schulz Bras b pe neo nat 8 1870 la acc E M 4 Štěpánek 1983, Štěpánek in F3
Eryngium amethystinum L. Apia pe neo cas 4 1966 s+v del M Tomšovic in F5
Eryngium giganteum M. Bieb. Apia pe neo cas 4 1995 s+v del E M Tomšovic in F5
Erysimum capitatum var. purshii (Durand) Rollins Bras b pe neo cas 4 1942 v del AmN Kirschner & Štěpánek 1984, Štěpánek in F3
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. subsp. cheiranthoides Bras a ar nat 13 c acc E M As 1239
13 Štěpánek in F3
Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz Bras pe neo nat 11 1819 r del M 2 Dvořák in F3
Erysimum repandum L. Bras a ar cas 2 r acc E 5 yes Štěpánek in F3
Erythronium dens-canis L. Lili pe neo nat 9 1819 r del E 3 Kaplan in A4, Sádlo 2009, Bělohlávková in F8
Eschscholzia californica Cham. Papa a neo cas 4 r del AmN 1 Kubát in F1
Euclidium syriacum (L.) W. T. Aiton Bras a ar cas 2 v acc M Kirschner & Sutorý in F3
Euphorbia agraria M. Bieb. Euph pe neo cas 1 2005 s+v acc E Čáp 2008, Čáp in A4
Euphorbia chamaesyce L. Euph a neo cas 1 v acc AmN yes Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia exigua L. Euph a ar nat 13 sc acc M 5251
8 Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia falcata L. Euph a ar nat 6 sc acc M 452
2 Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euph a ar nat 13 c acc M 2773
7 Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Euph a neo cas 1 v acc As Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng. Euph a neo cas 1 1974 v acc M Unar 1978, Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia lathyris L. Euph a b neo cas 4 1872 r del M 3 Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia maculata L. Euph a neo cas 1 r acc AmN Chrtek & Křísa in F3, Simonová in A7
Euphorbia marginata Pursh Euph a neo cas 4 r del AmN Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic233
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Euphorbia myrsinites L. Euph pe neo cas 4 1998 r del E As this study
Euphorbia peplus L. Euph a ar nat 13 c acc M 185
7 Chrtek & Křísa in F3
Euphorbia taurinensis All. Euph a neo cas 1 1930 r acc M 3 Chrtek & Křísa 1970, Chrtek & Křísa in F3,
Jongepier in A3
Euphrasia salisburgensis Funck Orob a p neo cas 4 ca 1900 s+v del E Štursa et al. 2009, this study
Eurybia divaricata (L.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo cas 4 ca 1920 r del AmN Pyšek & Vobořil 2002, Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del AmN Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Poly a ar cas 4 r del anec 4 Chrtek in F2
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Poly a neo cas 4 1880 r del As 2 Chrtek in F2
Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub Poly s neo nat 12 sc del As 4 yes Chrtek in F2
Fallopia ×convolvuloides (Brügger) Holub Poly a ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Chrtek in F2
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve Poly a ar nat 13 c acc M 31860
38 Chrtek in F2
Ferulago confusa Velen. Apia pe neo cas 4 1998 r del M yes yes Rotreklová & Řehořek in A8
Ficus carica L. Mora t s ar cas 4 r del M Eitel 1982, Zelený in F1
Filago pyramidata L. Aster a neo cas 1 1833 s+v acc E M Wagenitz 1965, Štech in F7
Filipendula kamtschatica (Pall.) Maxim. Rosa pe neo cas 4 1940 v del As Smrček & Malina 1984, Smejkal in F4
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apia b pe ar cas 4 r del M Tomšovic in F5
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Olea s neo cas 4 r del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Fragaria ×ananassa (Weston) Rozier Rosa pe neo nat 11 sc del anec Křísa in F4
Fraxinus ornus L. Olea t neo cas 4 1950 r del E M 5 Pyšek et al. 2002
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Olea t neo inv 18 la del AmN 5 yes Koblížek in F5
Fritillaria meleagris L. Lili pe neo cas 4 1819 r del E Bělohlávková in F8
Fumaria capreolata L. Papa a neo cas 4 r del M Smejkal in F1
Fumaria officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Papa a ar nat 13 sc acc M 2346
9 Smejkal in F1
Fumaria officinalis subsp. wirtgenii (W. D. J. Koch)
Arcang.
Papa a ar nat 13 c acc M Smejkal in F1
Fumaria parviflora Lam. Papa a neo cas 2 1860s v acc M Smejkal in F1
Fumaria rostellata Knaf Papa a ar nat 13 sc acc M 3
42
2 Smejkal in F1
Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. Papa a ar nat 13 sc acc M 15 Smejkal in F1
Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. subsp. vaillantii Papa a ar nat 13 sc acc M 380
16 Smejkal in F1
Fumaria vaillantii subsp. schrammii (Asch.) Nyman Papa a ar nat 6 r acc M Smejkal in F1
Gagea villosa (M. Bieb.) Sweet Lili pe ar nat 6 sc acc M 9 Hrouda in F8
Gaillardia ×grandiflora Van Houtte Aster pe neo cas 4 2003 r del anec Bělohlávková in F7
Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Aster a neo cas 4 r del AmN Bělohlávková in F7
Galega officinalis L. Faba pe ar nat 10 r del E M 11 Chrtková in F4
Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal Lami pe neo nat 12 sc del anec 11 Smejkal 1975a, Dvořáková in F6
Galeopsis segetum Neck. Lami a neo cas 4 1852 r del E Slavíková in F6
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Aster a neo inv 14 1880 c acc AmS 7439
13 yes yes Slavík in F7
Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pav. Aster a neo inv 14 1901 c acc AmC AmS 10375
13 Slavík in F7
Galium murale (L.) All. Rubi a neo cas 1 2009 s acc E Prančl in A10
Galium parisiense L. Rubi a neo cas 1 1835 v acc E M Kaplan & Řehořek 1998, Kaplan in F6,
Galium rubioides L. Rubi pe neo cas 1 1852 v acc E Štěpánková in F6
234Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Galium spurium L. subsp. spurium Rubi a ar nat 6 sc acc E M 2189
5 Kaplan in F6
Galium tricornutum Dandy Rubi a ar cas 2 r acc M 3 Kaplan in F6, Štefánek in A4
Galium verrucosum Huds. Rubi a neo cas 1 1822 v acc M Kaplan in F6
Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz et Thell. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Genista sagittalis L. Faba ss neo nat 7 1928 r acc E 6 Skalická 1993, Skalická in F4
Gentiana lutea L. subsp. lutea Gent pe neo nat 9 r del E Kirschner & Kirschnerová in F6
Gentianella obtusifolia subsp. norica (A. Kern. et Jos.
Kern.) Holub
Gent b neo cas 4 ca 1900 s del E Štursa et al. 2009
Geranium columbinum L. Gera a b ar nat 13 sc acc M 267
23 Slavík 1997ab, Slavík in F5
Geranium dissectum L. Gera a ar nat 13 sc acc M 2273
2 Slavík in F5
Geranium ibericum Cav. Gera pe neo cas 4 1965 r del M Slavík 1997ab, Slavík in F5
Geranium macrorrhizum L. Gera pe neo nat 11 r del E M 3 Slavík 1997ab, Slavík in F5
Geranium molle L. subsp. molle Gera a b ar nat 7 r acc M 8 Slavík 1997ac, Slavík in F5
Geranium purpureum Vill. Gera a neo cas 1 2005 r acc M Růžička & Koblížek 2009
Geranium pusillum Burm. f. Gera a b ar nat 13 c acc E M 2703
18 Slavík 1997ac, Slavík in F5
Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. Gera b pe neo nat 13 1819 c acc M 7 Slavík 1997ac, Slavík in F5
Geranium reflexum L. Gera pe neo cas 4 1992 r del M Slavík in F5
Geranium rotundifolium L. Gera a neo cas 1 1851 r acc E M 1 Slavík 1997ab, Slavík in F5
Geranium sibiricum L. Gera pe neo nat 10 1850 r del E As Slavík 1997ab, Slavík in F5, Fajmon et al. in A7
Geranium versicolor L. Gera pe neo cas 4 1986 v del M Chrtek 1989, Slavík in F5
Geum aleppicum Jacq. Rosa pe neo cas 1 1923 r acc E As 4 Domin 1923, Smejkal 1988, 1989b, Smejkal
in F4
Geum ×gajewskii Smejkal Rosa pe neo cas 1 1956 v acc hybrid Smejkal in F4
Geum macrophyllum Willd. Rosa pe neo cas 4 1956 r del As AmN Smejkal in F4
Geum ×spurium Fisch. et C. A. Mey. Rosa pe neo cas 1 v acc hybrid Smejkal in F4
Gilia achilleifolia Benth. Pole a neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Gilia capitata Sims Pole pe neo cas 4 1982 s del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Gilia tricolor Benth. Pole a b neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph Papa a b ar cas 2 r acc M 4 Kubát in F1
Glaucium flavum Crantz Papa b pe ar cas 3 v del M Kubát in F1
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach Aster a b neo cas 4 1879 r del M Zelený in F7
Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Aster a neo cas 4 1872 r del M 3 Zelený in F7
Gleditsia triacanthos L. Faba t neo cas 4 2008 r del AmN yes this study
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Poac pe neo nat 8 r acc AmN Dančák 2002, Kubát et al. 2002
Glycine max (L.) Merr. Faba a neo cas 4 1958 r del anec 2 Chrtková in F4
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Faba pe ar nat 9 r del M 5 Chrtková in F4
Gratiola neglecta Torr. Plant a neo cas 1 2002 r acc AmN Šumberová & Ducháček 2009
Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. Aster a neo cas 4 1937 r del Af Smejkal 1989a, Zelený in F7
Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. Cary a neo cas 4 1968 r del E M Šourková in F2
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. Cary pe neo nat 7 1900 r acc M Grüll & Smejkal 1966, Šourková in F2
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic235
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. subsp.
nummularium
Cist ss neo cas 4 s del E M Hrouda in Hejný & Slavik 1990
Helianthus annuus L. Aster a neo cas 5 1872 sc del AmN 4 Jehlík 1998a, Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus ×laetiflorus Pers. Aster pe neo nat 12 sc del anec 5 Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. Aster pe neo nat 12 r del AmN Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Aster a neo cas 1 1974 s+v acc AmN Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus salicifolius A. Dietr. Aster pe neo cas 4 1973 s+v del AmN Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus strumosus L. Aster pe neo cas 4 s+v del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002, Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helianthus tuberosus L. Aster pe neo inv 18 1885 c del AmN 2662
5 yes Kirschner & Šída in F7
Helichrysum thianschanicum Regel Aster pe neo cas 4 1941 s+v del As Štech in F7
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Aster pe neo cas 4 1970s r del AmN Bělohlávková in F7
Heliotropium europaeum L. Bora a ar cas 2 v acc M Slavík in F6, Žáková in A6
Helleborus foetidus L. Ranu pe neo cas 4 r del E M Chrtková in F1
Helleborus niger L. Ranu pe neo cas 4 1874 r del E M Chrtková in F1
Helleborus odorus Willd. Ranu pe neo cas 4 r del E M Chrtková in F1
Helleborus orientalis Lam. Ranu pe neo cas 4 r del E this study
Helleborus viridis L. Ranu pe neo cas 4 1819 sc del E Chrtková in F1
Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Aster pe neo cas 1 1861 r acc M Štěpánek in F7
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Xant pe neo cas 4 1883 sc del As 5 Bělohlávková in F8
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. Xant pe neo cas 4 1883 r del As Bělohlávková in F8
Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier et Levier Apia b pe neo inv 16 1862 la del E 2627
14 yes+ yes+ Holub in F5, Pyšek 1991, Pyšek & Pyšek
1994. Pyšek et al. 2008
Heracleum persicum Fisch. Apia b pe neo cas 4 1960 s del M Holub in F5
Herniaria cinerea DC. Cary a neo cas 1 1960 r acc M Sutorý in F2
Herniaria hirsuta L. Cary a pe ar nat 6 r acc M 3 Sutorý in F2
Herniaria incana Lam. Cary pe neo cas 1 1986 s acc E As Hlaváček 1989, 1991, Hlaváček & Pyšek 1992
Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. matronalis Bras pe neo nat 9 1817 sc del E M 8 Dvořák 1968, Dvořák in F3
Hesperis matronalis subsp. candida (Schulzer et al.)
