11_EVOW_CH25 Linne 14_EVOW_CH25 TM%20266-01-060-1_toumai http://rlv.zcache.com/darwin_and_chimp_brothers_print-rc964e77c0853413ba1bfdeaa94917bfe_ax46_8byvr_ 512.jpg Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank,_1855-1.jpg 1859_Origin_F373_001 Title page Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/library/darwin/huxley2_small.jpg 1868 A. R. Wallace (1864): The origin of human races and the antiquity of Man deduced from the theory of ‚Natural Selection‘ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Thomas_Henry_Huxley_1874.JPG T. H. Huxley (1863): Evidence as to Man’s place in Nature Humans differ from apes in all parts of their bodies less than apes from other monkeys. Anatomická blízkost člověka s lidoopy známá přírodovědcům dlouho, už Linné... Huxley, Wallace 1871: The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex 1871_Descent_F937 o-puvodu-cloveka o-pohlavnim-vyberu Darwin-1871 od té doby až do smrti 10 dalších knih http://www.barkinghistory.co.uk/images/p079_1_00.png The break between apes and humans is too big, ‘savages’ do not at all fill it. Selection cannot explain the sense of humour, ingenuity, talent for mathematics, philosophy, arts, or music. http://i3.minus.com/ibvUsAGuKddIgi.jpg The difference between animals and humans are only quantitative. Morals, sympathy, sense of beauty also exist in animals. In animals, we can see behaviour analogous to love, kindness, religion, or altruism. Neanderthals: 1829 Engis (Liège), 1848 Gibraltar, 1856 Neandertal Looking for missing link: 1891 Eugène Dubois: Anthropopithecus (Pithecanthropus, Homo) erectus, Trinil, Java; 700 000 – 1 mil. let Výsledek obrázku pro Pithecanthropus erectus trinil Eugene Dubois.jpg E. Dubois (1858–1940) Výsledek obrázku pro Pithecanthropus erectus trinil Hledání chybějícího článku lineární pohled 1829 atd. neandertálci Looking for missing link: 1924 Raymond Dart: Australopithecus africanus, Taung, South Africa; 2.5 mil. Výsledek obrázku pro Australopithecus africanus taung Výsledek obrázku pro Raymond Dart wiki R. Dart (1893–1988) lebka paviána Looking for missing link: 1912: Piltdown – Eoanthropus dawsoni (‘Piltdown Man’) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Charles_dawson_portrait.jpg Charles Dawson Britain Piltdown Hledání chybějícího článku lineární pohled 1829 atd. neandertálci H. F. Osborn (1927) Billedresultat for Henry Fairfield Osborn human evolution Divergence between humans and other fossil hominins very ancient kritika Darta: spíš pozůstatek opice (studentka: fosilní pavián), člověk buď v Asii, nebo Piltdown střední oligocén, člověk cca. 30 mil. V.18.tif Arthur Keith (1935) Divergence between humans and other fossil hominins very ancient šipka = Piltdown Ramapithecus ~ 14 mil. years orangutan gorilla chimp human Každopádně až do konce 60. let, i pod vlivem piltdownského člověka, - oddělení člověka staré Rama II.tif Ramapithecus ~ 5 mil. years 1967: Vincent Sarich, Allan C. Wilson serum albumin, immunological distances human-chimp » 4-5 mil. now: Ramapithecus = Sivapithecus; orangutan’s ancestor human-chimp » 7.5 M orangutan gorilla chimp human imunologické vzdálenosti – síla imunitní reakce: čím vzdálenější, tím víc geny reagují molekulární hodiny Bimbini Close-Up 2015 - The Lemur Conservation Foundation rhinarium - Wiktionary The world's smallest primates are in Indonesia — Steemit Week 5 Flashcards | Quizlet strom2.