UNIIRECETOX Sj Baylor University E0320, CORE003 Udržitelný rozvoj - největší výzva současnosti? Michal Bittner, Ph.D. Centrum RECETOX Přírodovědecká fakulta Masarykova univerzita Brno, Česko Environmental Science Dpt. Baylor University Waco, Texas, USA Jakse ted' cftfte? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app Rozvoj společnosti - co ie to? WNESXZ I ZPRAVODAJSTVÍ Domácí Zahraničí Krimi Kraje Ekonomika Kufíura Finance = V Česku se žije Líp než v USA, v kvalitě života jsme 24. ze 149 zemí 18. září 2019 7:17, aktualizováno 8:42 Česko je v kvalitě života podle nového indexu společnosti Deíoitte na 24. místě. Společnost sestavuje žebříček ze 149 hodnocených zemí. Oproti loňsku si Česká republika polepšila o dvě příčky, je i před USA. Prvenství udrželo Norsko, na druhé místo poskočilo Dánsko, bronz obhájilo Švýcarsko. Nejhůř se žije lidem v Africe. Rok.fir.ň SOCIAL PROGRESS SUMMARY Czech Republic <> Embed Download map Social Progress Tier Czech Republic See scorecard Score 84.36 Rank 24 Dimensions basic human needs foundations of well bei no 95.85 82.52 Highest component scores Water and Sanitation Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Shelter Access to Basic Knowledge Personal Rights Lowest component scores InclusivenesB Access to Advanced Education Environmental Quality Health end Wellness Personal Freedom and Choice iriLurnpieLe opportunity 74.72 99 71 98.11 97.34 96.77 92.71 59.85 64.60 72.88 78.27 81.74 See scorecard Czech Republic Social Progress Index GDP PPP per capita score/value 84.36/100 $33,414 rank 24/149 30/149 The scorecard highlights a country's relative strengths and relative weaknesses compared to 15 pear countries with a slmriar GDP per capita. Elements or the Social Progress Index are marked with a blue dot where the country performs comparatively well, a red dot wha 'e I: oeromr s 'el;t\e y ooo'ly, a yellow dot where Its partdrmance Is average tor ns- peer group, and a g ray dot when there Isnt sufficient data to make a Judgment. Elements martted with a blue ring are areas where tie country slightly over-performs while areas where Vie courrtry slightly under-perlorms are narked wrm a red ring. ICO * wlufl rank strength' whH rank Basic Human Needs 95. S5 15 o Foundations of Wellbting S2.52 31 Nutrition and Basic Medical Care 58.11 17 Access to Basic Knowledge Adult literacy rate 96.77 99.00 12 1 Undernourishment 2.50 1 Primary school enrollment No data Matamal mortality rate 5.42 15 Secondary school enrollment 91.00 33 Child mortality rate 3.30 12 Gender partly In secondary enrollment 1.01 1 Child stunting 377 26 Access to quality education 3.75 9 Dear/is nam In'ectlous drseases J3 35 27 Access to Information and 83.15 43 Water and Sanitation 9971 17 Communications Access to at least Oast drinking water II 11 27 Mobile telephone subscriptions 119.01 1 Internet users 73.72 36 Access to ploed water 11-1 21 Access to online governance 0.62 35 Access to at least base sanitation faclirues 99.'3 26 Media censorship 3.48 29 Rural open defecation 0.00 1 Health and Wellness 78.27 31 Shelter 97.34 20 0 Life expectancy at60 22.12 47 Access to elerthclty 100.00 1 Premature deaths from non-communicable drseases 295.47 50 Quality at electricity supply 6.50 17 • Access to essential services Bfl.fll 29 Household air pollution attributable deaths 0.96 44 Access to quality healthcare 3.53 21 Access to clean fuels and technology fbr cooking 97.13 42 • Environmental duality 72.8B 50 Personal Safety 98.25 16 o Outdoor air pollution attributable deaths 27.47 76 Property crime rate 0.61 11 Greenhouse gas emissions 13 5 15 67 Perceived crlmrnalrty 2.00 8 Blame protection 17.00 1 Po It'cal M lings and torture 0.95 15 iranc deaths 774 30 K'? ■ I vfn^nKS O Opportunity ECMErT , ■«lue 74.72 24 Personal Rights 9271 30 Political rights 36.00 31 Freedom of expression 0.93 27 Freedom of religion 3.46 70 Access to Justice 0.95 21 Property rtghts for women 4jbb 7 Personal Freedom and Choice 8174 21 Vulnerable employment 13.91 45 Early marriage 0.00 1 Satisfied demand for contraception 85.20 22 Corruption 59.00 33 Incluslveness 59.85 37 Acceptance of gays and lesbians 43.59 33 Discrimination and violence against minorities 4.80 47 Eq ua llty of political power by gender 2.24 57 Eq ua llty of political power by socioeconomic position 2.57 42 Eq ua llty of political power by social group 3J05 32 Access to Advanced Education 64.60 10 rs-ars of tertiary schooling 2.93 47 Women's average years In school 12J60 16 G lobalry ran fced u nlversltles 16.00 23 Percent ortertlary students enrolled In globally ranked unlversftles 65.00 5 Jaké GLOBÁLNÍ výzvy považujete nej naléhavější? Výživa a základní zdravotní péče Svoboda a možnost volby Dostupné bydlení Osobní bezpečnost Garance lidských práv Dostupnost základního vzdělání Přístup k informacím Dostupné a kvalitní zdravotnictví Rovnost mezi Ženami a muži a inkluzivnost Kvalita Životního