Thell.
Bras pe neo nat 9 1909 r del E Dvořák 1968, Dvořák in F3
Hesperis matronalis subsp. schurii Soó Bras pe neo cas 4 1933 r del E Dvořák 1968, Dvořák in F3
Hesperis pycnotricha Borbás et Degen Bras b pe neo cas 4 1950 s del E Dvořák in F3
Hibiscus trionum L. Malv a ar nat 6 r acc M 3 Slavík in F3
Hieracium heldreichii agg. Aster pe neo cas 4 1978 s del E M this study
Hieracium mixtum Froel. Aster pe neo cas 4 2006 s del E Kocián & Chrtek in A9
Hippocrepis emerus (L.) Lassen Faba s neo cas 4 1891 v del E M Chrtková in F4
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. Elae s neo cas 4 1902 r del E M As yes Pyšek et al. 2002
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. Bras a b neo cas 1 1956 r acc M 3 Krčan & Kopecký 1960, Štěpánek in F3,
Jehlík 1998a
Hopia obtusa (Kunth) Zuloaga et Morrone Poac pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link Poac pe neo cas 1 1974 s+v acc As Danihelka in A8
Hordeum geniculatum All. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 r acc E M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Hordeum jubatum L. Poac a neo nat 12 sc del AmN 6 Kubát et al. 2002
236Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Hordeum marinum Huds. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc E M Kubát et al. 2002
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. murinum Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 8 Kubát et al. 2002
Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. Poac a neo cas 1 1967 s+v acc M Pyšek et al. 2002
Hordeum secalinum Schreb. Poac pe neo cas 1 1959 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002, Danihelka in A8
Hordeum vulgare Distichon Group Poac a ar cas 5 r del anec Kubát et al. 2002
Hordeum vulgare Vulgare Group Poac a ar cas 5 sc del anec 4 Kubát et al. 2002
Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch. Aspa pe neo cas 4 r del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Cann a neo cas 4 r del As Chrtek in F1
Hyacinthella leucophaea (K. Koch) Schur Aspa pe neo cas 4 1960 s del E Šuk 2001
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. Aspa pe neo cas 4 2007 r del M Trávníček 2010
Hylotelephium anacampseros (L.) H. Ohba Cras pe neo cas 4 r del E Grulich in F3
Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba Cras ss neo cas 4 r del As Grulich in F3
Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba Cras pe neo cas 4 r del anec Grulich in F3
Hyoscyamus albus L. Sola b a pe neo cas 1 1890 v acc M Slavík in F6
Hyoscyamus niger L. Sola b a ar nat 13 sc acc M As 225
3 Slavík in F6
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poac pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Hypericum annulatum Moris Hype pe neo cas 1 2008 s acc E Sutorý 2010a, b
Hyssopus officinalis L. Lami ss ar cas 4 sc del M 3 Tomšovic in F6
Iberis amara L. Bras a neo cas 4 1888 r del M Dvořáková in F3
Iberis sempervirens L. Bras ss neo cas 4 r del M Dvořáková in F3
Iberis umbellata L. Bras a neo cas 4 1880 r del M Dvořáková in F3
Impatiens balfourii Hook. f. Balsa a neo cas 4 r del As yes Slavík in F5
Impatiens balsamina L. Balsa a neo cas 4 r del As Slavík in F5
Impatiens glandulifera Royle Balsa a neo inv 16 1896 la del As 18302
16 yes+ yes Daumann 1967, Slavík in F5
Impatiens parviflora DC. Balsa a neo inv 16 1870 c del As 61591
45 yes Vraštil 1952, Daumann 1967, Slavík in F5
Impatiens scabrida DC. Balsa a neo cas 4 1986 v del As Slavík in F5
Inula helenium L. Aster pe neo nat 9 1819 sc del E M As 3 Hrouda in F7
Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. Conv a neo cas 4 1972 r del AmN & C & S Kubát et al. 2002
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Conv a neo cas 4 1969 r del AmC AmS 3 Křísa in F6
Iris ×germanica L. Irid pe ar nat 11 sc del E As 8 Hrouda & Grulich in F8
Iris pallida Lam. Irid pe neo cas 4 s del M Pyšek et al. 2002, Hrouda & Grulich in F8
Iris ×sambucina L. Irid pe ar nat 11 r del As Hrouda & Grulich in F8
Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tinctoria Bras b pe ar nat 9 la del M 6 Kirschner & Sutorý in F3
Isatis tinctoria subsp. praecox (Tratt.) Domin et Podp. Bras b pe neo cas 1 1921 s acc M Kirschner & Sutorý in F3, Kubát et al. 2002
Ismelia carinata (Schousb.) Sch. Bip. Aster a neo cas 4 r del Af Zelený in F7
Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Aster a neo nat 8 1947 sc acc AmN 3 Lhotská & Slavík 1969, Hejný et al. 1973,
Jehlík 1998a, Slavík in F7
Juglans nigra L. Jugl t neo cas 4 r del AmN 3 Vicherek et al. 2000, Pyšek et al. 2002
Juglans regia L. Jugl t ar nat 12 la del M 145
7 Pyšek et al. 2002
Juncus tenuis Willd. Junc pe neo nat 13 1851 c acc AmN 8128
17 Kubát et al. 2002
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. subsp. elatine Plant a ar nat 6 r acc M 3 Slavík in F6, Kaplan in A6
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. subsp. spuria Plant a ar nat 6 r acc M 354
3 Slavík in F6
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic237
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Sapi t neo cas 4 2009 r del As this study
Laburnum anagyroides Medik. Faba s t neo nat 12 1900 la del E M 11 Skalická in F4
Lactuca sativa L. Aster a b ar cas 4 r del anec Grulich in F7
Lactuca serriola L. Aster a b ar nat 13 c acc M 3631
31 Grulich in F7
Lactuca tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. Aster pe neo cas 1 1957 r acc M 1 Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1980, Jehlík 1998a,
Grulich in F7
Lactuca virosa L. Aster a b neo cas 3 1872 v del M Grulich in F7
Lagurus ovatus L. Poac a neo cas 4 r del M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Lamium album L. Lami pe ar nat 13 c acc E M 4509
33 Dvořáková in F6
Lamium amplexicaule L. Lami a ar nat 13 sc acc M 2602
11 Dvořáková in F6
Lamium ×holsaticum E. H. L. Krause Lami pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Dvořáková in F6
Lamium hybridum Vill. Lami a neo cas 1 1901 v acc E M Otruba 1946, Dvořáková 1965
Lamium confertum Fr. Lami a neo cas 1 1862 v acc E Dvořáková 1965
Lamium orvala L. Lami pe neo cas 4 r del E Dvořáková in F6
Lamium purpureum L. Lami a b ar nat 13 c acc M 21054
18 Dvořáková in F6
Lappula patula (Lehm.) Menyh. Bora a neo cas 1 1960 v acc E M As Holub 1974, Kubát in F6
Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Bora a b ar nat 6 sc acc M As 9 Kubát in F6
Lapsana communis L. subsp. communis Aster a ar nat 13 c acc M 21180
40 Křísa in F7
Lathyrus annuus L. Faba a neo cas 1 v acc M 15 Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus aphaca L. Faba a neo nat 8 r acc M 4 Chrtková et al. 1977, Chrtková &
Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus cicera L. Faba a neo nat 7 r acc M Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus clymenum L. Faba a neo cas 1 v acc M Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus hirsutus L. Faba a neo nat 8 r acc E M 6 Hadinec & Lustyk 2011, this study
Lathyrus odoratus L. Faba a neo cas 4 r del M Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. Faba a neo cas 1 v acc M Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus sativus L. Faba a ar cas 3 r del anec Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus tingitanus L. Faba a neo cas 4 r del M Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lathyrus tuberosus L. Faba pe ar nat 13 sc acc M 3341
11 Chrtková & Bělohlávková in F4
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Lami ss ar cas 4 r del M Tomšovic in F6
Lavatera trimestris L. Malv a neo cas 4 r del M Slavík in F3
Lawrencia glomerata Hook. Malv pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Slavík in F3
Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre Camp a neo cas 4 1809 r del E Kovanda in F6
Legousia pentagonia (L.) Druce Camp a neo cas 4 2005 s del M Řehořek & Lososová in A8
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix Camp a neo cas 4 1809 r del M Kovanda in F6
Lemna turionifera Landolt Arac a pe aq neo nat 8 1992 r acc AmN 1 Kaplan 2000, Kaplan in F8
Lens culinaris Medik. Faba a ar cas 4 r del anec Chrtková in F4
Leontopodium alpinum Cass. Aster pe neo cas 4 1888 r del E Bělohlávková in F7
Leonurus cardiaca L. subsp. cardiaca Lami pe ar nat 7 sc acc anec Holub 1993, Tomšovic in F6
Leonurus cardiaca nothosubsp. intermedius Tzvelev Lami pe neo nat 7 1887 sc acc hybrid Holub 1993
Leonurus cardiaca subsp. villosus (D’Urv.) Hyl. Lami pe neo nat 7 1899 r acc E M Holub 1993
Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Lami pe neo cas 4 1934 v del As Tomšovic in F6, Kubát et al. 2002
238Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Lepidium africanum (Burm. f.) DC. Bras a neo cas 1 1964 s+v acc Af Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium campestre (L.) W. T. Aiton Bras a b ar nat 13 sc acc E M 160
13 Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz Bras a b ar nat 6 r acc M 2231
3 Smejkal in F3
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Bras a b neo nat 8 1904 la acc AmN 2 yes Hejný et al. 1973, Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium didymus L. Bras a b neo cas 1 1903 r acc AmS 2 yes yes Smejkal in F3
Lepidium draba (L.) Desv. Bras pe ar nat 13 c acc M 6190
14 yes Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. Bras pe neo cas 1 r acc E 3 Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium latifolium L. Bras pe neo cas 4 1900 r del E M Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium perfoliatum L. Bras a b neo cas 1 1872 r acc E M 3 Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium ruderale L. Bras a b ar nat 13 c acc M 4211
8 Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium sativum L. Bras a neo cas 4 17th r del M Af 2 Dvořáková in F3
Lepidium virginicum L. Bras a b neo nat 8 1936 sc acc AmN AmC 3 yes Hejný et al. 1973, Dvořáková in F3
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Poac a neo cas 1 r acc As Grüll 1979, Kubát et al. 2002
Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) N. Snow Poac a neo cas 1 r acc AmN & C & S Kubát et al. 2002
Leptochloa panicea subsp. brachiata (Steud.) N. Snow Poac a neo cas 1 1961 r acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Kubát et al. 2002
Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C. A. Mey.) Fisch. et C. A. Mey. Cary a neo cas 1 1967 r acc M As Dvořák in F2
Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev Aster pe neo cas 1 1973 v acc E Zelený in F7, Hadinec & Lustyk 2012
Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch Apia pe ar cas 4 r del M Tomšovic in F5
Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. Poac pe neo cas 4 r del E Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Lilium bulbiferum L. Lili pe ar nat 9 sc del E 5 Hrouda in F8
Lilium candidum L. Lili pe neo cas 4 r del M Hrouda in F8
Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf. Plant a ar cas 2 r acc M 2 Suda 1999, 2001, Grulich in F6
Linaria maroccana Hook. f. Plant a neo cas 4 r del M Grulich in F6
Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Plant pe neo nat 9 1934 r del M 2 Grulich in F6
Linaria vulgaris Mill. Plant pe ar nat 13 c acc M 1438
33 Grulich in F6
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell Lind a neo cas 1 1989 s acc AmN Kurka 1990, Křísa in F6
Linum usitatissimum L. Lili a b ar cas 5 sc del anec 3 Hrouda in F5
Lobelia erinus L. Camp a neo cas 4 r del Af Slavík in F6
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Bras pe a neo cas 4 1963 r del M yes Smejkal in F3
Lolium ×hybridum Hausskn. Poac pe neo nat 11 r del anec Kubát et al. 2002
Lolium multiflorum Lam. Poac pe neo nat 17 1883 c del E 392
17 Kubát et al. 2002
Lolium remotum Schrank Poac a ar cas 2 v acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Lolium rigidum Gaudin subsp. rigidum Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides Sennen et Mauricio Poac a neo cas 1 1971 s+v acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Lolium temulentum L. Poac a ar cas 2 v acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Lonicera caprifolium L. Capr s neo nat 12 1809 sc del E M 13 Chrtek in F5
Lonicera periclymenum L. Capr s neo nat 11 1994 sc del E 7 this study
Lonicera tatarica L. Capr s neo cas 4 1872 r del As 5 Chrtek in F5
Lotus ornithopodioides L. Faba a neo cas 4 1996 r del M this study
Lunaria annua L. Bras b neo nat 12 1819 sc del M 10 Dvořák in F3
Lupinus albus L. Faba a neo cas 4 1878 r del M Tomšovic & Bělohlávková in F4
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic239
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Lupinus angustifolius L. Faba a neo cas 4 1900 r del M Tomšovic & Bělohlávková in F4
Lupinus luteus L. Faba a neo cas 3 1880 v del M Tomšovic & Bělohlávková in F4
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Faba pe neo inv 18 1895 c del AmN 131
14 yes+ yes Tomšovic & Bělohlávková in F4
Luzula nivea (L.) DC. Junc pe neo cas 4 r del E Kubát et al. 2002
Lychnis chalcedonica L. Cary pe neo cas 4 r del E As Šourková in F2, Čáp in A3
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Cary pe neo nat 11 1879 r del E M Šourková in F2
Lycium barbarum L. Sola s neo inv 16 1870 sc del E M 925
11 yes Skalická in F6
Lycium chinense Mill. Sola s neo cas 4 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Lycopsis arvensis L. Bora a b ar nat 6 sc acc E 3155
3 Křísa in F6
Lycopsis orientalis L. Bora a b neo cas 1 1862 r acc E M As Krahulec 1981, Křísa in F6, Hadinec in A8
Lycopus europaeus subsp. menthifolius (Mabille) Skalický Lami pe neo cas 1 1880 s+v acc M Skalický 1968, Chrtek in F6
Lysimachia punctata L. Prim pe neo nat 11 1819 c del E M 7 Skalický in F3
Lythrum junceum Banks et Sol. Lyth pe neo cas 1 1965 s+v acc M Toman & Starý 1966, Dvořáková in F5
Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. Papa pe neo cas 4 r del As Kubát in F1
Madia sativa Molina Aster a neo cas 3 1965 v del AmC Zelený in F7
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Berb s neo nat 12 la del AmN 4 yes Zelený in F1
Malcolmia africana (L.) W. T. Aiton Bras a neo cas 1 1935 v acc M Krist 1940, Dvořák in F3
Malcolmia chia (L.) DC. Bras a neo cas 4 v del M Dvořák in F3
Malcolmia maritima (L.) W. T. Aiton Bras a neo cas 4 1850 r del M Dvořák in F3
Malope trifida Cav. Malv a neo cas 4 1969 r del M Slavík in F3
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Rosa s t neo cas 4 s del As this study
Malus ×dasyphylla Borkh. Rosa t ar nat 7 sc acc hybrid Dostálek in F3
Malus domestica Borkh. Rosa t s ar nat 11 sc del anec 231
14 Dostálek in F3
Malus fusca (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. Rosa t neo cas 4 2004 s del AmN Řehořek in A8
Malus pumila Mill. Rosa s neo cas 4 1974 sc del anec yes this study
Malva ×adulterina Wallr. Malv a b ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Slavík in F3
Malva neglecta Wallr. Malv b pe ar nat 13 c acc M 12245
15 Slavík in F3
Malva parviflora L. Malv a neo cas 1 1957 v acc M Slavík in F3
Malva pusilla Sm. Malv a ar nat 6 sc acc E As 8 Slavík in F3
Malva sylvestris L. var. sylvestris Malv b pe ar nat 17 sc del M 8 Slavík in F3
Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss. Malv b pe ar cas 4 r del anec Slavík in F3
Malva verticillata L. var. verticillata Malv a b pe neo cas 4 r del As 7 Slavík in F3
Malva verticillata var. crispa L. Malv a neo cas 4 1853 r del As Slavík in F3
Malva ×zoernigii B. Fleisch. Malv ? ar cas 1 v acc hybrid Slavík in F3
Marrubium ×paniculatum Desr. Lami pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Hrouda in F6
Marrubium peregrinum L. Lami pe ar nat 6 r acc E M 2 Hrouda in F6, Danihelka in A2
Marrubium vulgare L. Lami pe ar cas 2 r acc M 4 Hrouda in F6
Matricaria chamomilla L. Aster a ar nat 13 c acc E Kubát in F7
Matricaria discoidea DC. Aster a neo nat 13 1853 c acc As 4858
14 yes Kubát in F7
Matricaria chamomilla × Tripleurospermum inodorum Aster a ar cas 1 s+v acc hybrid Rohlena 1930, Kubát in F7
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. Onoc pe f neo nat 11 1820 r del E As AmN 6 Hendrych 1984, Slavík in F1
Matthiola incana (L.) W. T. Aiton subsp. incana Bras a b neo cas 4 1877 r del M Dvořák in F3
240Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. subsp. longipetala Bras a neo cas 1 1924 v acc E M Dvořák in F3
Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm.) P. W. Ball Bras a neo cas 4 1952 r del M Dvořák in F3
Meconopsis cambrica (L.) R. Vig. Papa pe neo cas 4 2000 s del E Kubát in Härtel et al. 2002, Hadinec et al. 2003
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Faba a neo cas 1 1936 r acc M Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago disciformis DC. Faba a neo cas 1 1963 v acc M Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. Faba a neo cas 1 v acc M Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago polymorpha L. Faba a neo cas 1 1880 r acc M Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago rigidula (L.) All. Faba a neo cas 1 1923 v acc M Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago sativa L. Faba pe neo nat 17 1819 c del anec 18 yes Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Medicago ×varia Martyn Faba pe neo nat 17 sc del hybrid Kirschner & Štěpánek in F4
Megathyrsus bivonianus (Brullo et al.) Verloove Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Melampyrum arvense L. Orob a p ar nat 6 sc acc M 2153
12 Štech in F6
Melampyrum barbatum Willd. subsp. barbatum Orob a p neo cas 1 1893 v acc E Štech in F6
Melica altissima L. Poac pe neo nat 11 1955 r del E As Kubát et al. 2002
Melilotus albus Medik. Faba b a ar nat 17 c del M As 13274
26 Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Faba a neo cas 1 1913 r acc M As Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melilotus siculus (Turra) Steud. Faba a neo cas 1 1929 v acc M Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Faba b a ar nat 17 c del M As 8255
24 Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melilotus sulcatus Desf. Faba a neo cas 1 1929 v acc M Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melilotus wolgicus Poir. Faba b a neo cas 1 1963 v acc E Hašková, Kirschner, Štěpánek in F4
Melissa officinalis (L.) Lam. subsp. officinalis Lami pe neo nat 12 1872 sc del M 3 Tomšovic in F6
Mentha ×gracilis Sole Lami pe neo cas 4 1855 r del anec Štěpánek 1998b, Štěpánek in F6
Mentha ×niliaca Jacq. Lami pe neo nat 9 1976 r del hybrid Štěpánek 1998b, Štěpánek in F6
Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. piperita Lami pe neo cas 4 1840 sc del anec 7 Štěpánek 1998b, Štěpánek in F6
Mentha ×rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Lami pe neo nat 9 1846 c del anec 8 Štěpánek 1998b, Štěpánek in F6
Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata Lami pe neo cas 4 1818 r del E Štěpánek 1998a, Štěpánek in F6
Mentha spicata s. lat. [taxonomically unclear
cultivated clones]
Lami pe neo cas 4 1844 r del anec Štěpánek 1998a, Štěpánek in F6
Mercurialis annua L. Euph a ar nat 13 c acc M 6113
7 Kubát in F3
Mertensia sibirica (L.) G. Don Bora pe neo cas 4 r del As Křísa in F6
Mespilus germanica L. Rosa t s ar cas 4 r del M 6 Kovanda in F3
Microrrhinum litorale (Willd.) Speta Plant a neo cas 1 1994 r acc M Mikoláš 1997, Grulich in F6
Microrrhinum minus (L.) Fourr. Plant a ar nat 7 sc acc E M 1157
7 Grulich in F6
Mimulus guttatus DC. Phry pe neo nat 15 1853 sc del AmN 4 Slavík in F6
Mimulus moschatus Lindl. Phry pe neo nat 9 1868 r del AmN 5 Slavík in F6, Hadinec in A1
Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyct a (pe) neo cas 4 r del AmN & C & S yes Skalický in F2
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. Poac pe neo cas 4 2003 r del As this study
Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Poac pe neo cas 4 r del As Kubát et al. 2002
Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin. Plant a ar cas 2 r acc M 6 Grulich in F6, Danihelka in A1
Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Amara a neo cas 1 1927 v acc As AmN Dostálek et al. in F2
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic241
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Morus alba L. Mora t neo cas 4 r del As this study
Muscari armeniacum Baker Aspa pe neo cas 4 sc del E this study
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Aspa pe ar cas 4 sc del E 9 Hrouda in F8
Myagrum perfoliatum L. Bras a neo cas 1 1855 r acc M Kirschner & Sutorý in F3
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill subsp. arvensis Bora a ar nat 13 c acc M 21343
35 yes Štěpánková in F6
Myosotis ×krajinae Domin Bora a ar cas 1 s+v acc hybrid Štěpánková in F6
Myosotis ×pseudohispida Domin Bora a ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Štěpánková in F6
Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Apia pe ar nat 9 la del E 8 yes Lhotská 1975, Slavík in F5
Narcissus poëticus L. Amary pe neo cas 4 1867 r del M 8 Bělohlávková in F8
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. Amary pe neo cas 4 1867 r del M 8 yes Bělohlávková in F8
Nemophila menziesii Hook. et Arn. Bora a neo cas 4 r del AmN Kubát et al. 2002
Nepeta cataria L. Lami pe ar nat 6 sc acc E As 6 Štěpánek in F6
Nepeta ×faasenii Stearn Lami pe neo nat 11 r del anec Štěpánek in F6
Nepeta grandiflora M. Bieb. Lami pe neo cas 4 1900 r del E Holub 1991, Štěpánek in F6
Nepeta racemosa Lam. Lami pe neo nat 11 r del E M 5 Štěpánek in F6
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. subsp. paniculata Bras a ar nat 13 c acc M 3288
5 Dvořáková in F3
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Sola a neo cas 4 1853 r del AmS 2 Tomšovic in F6
Nicotiana alata Link et Otto Sola a neo cas 4 r del AmS Bělohlávková, Tomšovic in F6
Nicotiana rustica L. Sola a neo cas 4 17th r del anec Čulíková 1995a, Bělohlávková, Tomšovic in F6
Nicotiana tabacum L. Sola a neo cas 4 1891 r del anec Bělohlávková, Tomšovic in F6
Nigella arvensis L. Ranu a ar cas 2 r acc M 3 Chrtková in F1
Nigella damascena L. Ranu a neo cas 4 1874 r del M 1 Chrtková in F1
Nigella sativa L. Ranu a neo cas 4 r del M As 1 Chrtková in F1
Noccaea kovatsii (Heuff.) F. K. Mey. Bras pe neo cas 1 s acc E Dvořáková in F3
Nonea lutea (Desr.) DC. Bora a neo nat 7 r acc As Sutorý in F6
Nonea rosea (M. Bieb.) Link Bora a neo cas 1 1872 r acc E Sutorý in F6
Ocimum basilicum L. Lami a ar cas 4 r del As Tomšovic in F6
Oenothera acutifolia Rostański Onag b neo cas 1 1975 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera albipercurva Hudziok Onag b neo cas 1 1899 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera ammophila Focke Onag b neo cas 2 1848 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera biennis L. Onag b a neo nat 13 1831 c acc E As 385
yes Jehlík & Rostański 1980, Jehlík in F5
Oenothera canovirens E. S. Steele Onag b neo cas 1 1953 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera coronifera Renner Onag b neo cas 1 2001 s acc hybrid Pyšek et al. 2002, Mihulka et al. 2003
Oenothera depressa Greene Onag b neo nat 8 1936 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera fallax Renner Onag b neo nat 8 1961 sc acc hybrid Roubal 1972, Jehlík in F5
Oenothera flava subsp. taraxacoides (Wooton et
Standl.) W. L. Wagner
Onag pe neo cas 4 2000 s del AmN Chrtek & Skočdopolová 2001, Procházka in A1
Oenothera glazioviana Micheli Onag b neo nat 12 1890 sc del AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera hoelscheri Rostański Onag b neo cas 1 1975 r acc hybrid Pyšek 1973, Jehlík in F5
Oenothera issleri Rostański Onag b neo nat 8 1949 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
242Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. Onag pe neo cas 4 1913 r del AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera moravica V. Jehlík et Rostański Onag b neo cas 1 1985 r acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) S. Watson et J. M. Coult. Onag b neo cas 1 1962 s+v acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera parviflora L. Onag b neo cas 1 1914 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera punctulata Rostański et Gutte Onag b neo cas 1 1972 s acc hybrid Jehlík in F5
Oenothera pycnocarpa G. F. Atk. et Bartlett Onag a b neo nat 8 1960 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb. Onag b neo nat 8 1914 sc acc hybrid Roubal 1968, Jehlík in F5
Oenothera stricta Link Onag a b neo cas 1 1825 r acc AmS Jehlík in F5, Pyšek et al. 2002, Mihulka et al.
2003
Oenothera subterminalis R. R. Gates Onag b neo cas 1 1967 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera tetragona Roth Onag pe neo cas 1 1884 v acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Oenothera victorinii R. R. Gates et Catches. Onag b neo cas 1 1973 r acc AmN Jehlík in F5
Omphalodes verna Moench Bora pe neo cas 4 r del E M Sutorý in F6
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Faba pe neo nat 17 1852 sc del E M 268
9 Chrtková in F4
Onopordum acanthium L. Aster b ar nat 13 la acc E M 1250
10 yes Sutorý in F7
Onopordum ×beckianum John Aster b neo cas 1 1906 s+v acc hybrid Sutorý 2001
Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Cact pe neo nat 11 r del AmN Kubát et al. 2002
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Cact pe neo cas 4 ca
1990s
r del AmN Hadinec & Kubát in A3
Origanum majorana L. Lami a b ar cas 4 r del M Tomšovic in F6
Ornithogalum nutans L. Aspa pe neo nat 11 1809 r del E M 4 Hrouda in F8
Ornithopus compressus L. Faba a neo cas 1 1937 v acc M Chrtková in F4
Ornithopus sativus Brot. subsp. sativus Faba a neo cas 4 1889 r del M Chrtková in F4, Grulich in A9
Orobanche crenata Forssk. Orob b pe p neo cas 1 1896 v acc M Zázvorka in F6
Orobanche gracilis Sm. Orob b pe p neo cas 2 1878 v acc E M Zázvorka in F6
Orobanche hederae Duby Orob b pe p neo nat 11 1945 r del E M Zázvorka in F6
Orobanche lucorum F. W. Schultz Orob b pe p neo cas 4 s del E Zázvorka in F6
Orobanche minor Sm. Orob b pe p ar nat 8 r acc E M 3 Kropáč 1997, Jehlík 1998a, Zázvorka in F6
Othocallis amoena (L.) Trávn. Aspa pe neo cas 4 1809 r del As Trávníček in F8
Othocallis siberica (Haw.) Speta Aspa pe neo cas 4 1867 sc del E 4 Trávníček in F8
Oxalis corniculata L. var. corniculata Oxal a b pe neo inv 14 1852 sc acc M 9 Holub in F5
Oxalis corniculata var. repens (Thunb.) Zucc. Oxal a b pe neo cas 4 r del As Au Holub in F5
Oxalis debilis Kunth Oxal pe neo cas 1 1963 s acc AmS Holub & Holubičková 1980, Jehlík 1995,
1998a, Holub in F5
Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxal a b pe neo inv 14 sc acc AmN 5 Holub in F5
Oxalis latifolia Kunth Oxal pe neo cas 1 1963 r acc AmN & C & S Jehlík 1995, 1998a, Holub in F5
Oxalis pes-caprae L. Oxal pe neo cas 4 1961 r del Af yes Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Oxalis stricta L. Oxal pe neo nat 13 1852 sc acc AmN 1161
14 Holub in F5
Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet Nyct pe neo nat 7 1843 r acc AmN 2 Skalický in F2, Jehlík 1998a
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic243
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Paeo pe neo cas 4 2011 r del As this study
Paeonia officinalis L. Paeo pe ar cas 4 r del M Pyšek et al. 2002
Panicum capillare L. subsp. capillare Poac a neo nat 11 1940 sc del AmN 2 Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Panicum capillare subsp. barbipulvinatum (Nash)
Tzvelev
Poac a neo cas 1 1968 r acc AmN Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Poac a neo cas 1 1970 sc acc AmN Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Panicum miliaceum L. subsp. miliaceum Poac a ar cas 4 r del As 3 Kubát et al. 2002
Panicum miliaceum subsp. agricola H. Scholz et
Mikoláš
Poac a neo nat 8 1975 la acc As Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale (Kitag.) Tzvelev Poac a neo nat 8 1823 sc acc As Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Papaver argemone L. Papa a ar nat 13 c acc E M 2126
6 Kubát in F1
Papaver atlanticum subsp. mesatlanticum (Maire)
Kadereit
Papa pe neo cas 4 2001 r del M Pyšek et al. 2002
Papaver croceum Ledeb. Papa pe neo cas 4 r del As Kubát in F1
Papaver dubium L. Papa a ar nat 7 sc acc M 2
51
12 Kubát in F1
Papaver hybridum L. Papa a neo cas 1 1865 v acc E M Kubát in F1
Papaver lecoqii Lamotte Papa a ar nat 7 r acc E 1 Kubát in F1
Papaver pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw. Papa pe neo cas 4 r del M Kubát in F1
Papaver rhoeas L. Papa a ar nat 13 c acc M 4717
9 Kubát in F1
Papaver somniferum L. Papa a ar cas 5 sc del M 3 yes Kubát in F1
Parapholis incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc E M Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel Orob a p neo cas 1 1882 v acc M Hrouda in F6
Parietaria judaica L. Urti a pe neo cas 1 v acc M Chrtek in F1
Parietaria officinalis L. Urti pe ar nat 7 sc acc M 7 Chrtek in F1
Parietaria pensylvanica Willd. Urti a neo cas 1 2000 r acc AmN Kubát in F2, Pyšek et al. 2002
Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch Vita s neo inv 18 1900 la del AmN 4 Koblížek in F5
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Vita s neo nat 12 sc del AmN 5 Koblížek in F5
Pastinaca sativa subsp. urens (Godr.) Čelak. Apia b pe ar nat 7 sc acc M 14 Hrouda in F5
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Paul t neo cas 4 r del As 2 Skalická in F6
Peltaria alliacea Jacq. Bras pe neo cas 1 1993 s acc E M Mandák 1995, Kubát et al. 2002
Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. Poac pe neo cas 4 2002 s del As Au this study
Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) L. W. Bailey Bora pe neo cas 4 1989 s del E Holub 1996, Zlámalík 1996, Křísa in F6
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach Poly a neo cas 4 r del As Chrtek in F2
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M. Gómez Poly a neo cas 1 1968 r acc As Jehlík 1998a, Chrtek in Kubát et al. 2002,
Kubát & Jehlík 2003