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro human Výsledek obrázku pro chimpanzee Výsledek obrázku pro gorilla Výsledek obrázku pro orangutan Výsledek obrázku pro gibbon superfamily family subfamily tribus subtribes genus Fossils: 1924 Raymond Dart: Taung, South Africa Australopithecus africanus (‘Taung Child’) 1959 Louis S.B. Leakey, Mary Leakey: Olduvai, Tanzania, East Africa – Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei taung 262 A. africanus P. boisei 1974 Donald Johanson: Hadar, Awash, Afar Depression, Ethiopia Australopithecus afarensis (‘Lucy’) [USEMAP] Lucy TM%20266-01-060-1_toumai Ar. ramidus hobbit Orrorin tugenensis http://www.boneclones.com/images/bh-039-lg.jpg Sahelanthropus tchadensis Oldest hominins: 1994: Ardipithecus ramidus (‘Ardi’), Awash, Ethiopia – 4.4 mil. (2004: Ar. kadabba – 5.6 mil.) 2001: Orrorin tugenensis, Tugen Hills, Kenya – 6 mil. 2002: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (‘Toumai’), S Chad – 6-7 mil. 07_EVOW_CH25 4.2 mil. G-trail-1 A. afarensis footprints Laetoli, Tanzania, 3.6 M 2.5 mil. oldest tools Hominid fossils I.jpg http://blogs.plos.org/onscienceblogs/files/2013/10/Dmanisi-skulls.jpg http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/georgiekaart_met_dmanisi.png https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/2013/11/dmanisi-map.jpg Complication: Dmanisi „Homo georgicus“ ~ 1.8 mil. ~ early H. erectus great variation individual D4500 https://paulmullins.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/o-skull-5-570.jpg http://blogs.plos.org/onscienceblogs/files/2013/10/Dmanisi-skull-5-too.jpg braincase 546 cm3 ~ H. habilis massive dentition ~ H. rudolfensis face ~ H. erectus „Rozdělovači“ (splitters) „Slučovači“ (lumpers) Sahelanthropus tchadensis Ardipithecus ramidus s. lato Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus ramidus s. str. Ardipithecus kadabba Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis s. lato Australopithecus afarensis s. str. Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus boisei s. lato Paranthropus boisei s. str. Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus robustus Homo habilis s. str. Homo habilis s. lato Homo rudolfensis Homo gautengensis Homo ergaster Homo erectus s. lato Homo erectus s. str. Homo georgicus Homo pekinensis Homo floresiensis Homo soloensis Homo antecessor Homo heidelbergensis Homo sapiens s. lato Homo rhodesiensis Homo helmei Homo neanderthalensis Homo denisoviensis Homo sapiens s. str. 30 vs. 8 druhů http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MtDNA-MRCA-generations-Evolution.svg/1000p x-MtDNA-MRCA-generations-Evolution.svg.png http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--54SXzYYmtI/TuRYJtPazmI/AAAAAAAAAWI/rBlQe0Sg3Pc/s320/Mitochondrial.png mtDNA is inherited only maternally random sorting of mitochondrial lineages sample of contemporary women most recent common ancestor (MRCA) 1987: Rebecca Cann, Mark Stoneking, A. C. Wilson 147 women mitochondriální Eva, sortování linií phylogeny2 http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000959.g001/largerimage oldest lineages are of African origin ‘Mitochondrial Eve’: ca. 200 000 years*) *) today ca. 160 000 1987: Rebecca Cann, Mark Stoneking, A. C. Wilson 147 women 147 lidí – 7 nejstarších haplotypů = africký původ 200 000 let http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_G47rnwVuE/UUv9Ocve-jI/AAAAAAAAAbw/m0TxPDYaenE/s1600/ancient.dna.calibra ted.mtdna.tree.jpg out.tif multiregional model http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wolpoff/images/DWF%20Zagreb%2002.jpg Milford H. Wolpoff out.tif out.tif ‘out-of-Africa’ out.tif out.tif out.tif ‘out-of-Africa’ with hybridization Problem: also multiregional hyp. assumes African origin! Dnes out-of-Africa = mainstream ALE: donedávna problém skutečně dokázat – teprve dnes, když máme k dispozici celogenomová data Problém: Musíme však mít na zřeteli jedno úskalí podobných studií: odhady minulých dějů na základě zkoumání jednotlivých molekulárních markerů mohou být velice variabilní. I kdyby naše analýzy a na nich založené dedukce byly naprosto přesné, získaný výsledek bude odrážet pouze jedinou realizaci evolučního procesu, a není tak ničím jiným než náhodným výběrem ze statistického rozdělení všech potenciálně možných