Petasites japonicus subsp. giganteus Kitam. Aster pe neo cas 4 1900s r del As Štech in F7
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Apia b ar cas 4 sc del M yes Tomšovic in F5
Petunia ×atkinsiana (Sweet) W. H. Baxter Sola a neo cas 4 r del anec 2 Bělohlávková in F6
Peucedanum altissimum (Mill.) Thell. Apia pe neo cas 1 1960 v acc E Grulich in F5
Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) W. D. J. Koch Apia pe neo cas 1 1837 v acc E Grulich in F5
Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W. D. J. Koch Apia pe neo nat 9 1809 la del E 4 yes+ Kopecký 1973, Grulich in F5
Phacelia campanularia A. Gray Bora a neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
244Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Phacelia ciliata Benth. Bora a neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Bora a neo cas 4 1891 r del AmN 3 Křísa in F6
Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’ Poac pe neo cas 4 sc del anec Kubát et al. 2002
Phalaris brachystachys Link Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát
et al. 2002
Phalaris canariensis L. Poac a neo cas 4 1867 sc del M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát
et al. 2002
Phalaris coerulescens Desf. Poac pe neo cas 1 r acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Phalaris minor Retz. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Af Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát
et al. 2002
Phalaris paradoxa L. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát
et al. 2002
Phaseolus coccineus L. Faba a (pe) neo cas 4 s del AmN Chrtková in F4
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Faba a neo cas 4 r del AmC AmS Chrtková in F4
Phelipanche nana (Reuter) Soják Orob a b pe
p
neo cas 1 1985 v acc M Zázvorka in F6
Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel Orob a b pe
p
ar cas 2 v acc M 1 Jehlík 1998a, Zázvorka in F6
Philadelphus coronarius L. Hydra s neo cas 4 1819 r del M Bělohlávková in F3
Phleum paniculatum Huds. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Phleum subulatum (Savi) Asch. et Graebn. Poac a neo cas 1 1926 s+v acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Phlox drummondii Hook. Pole a neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Phlox paniculata L. Pole pe neo cas 4 1880 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Phlox subulata L. Pole pe neo cas 4 r del AmN Křísa in F6
Physalis alkekengi L. var. alkekengi Sola pe ar nat 11 sc del M 7 Hendrych 1989, Slavík in F6
Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino Sola pe neo cas 4 r del anec Slavík in F6
Physalis angulata L. Sola a neo cas 4 1972 s+v del AmN AmC
AmS
Slavík in F6
Physalis peruviana L. Sola a (pe) neo cas 4 r del AmS Slavík in F6
Physalis philadelphica Lam. Sola a neo cas 4 1935 r del AmC Slavík in F6
Physalis pubescens L. Sola a neo cas 4 2001 s+v del AmN AmC
AmS
Pyšek et al. 2002, Lepší 2005
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Rosa s neo nat 12 1874 la del AmN 5 Koblížek in F3
Phytolacca americana L. Phyt pe neo cas 4 17th r del AmN 5 yes Skalický in F2
Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte Phyt pe neo nat 12 1956 r del As 5 Skalický 1972, Skalický in F2
Pimpinella anisum L. Apia a ar cas 4 r del M Štěpánek in F5
Pimpinella peregrina L. Apia pe neo cas 1 2011 s acc M yes yes Nepraš et al. 2011, Nepraš in A10
Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora (Ten.) Strid Lent pe neo cas 4 2006 s del M this study
Pinguicula grandiflora subsp. rosea (Mutel) Casper Lent pe neo cas 4 2006 s del E this study
Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. nigra Pina t neo nat 12 sc del E 1333
16 Skalická in F1
Pinus strobus L. Pina t neo inv 18 1800 la del AmN 9 yes+ Skalická in F1, Hadincová et al. 1997
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic245
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Pistia stratiotes L. Arac a (pe)
aq
neo cas 4 v del Af AmS yes yes Kubát et al. 2002, Koutecký in A3, Záveská
Drábková in F8
Pisum sativum L. Faba a ar cas 5 r del anec Chrtková in F4
Plantago afra L. Plant a neo cas 1 1851 s+v acc M Chrtek in F6
Plantago alpina L. Plant pe neo cas 4 1934 v del E Chrtek & Skočdopolová 1995, Chrtek in F6
Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus Plant a pe neo cas 1 1935 v acc M Chrtek in F6
Plantago gentianoides Sm. Plant pe neo cas 4 v del E As Chrtek in F6
Platanus ×hispanica Münchh. Plat t neo cas 4 r del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Cupr s t neo cas 4 1950 r del As 6 Skalická in F1
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Berb pe neo cas 4 2009 s del As this study
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. Cary a neo cas 1 1863 r acc E M Smejkal in F2
Polycnemum arvense L. Amara a ar cas 2 r acc E M As 2 Tomšovic in F2, Lysák in A2
Polycnemum heuffelii Láng Amara a ar cas 2 v acc M Tomšovic in F2
Polycnemum majus A. Braun Amara a ar nat 6 r acc E M 6 Tomšovic in F2, Novák 2001
Polygonatum latifolium (Mill.) Desf. Aspa pe neo cas 4 1809 r del E Šída in F8
Polypogon fugax Steud. Poac a neo cas 1 1964 s+v acc M Pyšek et al. 2002
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 r acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát
et al. 2002
Pontederia cordata L. Pont pe aq neo cas 4 2004 r del AmN & C & S Kaplan in A8
Populus balsamifera L. Sali t neo nat 12 1880 r del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Populus ×canadensis Moench Sali t neo inv 18 la del hybrid 944
15 yes Koblížek in F2, Kubát et al. 2002
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Port a neo cas 4 1937 r del AmS 2 Domin 1937, Skalický & Sutorý in F2, Petřík
2001
Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Port a ar inv 14 sc acc M 945
5 Skalický & Sutorý in F2
Potentilla adscharica R. Keller Rosa pe neo cas 4 1947 s+v del E Soják 2007
Potentilla intermedia L. Rosa b pe neo nat 7 1903 r acc E 6 Soják in F4
Potentilla radiata Lehm. Rosa pe neo cas 1 1920 s+v acc E M Soják 2007
Potentilla supina subsp. paradoxa (Nutt.) Soják Rosa a pe neo cas 1 1921 v acc As AmN Soják in F4
Primula rosea Royle Prim pe neo cas 4 2005 r del As Kočí in A4
Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. vulgaris Prim pe neo nat 11 r del E M Kovanda in F3
Prunus armeniaca L. Rosa t s ar cas 5 r del As Chrtek in F3
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Rosa t s ar inv 18 sc del M 6 yes Chrtek in F3
Prunus cerasus L. Rosa t s ar nat 17 sc del anec 334
12 Chrtek in F3
Prunus domestica L. Rosa t s ar nat 17 sc del anec 481
8 Chrtek in F3
Prunus ×eminens Beck Rosa s ar nat 6 sc acc hybrid Chrtek in F3
Prunus ×fruticans Weihe Rosa s ar nat 7 r acc hybrid 6 Chrtek in F3
Prunus insititia L. Rosa t s ar nat 17 sc del M 481
5 Chrtek in F3
Prunus laurocerasus L. Rosa s neo cas 4 2001 r del M yes Pyšek et al. 2002
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosa t s ar cas 5 r del As Chrtek in F3
Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rosa t s neo inv 18 la del AmN 5 yes Chrtek in F3
Prunus virginiana L. Rosa t s neo cas 4 s del AmN Pyšek et al. 2002
Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K. Koch Aster pe neo nat 11 r del E 5 Štěpánek & Koutecký in F7
246Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén subsp. alba Papa pe neo nat 11 1995 r del M 2 Dostál 1989
Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. Papa pe neo nat 11 1886 sc del M 2 Cejp 1948a, Smejkal in F1
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Pina t neo nat 11 r del AmN 7 Skalická in F1
Ptelea trifoliata L. Ruta s neo cas 4 1961 r del AmN Opravil 1961, Skalická & Svoboda 1971
Pteris multifida Poir. Pter pe f neo cas 1 1998 s+v acc As Ekrt in A9
Puccinellia gigantea (Grossh.) Grossh. Poac a pe neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Puccinellia stricta (Hook. f.) Blom Poac pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Pulmonaria rubra Schott Bora pe neo cas 4 2011 s del E Hadinec & Rydlo in A3
Pulsatilla slavica G. Reuss Ranu pe neo cas 4 s del E Skalický in F1, Šuk 2001
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Ranu pe neo cas 4 1852 r del E Skalický in F1
Puschkinia scilloides Adams Aspa pe neo cas 4 1856 r del M Bělohlávková in F8
Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roem. Rosa s neo nat 12 2002 r del E As this study
Pyrus ×amphigenea Dostálek Rosa t ar nat 7 sc acc hybrid Dostálek in F3
Pyrus communis L. Rosa t ar nat 11 sc del anec 238
21 Dostálek in F3
Pyrus nivalis Jacq. Rosa t ar cas 3 v del E AS Dostálek in F3
Quercus rubra L. Faga t neo inv 18 sc del AmN 369
14 Koblížek in F2
Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus (Jord.) Syme Ranu pe neo nat 7 1882 r acc E 3 Křísa in F1
Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranu a ar nat 6 sc acc E M As 395
2 Křísa in F1
Raphanus raphanistrum L. Bras a ar nat 13 c acc M 5443
11 Zelený in F3
Raphanus sativus L. Bras a b ar cas 5 r del anec 3 Zelený in F3
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. subsp. rugosum Bras a b ar cas 1 r acc M Hejný et al. 1973, Smejkal in F3
Rapistrum rugosum subsp. orientale (L.) Arcang. Bras a b neo cas 1 1940 r acc M Smejkal in F3
Reseda alba L. subsp. alba Rese a neo cas 4 1840 r del M Kubát & Šourková in F3
Reseda lutea L. Rese pe b ar nat 7 sc acc M 1147
21 Kubát & Šourková in F3
Reseda luteola L. Rese b ar nat 6 sc acc M 4 Kubát & Šourková in F3
Reseda odorata L. Rese a neo cas 4 1900 r del anec Kubát & Šourková in F3
Reseda phyteuma L. Rese a b ar cas 2 r acc M 5 Hendrych 1978, Roubal 1984, Kubát &
Šourková in F3, Štefánek in A5
Reynoutria ×bohemica Chrtek et Chrtková Poly pe neo inv 18 1942 c del hybrid yes+ Chrtek in F2, Mandák et al. 2004
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. var. japonica Poly pe neo inv 18 1892 c del As 2651
12 yes+ yes Chrtek in F2, Mandák et al. 2004
Reynoutria japonica var. compacta (Hook. f.)