scénářů spojených s danou evoluční situací. Alan Templeton (2002): ‘out-of-Africa again and again’ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Mummy-UpperClassEgyptianMale-SaitePeriod_Rosicru cianMuseum.png http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/cartoon-egyptian-mummy-21823531.jpg Egyptian mummy, 2400 years Pääbo et al. (1985) http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/rainbow-DNA.jpg ... pozornost k sekvenování celých genomů + sekv. vyhynulých forem 1. kvaga, 2. mumie http://leccos.com/pics/pic/homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg http://n-kovalev.narod.ru/Images/neandertal.jpg frank_frazetta_neanderthal.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro neanderthal painting Neanderthal Man Výsledek obrázku pro neanderthal painting Before... jen otázkou času, kdy se pozornost obrátí k našemu vlastnímu rodokmenu – logicky první neandertálec z typové lokality N dřív http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/5/16/1242501448097/Neanderthal-001.j pg http://i.imgur.com/NcoSn.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro neanderthal image http://s.ngm.com/2008/10/neanderthals/img/neanderthal-615.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro neanderthal image SouvisejÃcà obrázek ... now: dnes …. v tramvaji bychom možná nepoznali Neanderthal DNA.jpg sequences of Neanderthal mtDNA: outside variation of recent humans not closer to ancient than to recent Homo sapiens sequences of nuclear genome ® ~1.5-2% Neanderthal DNA in human genome Europe, Asia (ca. by 20% more) not sub-Saharan Africa 54-49 ths. years, likely Near East do čela se postavil švédský genetik (Ústav evoluční antropologie v Lipsku)... vybudoval ústav podle vzoru hal na mikročipy mitochondriální DNA: sekvence N mtDNA mimo rozsah variability dnešních lidí; není bližší současným než archaickým – absence křížení? Oase cave, Romania (42–37 ths.): interbreeding 4–6 generations (100–200 years) before death; but this population hasn’t leave genetical traces in modern Europeans Výsledek obrázku pro oase cave rumania PeÈ™tera cu Oase Cave Romania Usť-Ishim, Irtysh (Omsk, W Siberia; ~45 ths.): 5–8 ths. (180–290 gens.) before death Neanderthal chromosome 12 Romania, ~40 ths., interbreeding before 200–100 years Siberia, ~45 ths., interbreeding before 8000–5000 years contemporary China, interbreeding before 54–49 ths. proportion of Neanderthal origin decreases What have Neanderthals given us? Å Neanderthal keratin (adaptation to a cold climate?) interleukin 18 (cytokines) gene MC1R: El Sidrón, Spain (43 ths.), Monti Lessini, Italy (50 ths.) ® ‘Celtic type’ min. in 1% (in recent humans 1-2%) http://withfriendship.com/images/b/7434/of-a-neanderthal-and.jpg Ä systemic lupus erythematosus, primary biliary cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, Diabetes Type 2 addiction to nicotine absence of Neanderthal genes on X chromosome ® Haldane’s rule! http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_GFGqx943X9Q/S65JOlh9Y1I/AAAAAAAAAmM/8OKV4wApHuY/s1600/Eurasia.jpg http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18dq1lkqfwe6rjpg/k-bigpic.jpg http://cdn2.spiegel.de/images/image-164001-galleryV9-nvmo.jpg http://www.sydhav.no/giants/denisovan_tooth.jpg Denisovans up to 6% Denisovan DNA 49–44 ths. not Europe, Africa and continental Asia N Č D N Č D 770-550 ths. 470-380 ths. 280 ths. Siberian lineage southern lineage split 400-270 ths. mtDNA: bližší N-Č, jad. DNA: N-D až 6 % genů DNA u filipínských negritů, Papuánců Austrálců, Melanésanů, Polynésanů, někt. izolované pop. JV Asie Výsledek obrázku pro denisovans neanderthals humans hybridozation ? http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/04/article-2518219-19D8281300000578-153_298x214_popup.jpg http://i.promecal.es/imagenes/2012/1EAF2AF0-F31F-166A-A23E3ADBD168FD3A.JPG Sima de los Huesos, Cueva Mayor (Sierra de Atapuerca, N Spain) Homo heidelbergensis http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ugvvYqA4fds/Tbw9spCJ2lI/AAAAAAAAAA4/3BBWn-bmAXs/s400/huesos+todos.jpg 300 – 530 ths. Sima de los Huesos (Šachta kostí), Cueva Mayor, Atapuerca; 6000 fragmentů kostí – 28 lidí, 300-530 tis. nuclear DNA: 470-380 ths. 770-550 ths. Sima 430 ths. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7483/images/nature12788-f4.jpg ~ 430 000 years split ca. 800 ths. mtDNA: genetické datování 400 tis., mtDNA blízká D, cca. 800 tis., ale je nutná jaderná DNA ID - Flores.PNG http://www.incitoprima.com/images/Image/Map%20of%20Flores.jpg Flores’ Hobit younger estimate 60–100 ths. older estimate ca. 700 ths. Ebu Gogo, Orang Pendek https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Homo_floresiensis_v_2-0.jpg/1024px-Homo_f loresiensis_v_2-0.jpg Ebu Gogo = pramáti, která všechno sní, Sumatra: Orang Pendek = malý člověk do 16. století? neznámá bazální linie ze Z Afriky (~300 tis.) Neanderthals Denisovans western eastern Siberia Austronesia etc. San W Africa E Africa W Eurasia E Eurasia earliest unknown basal lineage from W Africa (~300) 1868 ~280 San + ‘Pygmies’ ~160 Mitochondrial Eve 350 0 ~315 Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) 130-100 1st migration from Africa: Qafzeh, Shkul (Israel), Jebel Faya (UAE) 130–100 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.png/1024px-Map_of_ Sunda_and_Sahul.png ~65 Výsledek obrázku pro toba eruption Výsledek obrázku pro toba Mt. Toba: northern Sumatra ~74 000 years 100 km 30 km 1300 km2 http://folks.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Toba-eruption-comparison.jpg 2800 km3 Mt. Toba: 2800 km3 of erupted mass*) pokles teploty o 16°C *) probably underestimation 1868 ~ 280 San + ‘Pygmies’ ~ 160 Mitochondrial Eve 350 0 50 2nd migration from Africa ~315 Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) 130-100 1st migration from Africa: Qafzeh, Shkul (Israel), Jebel Faya (UAE) 41–39 last Neanderthals ~45 colonisation of Europe 50 ago 54–49 49–44 Oase cave, ~40 ~45 Usť-Ishim, ~45 5000 years! 54–49 tis. 49–44 tis. Neanderthals Denisovans Europe E Asia Papua, Australis Min. 8 centres: Fertile Crescent, N and S China, Sahel, Papua-New Guinea, central Mexico, Peruan Andes, and E Northern America Neolithic onset in Europe – acculturation or demic diffusion? Výsledek obrázku pro spread of agriculture to europe PC1 Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1922–2018) blood groups http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v506/anthropology/WorldHaplogroupsMaps3.png mtDNA Ursula 45 ths. Velda 17 ths. Tara 17 ths. Xenia 25 ths. Jasmine 10 ths. Helena 20 ths. Katrine 15 ths. The Seven Daughters Of Eve Uršula, Xenie, Helena, Velda, Tara, Kateřina, Jasmína https://lombardism.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/haplogroups.png http://www.jowsey.com/genealogy/genetic/europe-haplogroups.png Y chromosome mtDNA: only ~20% palaeolithic origin ® more acculturation? craniometry, nuclear genes (NR4): demic diffusion ®corresponds to male migration cultural transmission demic diffusion Arenas et al.: Mol. Biol. Evol. (2012) 10 ths.: 4 large populations: hunters-gatherers of W and C+E Europe ... ... farmers of Fertile Crescent + E Iran https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Corded_Ware_culture.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Yamna_culture_tomb.jpg ca. 5000 ago: Yamna culture expansion admixture of populations of Armenia and Iran (1 : 1) probably spread of Indo-European languages! https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Corded_Ware_culture.png ca. 4 900: Corded Ware culture https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Vor-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschic hte_Berlin_031.jpg/1280px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Vor-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschichte_Berlin_031.