Moldenke
Poly pe neo cas 4 1995 r del As Hlaváček et al. 1996, Mandák & Pyšek 1997
Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai Poly pe neo inv 18 1869 la del As 12 yes+ yes Chrtek in F2, Mandák et al. 2004
Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. Aster a neo cas 1 1929 v acc M Štech in F7
Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin Aster pe neo cas 4 1991 r del As Řehořek in A3
Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo Aster pe neo cas 1 1945 r acc M yes Hejný et al. 1973, Jehlík 1998a, Skalická in F7
Rheum officinale Baillon Poly pe neo cas 4 1980s r del As Lepší et al. 2006, Šída in A7
Rheum ×rhabarbarum L. Poly pe neo cas 4 1967 r del As 2 Chrtek in F2
Rhodanthe manglesii Lindl. Aster a neo cas 4 1950 s+v del Au Dostál et al. 1948-1950, Štech in F7
Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino Rosa s neo nat 11 ca 1990 r del As this study
Rhus typhina (L.) Sudw. Anac s t neo nat 12 1900 la del AmN 1 yes yes Skalická in F5
Ribes aureum Pursh Gros s neo cas 4 1900 r del AmN Kirschner in F3
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic247
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Ribes odoratum H. L. Wendl. Gros s neo cas 4 sc del AmN Kirschner in F3
Ribes rubrum L. Gros s neo nat 17 1809 sc del E As 146
15 yes Kirschner in F3
Ribes sanguineum Pursh Gros s neo cas 4 2008 s del AmN yes Hadinec & Prach in A7
Ribes spicatum Robson Gros s neo cas 4 1885 r del E As Kirschner in F3
Ricinus communis L. Euph a (ss s t) neo cas 4 1996 r del Af yes yes Pyšek et al. 2002
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Faba t neo inv 18 1874 c del AmN 24 yes yes+ Chrtková in F4
Rodgersia pinnata Franch. Saxi pe neo cas 4 2001 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002, Král et al. 2004c
Rodgersia podophylla A. Graz Saxi pe neo cas 4 1930s r del As Sekerka 2009
Rosa ×alba L. Rosa s neo cas 5 1874 r del anec yes Větvička in F4
Rosa ×centifolia L. Rosa s ar cas 5 r del anec Větvička in F4
Rosa foetida Herrm. Rosa s neo cas 4 1814 r del anec Větvička in F4
Rosa glauca Pourr. Rosa s neo cas 4 1874 r del E Větvička in F4
Rosa multiflora Thunb. Rosa s neo cas 4 r del As Tichá 2004
Rosa rugosa Thunb. Rosa s neo cas 4 1950 r del As 3 yes yes Větvička in F4
Rosa villosa L. Rosa s ar nat 9 r del E 2 Větvička in F4
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev Poac a neo cas 1 1927 r acc M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Rubia tinctorum L. Rubi pe neo cas 4 1800 r del M Kubát in F6
Rubrivena polystachya (Meisn.) M. Král Poly pe neo nat 10 sc del As 2 yes Chrtek in F2, Hadinec in A1
Rubus allegheniensis Porter Rosa s neo cas 4 r del AmN Holub in F4
Rubus armeniacus Focke Rosa s neo nat 11 r del E yes yes Holub in F4
Rubus canadensis L. Rosa s neo cas 4 r del AmN Holub in F4, Holub 1999, Žíla & Chán 2001,
Hadinec in A1
Rubus illecebrosus Focke Rosa ss neo cas 4 s del As Holub in F4
Rubus laciniatus Willd. Rosa s neo nat 11 r del anec Holub in F4
Rubus moschus Juz. Rosa s neo cas 4 s del E Holub in F4
Rubus occidentalis L. Rosa s neo cas 4 1997 s del AmN Holub in F4
Rubus odoratus L. Rosa s neo nat 9 1880 r del AmN 7 Holub in F4, Hadinec in A2
Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Rosa s neo nat 9 s del AmN Holub in F4
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Rosa s neo cas 4 r del As Holub in F4
Rubus silvaticus Weihe et Nees Rosa s neo cas 1 s acc E Holub in F4
Rubus tuberculatus Bab. Rosa s neo cas 1 s acc E Holub in F4
Rubus ulmifolius Schott Rosa s neo cas 4 s del E Holub in F4
Rubus xanthocarpus Bureau et Franch. Rosa pe neo nat 9 1962 s del As Holub & Palek 1981, Holub in F4
Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton Aster pe neo cas 4 1989 s+v del AmN Deyl & Skočdopolová-Deylová 1989
Rudbeckia hirta L. Aster b pe neo cas 4 1873 sc del AmN Bělohlávková in F7
Rudbeckia laciniata L. Aster pe neo inv 18 1859 c del AmN 10 yes yes Bělohlávková in F7
Rumex acetosa × R. thyrsiflorus Poly pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Kubát in F2
Rumex alpinus L. Poly pe neo inv 14 1819 la acc E 12 yes+ Kubát in F2, Hendrych 2001
Rumex brownii Campd. Poly pe neo cas 1 1965 s+v acc Au Kubát in F2
Rumex confertus Willd. Poly pe neo cas 1 1965 r acc E As yes yes Jehlík & Kopecký 1967, Kubát in F2
Rumex ×corconticus Kubát Poly pe neo cas 1 1981 v acc hybrid Kubát 1985, Kubát in F2
Rumex dentatus subsp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. f. Poly a neo cas 1 1965 v acc M Af As Kubát in F2
248Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Rumex ×hybridus Kindb. Poly pe neo cas 1 1981 r acc hybrid Kubát 1985, Kubát in F2
Rumex longifolius DC. subsp. longifolius Poly pe neo nat 13 la acc E 7 Kubát in F2, Kubát et al. 2002
Rumex longifolius subsp. sourekii Kubát Poly pe neo inv 14 1961 la acc E Kubát in F2, Kubínová & Krahulec 1997,
1999, Kubát et al. 2002
Rumex ×mezei Hausskn. Poly pe neo cas 1 1980 v acc hybrid Kubát 1985, Kubát in F2
Rumex obovatus Danser Poly a neo cas 1 v acc AmS Kubát in F2
Rumex patientia L. subsp. patientia Poly pe neo nat 9 1861 sc del E M 3 Kubát in F2, Grüll 1994, Jehlík 1998a
Rumex patientia × R. tianschanicus ‘Uteuša’ Poly pe neo cas 4 2005 sc del anec this study
Rumex ×propinquus Aresch. Poly pe neo cas 1 1984 r acc hybrid Kubát 1985, Kubát in F2
Rumex scutatus L. Poly pe neo cas 3 1818 v del E Kubát in F2
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. Poly pe neo nat 13 la acc E As 383
16 Kubát in F2
Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. Poly pe neo nat 8 1943 r acc AmN 4 Hejný 1949, Hejný et al. 1973, Kubát in F2,
Jehlík 1998a
Ruta graveolens L. Ruta ss ar cas 4 r del M 1 Kovanda in F5
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Alis pe aq neo nat 12 1945 la del AmN 4 Hrouda in F8
Salix acutifolia Willd. Sali s neo cas 4 r del E As Chmelař & Koblížek in F2
Salix cordata Michx. Sali s neo cas 4 1960s s del AmN this study
Salix melanopsis Nutt. Sali s neo nat 11 1988 r del AmN Úradníček 2004
Salix ×sepulcralis Simonk. Sali t neo cas 4 2001 s del anec Pyšek et al. 2002
Salsola collina Pall. Amara a neo cas 1 r acc E As Tomšovic in F2
Salvia officinalis L. Lami ss ar cas 4 r del M Štěpánková in F6
Salvia reflexa Hornem. Lami a neo cas 1 1934 v acc AmN Štěpánková in F6
Salvia sclarea L. Lami b pe neo cas 4 1809 r del M Štěpánková in F6
Salvia spinosa L. Lami pe neo cas 1 1966 s+v acc M Štěpánková 1999, Štěpánková in F6
Salvia splendens Roem. et Schult. Lami a neo cas 4 r del AmS Štěpánková in F6
Salvia verbenaca L. Lami pe neo cas 1 1965 v acc E M Štěpánková in F6
Salvia viridis L. Lami a neo cas 4 1908 r del M Štěpánková in F6
Sambucus ebulus L. Adox pe ar nat 13 sc acc E M 4 Chrtek in F5
Sanguisorba minor subsp. balearica (Nyman) Muńoz
Garm. et C. Navarro
Rosa pe neo nat 7 1840 r acc M Holub 1978b, Skalický in F4
Sanguisorba tenuifolia Link Rosa pe neo cas 4 1946 v del As Skalický in F4
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Aster ss neo cas 4 r del M Bělohlávková in F7
Saponaria ocymoides L. Cary pe neo cas 4 1906 r del M Domin 1924, Michal 1949, Šourková in F2
Saponaria officinalis L. Cary pe ar nat 11 sc del E M 481
13 Šourková in F2
Sarracenia purpurea L. Sarr pe neo cas 4 2010 s del AmN this study
Sasa palmata ‘Nebulosa’ Poac pe neo nat 4 2012 s del anec this study
Satureja hortensis L. Lami a b ar cas 4 r del M Tomšovic in F6
Saxifraga cuneifolia L. Saxi pe neo cas 4 r del E Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Saxifraga cymbalaria L. Saxi a b neo cas 4 1955 r del M 2 Procházka et al. 1983, Dostál 1989, Pyšek 1996
Saxifraga ×geum L. Saxi pe neo cas 4 sc del hybrid Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Saxifraga hostii Tausch subsp. hostii Saxi pe neo nat 9 1850 s del E Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Saxifraga hypnoides L. Saxi pe neo cas 4 1819 v del E Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic249
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Saxifraga rotundifolia L. Saxi pe neo cas 4 1956 v del E M Hrouda & Šourková in F3
Scandix pecten-veneris L. Apia a ar cas 2 r acc M 1 yes Chrtek et al. 1968, Křísa in F5, Hadinec et al.
2003
Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. Poac a neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc M Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Dostál 1989, Kubát et
al. 2002
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Thell. Aster a neo cas 1 1950 r acc AmC AmS Chrtek 1981, Skalická in F7
Scilla forbesii (Baker) Speta Aspa pe neo cas 4 1934 r del M Trávníček 2010, Trávníček in F8
Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta Aspa pe neo cas 4 r del M 3 Trávníček in F8
Scilla sardensis (Barr et Sugden) Speta Aspa pe neo cas 4 1965 r del M Král et al. 2004a, Trávníček 2010, Trávníček
in F8
Scirpus pendulus Muhl. Cype pe neo cas 1 s+v acc AmN Dostál 1989
Scleroblitum atriplicinum (F. Muell.) Ulbr. Amara a neo cas 1 1963 v acc Au Tomšovic in F2
Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a ar nat 6 r acc M 1375
3 Chrtek & Žáková 1990, Kubát et al. 2002
Sclerolaena tricuspis (F. Muell.) Ulbr. Amara a neo cas 1 1966 v acc Au Dvořák & Kühn 1966, Tomšovic in F2
Scolymus maculatus L. Aster a neo cas 1 1969 s+v acc M this study
Scopolia carniolica Jacq. Sola pe neo nat 11 1866 r del E yes Čelakovský 1881, Pyšek et al. 2002, Hadinec
in A7
Scorpiurus muricatus L. Faba a neo cas 1 r acc M Chrtková in F4
Scrophularia canina L. Scro pe neo cas 1 1961 v acc E M Dvořáková in F6
Scrophularia chrysantha Jaub. et Spach Scro b pe neo cas 4 1855 v del E M Chrtek & Skočdopolová 1996, Dvořáková in F6
Scutellaria altissima L. Lami pe neo nat 10 1901 sc del E 7 Chrtek in F6
Secale cereale L. Poac a ar cas 5 r del anec 3 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Sedobassia sedoides (Schrad.) Freitag et G. Kadereit Amara a neo cas 1 1960 v acc E M As Tomšovic in F2
Sedum aizoon L. Cras pe neo cas 4 1880 r del As Grulich in F3
Sedum annuum L. Cras a b neo cas 4 s del E Pyšek et al. 2002
Sedum hispanicum L. Cras a b neo nat 12 sc del M 5 Grulich in F3
Sedum hybridum L. Cras pe neo nat 11 r del As Grulich in F3
Sedum ochroleucum Chaix Cras pe neo nat 11 r del M Holub 1972, Grulich in F3
Sedum pallidum M. Bieb. Cras pe neo cas 4 2001 s del M Pyšek et al. 2002, Hadinec & Lustyk 2008
Sedum rupestre subsp. erectum ’t Hart Cras pe neo cas 4 sc del M 4 Grulich in F3
Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Cras pe neo cas 4 r del As Grulich in F3
Sedum spurium M. Bieb. Cras pe neo nat 11 1879 la del E M 13 Grulich in F3
Sedum stoloniferum S. G. Gmel. Cras pe neo cas 4 2001 r del E Pyšek et al. 2002, Král et al. 2004b
Sempervivum tectorum L. Cras pe neo nat 11 1819 r del E 3 Grulich in F3
Senecio ×helwingii Beger Aster a neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Grulich in F7
Senecio inaequidens DC. Aster pe neo nat 8 1997 r acc Af 2 yes yes Jehlík 1998b, Špryňar in A1, Jehlík et al.
2003, Grulich in F7, Joza 2008
Senecio vernalis Waldst. et Kit. Aster a neo nat 8 1822 la acc M 7 yes Dostál 1989, Grulich in F7
Senecio vulgaris L. Aster a ar nat 13 c acc anec 1259
16 Grulich in F7
Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov. Poac a neo cas 1 s+v acc Af Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria faberi R. A. W. Herrm. Poac a neo nat 8 1961 r acc As 2 Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. italica Poac a ar cas 4 r del anec 2 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
250Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Setaria italica subsp. moharia (Alef.) R. A. W. Herrm. Poac a ar cas 4 r del anec Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult. Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 6174
13 Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Poac a ar nat 8 la acc M 1138
2 Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria verticilliformis Dumort. Poac a ar nat 6 r acc hybrid Kubát et al. 2002, Chrtek et al. in A7
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. viridis Poac a ar nat 13 c acc M 4221
20 Kubát et al. 2002
Setaria viridis subsp. pycnocoma (Steud.) Tzvelev Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Sherardia arvensis L. Rubi a ar nat 13 sc acc E M 4242
6 Kubát in F6
Sicyos angulatus L. Cucu a neo nat 9 1880 r del AmN 4 Chrtková in F2
Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby Malv pe neo cas 4 1958 r del AmN Slavík in F3
Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. rhombifolia Malv ss neo cas 1 1979 r acc AmC AmS Slavík in F3
Sida spinosa L. Malv pe ss neo cas 1 1972 r acc AmN & C & S Slavík in F3
Silene cretica L. Cary a neo cas 1 1941 v acc M Šourková 1978, Šourková in F2
Silene dichotoma Ehrh. subsp. dichotoma Cary a b ar nat 6 sc acc M 4 Šourková in F2
Silene gallica L. Cary a b ar cas 2 r acc M 3 Šourková in F2, Lysák in A3
Silene ×grecescui Guşul. Cary pe neo cas 1 1972 v acc hybrid Smejkal 1973, Šourková in F2
Silene ×hampeana Meusel et K. Werner Cary pe ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Šourková in F2
Silene latifolia subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter et Burdet Cary pe a ar nat 13 c acc E M As 1279
22 Šourková in F2
Silene noctiflora L. Cary a b ar nat 13 c acc E M 4459
4 Šourková in F2
Silene pendula L. Cary a neo cas 4 1896 r del M Šourková in F2
Silene viridiflora L. Cary pe neo cas 4 1971 s+v del E M Smejkal 1973, Šourková in F2
Silphium perfoliatum L. Aster pe neo cas 4 1885 r del AmN Zelený in F7
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Aster a ar cas 4 r del M 3 Zelený in F7
Sinapis alba L. Bras a neo cas 5 1875 sc del M 3 Zelený in F3
Sinapis arvensis L. Bras a ar nat 17 c del anec 5597
7 Zelený in F3
Sinapis dissecta Lag. Bras a neo cas 1 1953 v acc M Zelený in F3
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Bras a neo nat 13 1815 c acc M 1152
5 Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium austriacum Jacq. subsp. austriacum Bras b pe neo cas 1 1858 v acc E M Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium irio L. Bras a neo cas 1 1851 r acc M As Dvořák 1982, Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium loeselii L. Bras a neo inv 14 1819 c acc E M As 7139
16 yes Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Bras a ar nat 13 c acc M 3239
11 Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium orientale subsp. macroloma (Pomel)
H. Lindb.
Bras a neo cas 1 1958 v acc M Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium polymorphum (Murray) Roth Bras pe neo cas 1 1959 v acc E As Dvořák 1981, Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium strictissimum L. Bras pe neo nat 7 1819 sc acc E M 13 Dvořák in F3
Sisymbrium volgense E. Fourn. Bras pe neo nat 8 1960 r acc E 4 yes Jehlík 1971, 1981, 1998a, Hejný et al. 1973,
Dvořák in F3
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene Irid pe neo nat 11 1853 r del AmN 6 Chrtek in F8
Sium sisarum L. Apia pe neo cas 4 s del As Kubát et al. 2002
Smyrnium perfoliatum L. Apia b neo nat 9 1886 r del M 6 Křísa in F5, Hadinec in A3
Solanum americanum Mill. Sola a neo cas 1 1966 r acc AmN AmS Štěpánek in F6
Solanum carolinense L. Sola a (pe) neo cas 1 1985 v acc AmN Štěpánek in F6
Solanum cornutum Lam. Sola a (pe) neo cas 1 1899 r acc AmN Štěpánek in F6
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic251
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Solanum decipiens Opiz Sola a neo nat 8 1819 sc acc M 2152
13 Štěpánek in F6
Solanum linnaeanum Hepper et P.-M. L. Jaeger Sola a (ss s) neo cas 1 s acc Af Štěpánek in F6
Solanum lycopersicum L. Sola a neo cas 5 1880 la del anec 228
4 Štěpánek in F6
Solanum melongena L. Sola a (pe) neo cas 4 r del anec Štěpánek in F6
Solanum nigrum L. Sola a ar nat 13 c acc M 2152
15 Štěpánek in F6
Solanum physalifolium Rusby Sola a neo cas 1 1975 r acc AmS Štěpánek in F6, Hadinec & Lustyk 2006,
Holec et al. 2006
Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Sola a (ss) neo cas 4 r del AmS Štěpánek in F6
Solanum pyracanthos Lam. Sola a (s pe) neo cas 4 1940 v del Af Štěpánek in F6
Solanum scabrum Mill. Sola a pe neo cas 4 1975 r del Af Štěpánek in F6
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Sola a (pe) neo cas 1 1935 r acc AmS Štěpánek in F6
Solanum triflorum Nutt. Sola a (pe) neo cas 1 1914 v acc AmN Štěpánek in F6
Solanum tuberosum L. Sola pe neo cas 5 c del anec 2 Štěpánek in F6
Solanum villosum Mill. Sola a neo cas 1 1850 r acc M 3 Štěpánek in F6
Solidago canadensis L. Aster pe neo inv 18 1838 c del AmN 8141
14 yes Slavík in F7
Solidago gigantea Aiton Aster pe neo inv 18 1851 c del AmN 1799
14 yes+ yes Slavík in F7
Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del AmN yes Slavík in F7
Sonchus arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Aster pe ar nat 13 c acc M 3572
Křísa in Slavík & Štěpánková 2003
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Aster a ar nat 13 c acc M 2579
19 yes Křísa in F7
Sonchus oleraceus L. Aster a ar nat 13 c acc M 1705
22 Křísa in F7
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun Rosa s neo nat 11 1940 r del As yes Koblížek in F3
Sorbus austriaca (Beck) Prain et al. Rosa t neo cas 4 1966 r del E 6 Lepší et al. 2011
Sorbus domestica L. Rosa t ar cas 4 r del E M 4 Kovanda in F3
Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers. Rosa t neo cas 4 r del E Lepší et al. 2011
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poac a neo cas 4 r del Af Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Sorghum drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. et Chase Poac a neo cas 1 1960 v acc Af Grüll 1979
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Poac pe neo cas 1 1927 r acc M yes Jehlík 1998a, Kubát et al. 2002
Spergula arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Cary a ar nat 13 c acc E M 6338
8 Dvořák in F2
Spergula arvensis subsp. linicola (Boreau) Janch. Cary a ar cas 2 v acc E M Dvořák in F2
Spergula arvensis subsp. maxima (Weihe) O. Schwarz Cary a ar cas 2 v acc E M Dvořák in F2
Spergula arvensis subsp. sativa (Boenn.) Ces. Cary a ar nat 15 sc acc E M Dvořák in F2
Spinacia oleracea L. Amara a ar cas 5 r del anec Dostálek et al. in F2
Spiraea alba Du Roi Rosa s neo nat 11 r del AmN yes Koblížek in F3
Spiraea ×billardii Hérincq Rosa s neo nat 11 r del anec Koblížek in F3
Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. Rosa s neo nat 11 1900 r del E As yes Koblížek in F3
Spiraea douglasii Hook. Rosa s neo nat 11 1940 r del AmN Koblížek in F3
Spiraea hypericifolia subsp. obovata (Willd.) H. Huber Rosa s neo cas 4 1889 s del E As Koblížek in F3, Businský & Businská 2002
Spiraea japonica L. f. Rosa s neo cas 4 1995 r del As this study
Spiraea ×macrothyrsa Dippel Rosa s neo nat 11 r del hybrid Kubát et al. 2002
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Poac pe neo cas 1 1961 s+v acc AmC AmS Dvořák & Kühn 1966
Stachys affinis Bunge Lami pe neo cas 3 1924 v del As Novák 1924, Chrtek 1994, Kubát et al. 2002
Stachys annua (L.) L. Lami a ar nat 6 sc acc M 488
3 Chrtek in F6
252Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Stachys arvensis (L.) L. Lami a ar cas 2 v acc M 1 Chrtek in F6, Chrtek in A5
Stachys byzantina K. Koch Lami pe neo cas 4 r del M Chrtek in F6
Stachys setifera C. A. Mey. Lami pe neo cas 1 2007 s+v acc M Řehořek et al. in A8
Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép. Cary a ar inv 14 sc acc M 11 Dvořáková in F2, Fajmon in A6, Hadinec
& Kaplan in A10
Stipa calamagrostis (L.) Wahlenb. Poac pe neo cas 1 1908 r acc E M Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake Capr s neo inv 18 sc del AmN 9 Chrtek in F5
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Capr s neo cas 4 r del AmN Chrtek in F5
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo cas 4 1876 r del AmN Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum dumosum × S. novi-belgii Aster pe neo cas 4 r del hybrid Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Löve et D. Löve Aster pe neo nat 12 1851 sc del AmN 3 Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum laeve × S. lanceolatum Aster pe neo cas 4 r del hybrid Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo inv 18 c del AmN 639
19 yes Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo cas 4 r del AmN Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo inv 18 1850 sc del AmN 734
13 yes Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum ×salignum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo inv 18 1872 sc del anec yes Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphyotrichum ×versicolor (Willd.) G. L. Nesom Aster pe neo inv 18 c del anec 6 Kovanda & Kubát in F7
Symphytum asperum Lepech. Bora pe neo cas 4 1941 r del M yes yes Smejkal 1978, Slavík in F6
Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman Bora pe neo nat 9 1908 r del anec 8 yes Slavík in F6
Syringa vulgaris L. Olea s t neo nat 11 1809 sc del E 328
9 yes Koblížek in F5
Tagetes erecta L. Aster a neo cas 4 r del AmN AmC Bělohlávková in F7
Tagetes patula L. Aster a neo cas 4 r del AmN AmC Bělohlávková in F7
Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. Aster a neo cas 4 2009 s del AmN this study
Tanacetum balsamita L. Aster pe neo cas 4 r del E M 3 Zelený in F7
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Sch. Bip. Aster pe neo nat 11 r del E M 3 Zelený in F7
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. Aster pe ar nat 11 sc del E M 6 Zelený in F7
Tanacetum vulgare L. Aster pe ar nat 15 c del E 6620
39 Zelený in F7
Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. Aster pe neo inv 16 ca 1820 sc del E 7 yes Kaplan in F7
Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze Aizo a neo cas 4 1918 r del As AmS Au Tomšovic & Bělohlávková in F2, Hadinec
& Lustyk 2008
Teucrium polium L. Lami s neo cas 1 1960 v acc M Mártonfi in F6
Thladiantha dubia Bunge Cucu pe neo cas 4 1939 r del As 4 Chrtková in F2
Thlaspi arvense L. Bras a b ar nat 13 c acc M 41305
11 Dvořáková in F3
Thuja occidentalis L. Cupr t neo cas 4 2012 r del AmN this study
Thymus drucei Ronniger Lami pe neo cas 4 1974 r del E 2 Čáp 1982, Štěpánek & Tomšovic in F6
Thymus vulgaris L. Lami ss neo cas 4 r del M Štěpánek & Tomšovic in F6
Tilia tomentosa Moench Malv t neo cas 4 2001 r del E Pyšek et al. 2002
Tolpis staticifolia (All.) Sch. Bip. Aster pe neo cas 1 1873 s+v acc E Štech in F7
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link subsp. arvensis Apia a ar nat 6 r acc M 6 Hrouda in F5
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Apia a neo cas 1 v acc M Hrouda in F5
Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. Anac s neo nat 11 1874 r del AmN Skalická in F5
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Turrill Apia a neo cas 1 1903 s+v acc anec Hadinec in A10
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic253
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Tragopogon dubius Scop. Aster a b ar nat 7 sc acc M 134
6 Kaplan in F7
Tragopogon ×mirabilis Rouy Aster pe neo nat 7 1921 r acc hybrid Kaplan in F7, Krahulec et al. 2005
Tragopogon porrifolius L. subsp. porrifolius Aster a b neo cas 4 1838 r del M Dostál 1989, Kaplan in F7
Tragus racemosus (L.) All. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M 3 Kubát et al. 2002
Tribulus terrestris L. Zygo a neo cas 1 r acc M 2 Jeslík 1974, Hrouda in F5, Lysák in A3
Trifolium alexandrinum L. Faba a neo cas 4 1960 v del anec Kubát in F4, Grulich in A9
Trifolium alpinum L. Faba pe neo cas 4 1919 s+v del E Kubát in F4
Trifolium angulatum Waldst. et Kit. Faba a neo cas 1 1976 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium angustifolium L. Faba a neo cas 1 1923 s+v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium badium Schreb. Faba pe neo nat 9 ca 1900 s del E 1 this study
Trifolium glomeratum L. Faba a neo cas 1 1961 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium hybridum L. subsp. hybridum Faba b pe neo nat 17 1819 c del anec 4791
28 Kubát in F4
Trifolium incarnatum L. subsp. incarnatum Faba a b neo cas 4 1870 sc del M 4 Kubát in F4
Trifolium lappaceum L. Faba a neo cas 1 1916 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium ornithopodioides L. Faba a neo cas 1 1960 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium pallidum Waldst. et Kit. Faba a b neo cas 1 1930 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. Faba pe neo nat 9 1919 r del M Hendrych 1968, Kubát in F4
Trifolium pratense subsp. americanum (Harz) Soják Faba pe neo cas 4 1880 v del anec Kubát in F4
Trifolium pratense subsp. sativum (Schreb.) Schübl.