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Vor-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschic hte_Berlin_027.jpg/1280px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Vor-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschichte_Berlin_027.jpg Bellbeaker map europe.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro bell beaker culture image 4900-1800: Bell Beaker culture, originally Iberian peninsula DNA from people from the Bell Beaker culture (illustration of one man shown) reveal that they descended from nomadic herders who migrated from the steppes of Central Asia. Bellbeaker map europe.jpg after 4700 4900-1800: Bell Beaker culture Bellbeaker map europe.jpg after 4500 4900-1800: Bell Beaker culture Lidské dějiny plné migrací a hybridizací, někde akulturace, jinde demická difuze... What defines humans? upright posture? tools? brain? speech? SPL_E_P100087-Human_skeleton_walking-SPL characteristics2 Typical skeleton traits: characteristics characteristics2 reduction of face and teeth foramen occipitale major spine curvature short and broad pelvis large head of femur knee shape short toes, foot curvature Upright posture drawbacks: painful parturition spine pain hernia varicose veins, circulation problems haemorrhoids flatulence during pregnancy flat feet, corns, legs pain necessity to learn walking metalmarious_Human_Skeleton(Outline) fragment end of Miocene: climatic changes forest ® savanna getting upright posture: better view (predators, prey? food gathering? using tools? thermoregulation? migrations for food? VII.6b_final.tif http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n1/images/nrg1747-f1.jpg http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n1/images/nrg1747-f1.jpg Výsledek obrázku pro foxp2 gene image What defines humans? upright posture? tools? brain? speech? gene FOXP2 (Forkhead box 2): very conservative in humans ability of speech FOXP2 variation in great ape populations offers insight into the evolution of communication skills | Scientific Reports big contrast between humans and chimps! positive selection on the hominin lineage Uniqueness of human evolution social system: group life, monogamy but tendency to polygamy paradox: fast evolution but only a single species typical 2 processes: ecological dominance: external environment ® humans are ‘hostile force of nature’ for themselves cooperative competition: cooperation to compete (runaway social selection) III.13.tif Why menopause? group selection – avoid delivery of defected children and deterioration of the gene pool? lifespan increase, menopause as a consequence of senescence? today: help with childcare Why hidden ovulation? commodity mining (‘prostitution’)? raising doubts, avoiding infanticide? continuous sexuality, paternal care? Why ‘hairlessness’? sexual selection? defence of parasites? clothes, fire and shelter (uselessness of fur)? species identification? neoteny? aquatic life of ancestors (Alistair Hardy, Elaine Morgan)? thermoregulation! The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis | Southern Fried Science Aquatic Ape Theory: Fact or Fiction? - Freediving.Life CULTURAL EVOLUTION chimpanzees, great tits, brown rats, Japanese makaque (Macaca fuscata) makak2 makak1 culture termiting Parus_major_male Cultural evolution characteristics: both vertical and horizontal Lamarckian fast reticulate selection of cultural traits (memes) group selection not only cultural transmission but also population growth (demic diffusion) culture can affect genetic factors http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1700/F1.large.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tdlUaUpw3WY/U4RHdEJfMqI/AAAAAAAAC0w/CvFMeG63eD4/s1600/List.gif