et G. Martens
Faba pe neo cas 5 sc del anec Kubát in F4
Trifolium resupinatum L. Faba a neo cas 4 1853 r del M 3 Kubát in F4
Trifolium squamosum L. Faba a neo cas 1 1930 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium subterraneum L. Faba a neo cas 1 1962 r acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium tomentosum L. Faba a neo cas 1 1961 v acc M Kubát in F4
Trifolium vesiculosum Savi Faba a neo cas 4 2009 s del E M Řehořek in A10
Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser. Faba a neo cas 3 1874 v del M Chrtková in F4
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Faba a neo cas 3 1889 v del anec Chrtková in F4
Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. Aster a ar nat 13 c acc anec 42683
30 Kubát in F7
Triticum aestivum Aestivum Group Poac a ar cas 5 sc del anec 11 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Triticum turgidum Dicoccon Group Poac a ar cas 4 r del anec Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Triticum turgidum Polonicum Group Poac a neo cas 4 r del anec 2 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Triticum turgidum Turgidum Group Poac a neo cas 4 r del anec 2 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Tropaeolum majus L. Trop a neo cas 4 r del anec yes Bělohlávková in F5
Tulipa ×gesneriana L. Lili pe neo cas 4 sc del anec 3 Pyšek et al. 2002
Tulipa sylvestris L. Lili pe neo nat 11 1867 r del M 6 Bělohlávková in F8
Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. Apia a ar cas 2 v acc M Hrouda in F5
Typha laxmannii Lepech. Typh pe neo nat 12 1968 sc del E 1 Kubát in A10
Ulex europaeus L. Faba s neo cas 4 1880 r del E Skalická in F4
Urtica pilulifera L. Urti a neo cas 4 1872 r del M Chrtek in F1
Urtica urens L. Urti a ar nat 13 c acc M 6103
7 Chrtek in F1
254Preslia84:155–255,2012
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert var. hispanica Cary a ar cas 2 v acc M 1 Šourková in F2
Vaccinium corymbosum L. Eric s ss neo cas 4 2011 s del AmN this study
Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich subsp. dentata Vale a ar nat 6 sc acc M 2160
5 Holub 1978c, Kirschner in F5
Valerianella dentata subsp. eriosperma (Wallr.) Holub Vale a ar nat 6 r acc M Hadač & Chrtek 1968, Kirschner in F5
Valerianella rimosa Bastard Vale a ar nat 6 r acc M 2 Kirschner in F5
Vallisneria spiralis L. Hydro pe aq neo cas 4 1920s v del As Husák et al. in F8
Verbascum niveum subsp. visianinum (Rchb.) Murb. Scro b neo cas 1 1914 v acc M Kirschner in F6
Verbena bonariensis L. Verb a (pe) neo cas 4 1983 r del AmS Slavík in F6
Verbena ×hybrida Groenland et Rümpler Verb a neo cas 4 r del anec Slavík in F6
Verbena officinalis L. Verb pe a ar nat 6 sc acc M 244
8 Slavík in F6
Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton Verb ss neo cas 4 1853 v del AmS Slavík in F6
Verbena rigida Spreng. Verb a (pe) neo cas 4 1967 r del AmS Slavík in F6
Veronica agrestis L. Plant a ar nat 6 r acc M 271
4 Hrouda in F6
Veronica arvensis L. Plant a ar nat 13 c acc M 21169
29 Hrouda in F6
Veronica filiformis Sm. Plant pe neo nat 15 1938 sc del M 14 yes Jehlík 1961, 1998a, Jehlík & Slavík 1967,
Hrouda in F6, Pyšek et al. 2002
Veronica hederifolia L. Plant a ar nat 13 c acc M 6290
21 Hrouda in F6
Veronica incana L. subsp. incana Plant pe neo cas 4 r del E As Trávníček 1998, Trávníček in F6
Veronica incana × V. maritima Plant pe neo cas 4 1940 s+v del hybrid Trávníček in F6
Veronica opaca Fr. Plant a ar nat 6 r acc M 236
3 Hrouda in F6, Fajmon in A3
Veronica peregrina L. subsp. peregrina Plant a neo nat 6 1809 r acc AmN & C & S Hrouda in F6
Veronica persica Poir. Plant a neo nat 13 1809 c acc M 41322
15 yes Hrouda in F6
Veronica polita Fr. Plant a ar nat 13 c acc M 3505
8 Hrouda in F6
Veronica triloba (Opiz) Opiz Plant a ar nat 6 r acc M 558
4 Hrouda in F6
Veronica triphyllos L. Plant a ar nat 13 sc acc M 5132
11 Hrouda in F6
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl. Adox s neo cas 4 r del As this study
Vicia angustifolia L. Faba a ar nat 13 c acc M 2552
24 Chrtková in F4
Vicia articulata Hornem. Faba a neo cas 4 1874 r del M 3 Chrtková in F4
Vicia bithynica (L.) L. Faba a neo cas 1 1949 v acc M Sutorý 1976, Chrtková in F4
Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Faba a ar cas 3 v del M Chrtková in F4
Vicia faba L. Faba a ar cas 5 r del anec 2 Chrtková in F4
Vicia grandiflora Scop. Faba a neo nat 7 1877 sc acc E M 10 Chrtková in F4
Vicia lutea L. Faba a neo cas 1 r acc E M 12 Chrtková in F4
Vicia melanops Sm. Faba a neo cas 1 1900 v acc M Chrtková in F4
Vicia narbonensis L. Faba a neo cas 4 r del M Chrtková in F4
Vicia onobrychioides L. Faba pe neo cas 1 1980 v acc M Saul 1983, Chrtková in F4
Vicia pannonica Crantz subsp. pannonica Faba a ar nat 9 sc del M Chrtková in F4
Vicia pannonica subsp. striata (M. Bieb.) Nyman Faba a ar nat 7 r acc M Chrtková in F4
Vicia sativa L. Faba a ar nat 17 c del M Af As 24 Chrtková in F4
Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa Faba a b ar nat 17 c del M 157
15 Chrtková in F4
Pyšeketal.:CatalogueofalienplantsoftheCzechRepublic255
Taxon Fam LH Res Inv PG 1st Abund Path Origin Cover Hab IEc IEn Source
Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host.) Corb. Faba a ar nat 17 c del M Chrtková in F4
Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C. L. Hitchc. Viol pe neo cas 4 1948 s+v del AmN Kirschner & Štěpánek 1984, Kirschner &
Skalický in F2
Viola cornuta L. Viol pe neo cas 4 1959 r del E Skalický 1973, Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola cucullata Aiton Viol pe neo cas 4 1895 s+v del AmN Kirschner & Štěpánek 1984, Kirschner &
Skalický in F2
Viola ×haynaldii Wiesb. Viol pe neo cas 1 1886 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×hungarica Degen et Sabr. Viol pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×kerneri Wiesb. Viol pe neo cas 1 1904 v acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola odorata L. Viol pe ar nat 17 c del M 2144
21 yes Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×pluricaulis Borbás Viol pe ar cas 1 v acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×poelliana Murr Viol pe ar cas 1 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×porphyrea R. Uechtr. Viol pe ar cas 1 sc acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×scabra F. Braun Viol pe ar nat 13 sc acc hybrid 239
Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola septemloba Leconte Viol pe neo nat 9 2003 s del AmN Sutorý in A7
Viola ×sourekii F. Proch. Viol b pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola suavis M. Bieb. subsp. suavis Viol pe neo nat 9 r del M 11 Kirschner & Skalický in F2, Fajmon in A7
Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor Viol a ar nat 13 sc acc E 12 Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×vindobonensis Wiesb. Viol pe neo cas 1 r acc hybrid Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Viola ×wittrockiana Nauenb. et Buttler Viol a b neo cas 4 sc del anec 3 Kirschner & Skalický in F2
Vitis riparia Michx. Vita s neo cas 4 1964 r del AmN Koblížek in F5
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera Vita s ar cas 5 r del anec 5 Koblížek in F5
Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray Poac a b ar nat 6 r acc M 4 Kubát et al. 2002
Vulpia ciliata Dumort. Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Vulpia ligustica (All.) Link Poac a neo cas 1 r acc M Kubát et al. 2002
Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. Poac a b ar nat 7 sc acc M 4 Kubát et al. 2002
Waldsteinia geoides Willd. Rosa pe neo cas 4 s del E Smejkal in F4
Waldsteinia ternata subsp. trifolia (W. D. J. Koch)
Teppner
Rosa pe neo cas 4 s del E Smejkal in F4
Xanthium albinum (Widder) H. Scholz et Sukopp Aster a neo nat 8 1851 la acc AmN 6 Havlíček in F7
Xanthium ×kostalii Tocl Aster a neo cas 1 1854 r acc hybrid Havlíček in F7
Xanthium orientale L. Aster a neo cas 1 1965 s acc AmN Havlíček in F7
Xanthium ripicola Holub Aster a neo cas 1 1887 r acc E yes Havlíček in F7
Xanthium spinosum L. Aster a neo cas 2 1830 r acc AmS 2 Havlíček in F7
Xanthium strumarium L. Aster a ar cas 2 r acc E M 8 Havlíček in F7
Xerochrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Tzvelev Aster a neo cas 4 1991 s del Au Růžička & Zlámalík 1997
Zea mays L. Poac a neo cas 5 sc del anec 2 Dostál 1989, Kubát et al. 2002
Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino Ulma t neo cas 4 1973 s del As Pyšek et al. 2002
Zinnia elegans Jacq. Aster a neo cas 4 r del AmS Bělohlávková in F7