prostředí Dostupnost vyššího vzdělání Dostupnost pitné vody a kvalitních záchodů Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app u N D P Our Work Millennium Development Goals Our Perspective Home The Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015 1 Erad icate extreme poverty and hunger 2 Ach ieve uni versa I pri ma ry education ä s Prom ote gender equal ity V and empower women 6' 5 I m prove matema I hea Ith Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria * and other d iseases 7 Ensure environmental s u sta inability m 4 Red uce child morta I ity 8 Develop a global partnership for development Final assessment of progress toward achieving the MDGs The most successful anti-poverty movement in history The Millennium Development Goais Report 2015 An inspiring framework that has led to many successes in numerous development areas since 2000 The successes of the MDG agenda prove that global action works. It is the only path to ensure that the new development agenda leaves no one behind Photo: © UNICEF/Syed Altaf Ahfnad E RA Ol CAT E EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER Poverty rates have been more than halved Goal: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Extreme poverty rate in developing countries 1990 201b PHHMH 4/% Global number of extreme poor c o c — £ — E 25 >30 >35 >40 BMI? num—JaTil CTlAhxT i:l.,. Tl Clui III almttone-in-cvery-20 nthtlt wonwais ahesc, compared to one-in-ioinihc Nettie 1 to iris. onuiuftiiu-in Jordan, one-ia-three in the United StatES and Mexico, and up to sctcnitt io tn Tonga. mill IHTiTS .1 1: 11 Iurrl\ruti\uruv!m 1 rnn/uiiffiJ wrus JiHfj.\ •. -i. 1 n nil. limM li':t;7:(»'.V " IJ 'l.l'l^fJJirriw' 1 rnii.HiirW..sui[n[i»'.,ri[ji "iiifl hl ruf. 1: ,1 Ii j i fu. 'hi ',\i-ill.\i I'rl j11. ivi:,y-f- I"-.! /1 1-'.' .'.Tl.1. I in ■. 11, n 1 ■ ,'n'iv 1 -i .,• .,1 1 • v'li I : \l 1 .-■ j.- ■_■ 1 11 Jl If II1 h '.i- ■-/, |, ,.. 1, 1 1 m .-i,; ,1 p,i .', Ii • j, i. jr. .....Ij,' r1! 11 .Til Ijfj liifij 'uiiif 'i 1,11 -j irjri-nriirirfJii'u friitij tu rlrimi J;in'ii j fjr hi 11 rur rW»Hr*fii'rlu>urrnM/ii.wiiirjH'idj/j tmp 'ihe.hiinHuitr.rmi. njnii-wiii^V£>--*iJi'r/-i'*rr^ luiIi:.'ir-ijn.jir*..»Ti,Ar-i i> Jrvptfiii^urr riirj. .jm tu j km, iru-lm n «jir fHEHUNGER .com Adchoices [t> Food Facts ^ Hunger Donate Food I* And Food 7,176,725,041 898,139,570 1,579,478,802 526,492,934 16,283 7,551,816 $ 253,378,128 $ 62,609,837 $ 2,911,231 $ 18,927,594 $ 100,653,291 $ 872,451 $ 509,695 $ 24,754,648 World Hunger current total world population undernourished people in the world right now_ overweight people in the world right now obese people in the world right now people who died of hunger today people who died of hunger this year Economics money spent due to obesity related diseases in the USA today spending on food purchased and then tossed by US households today spending on global food aid today amount that would allow to feed the hungry today _ spending on weight-loss programs and products in the USA today food aid budget spent on domestic processing and shipping today revenue for four large US agribusiness corporations derived from food aid programs today _ spending on petfood in Europe and USA today _ Global report: Obesity bigger health crisis than hunger E Danielle Dellorto. C UN December 14, 2012-Updated 1041 GMT (1841 HKT) QJhe (Telegraph Nearly 500 researchers from 50 countries looked at 20 years of health data for the Global Burden of Disd STORY HIGHLIGHTS * The Global Burden of Disease Report reveals a massive shift in health trends ■ Worldwide, obesity has increased &2% in the last two decades ' Diseases like stroke and heart (CNN) - Obesity is a bigger health crisis globally tha the leading cause of disabilities around the world, ac new report published Thursday in the British medical Lancet. Nearly 500 researchers from 50 countries compared from 1990 through 2010 for the Global Burden of Die "I Home Video News World £ port Finance Comment Culture. Travel Life Women F Property Gardening Food History Relationships Expat Health News Health Advice Diet and Fitness Wellbeing Expat Health Pets Health Britair. HOME » HEALTH I HEALTH NEWS Obesity killing three times as many as malnutrition Obesity is now killing triple the number of people who die from malnutrition as it claims more than three million lives a year worldwide, according to a landmark study. Increasing prosperity has led to expanding waistlines in countries from Colombia to Kazakhstan, as people eat more and get less everyday exercise Photo: PA By Stephen Adams. Medical Correspondent 5:00PM GMT 13 Dec 2012 ^ Print this article 5K El 204 Comments With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa eating too much is now a more serious risk to the health of populations than eating poorly, found the Global Burden of Disease study, published in a special edition of The Lancet. £3 Share J] FacebDDk 4K I Twitter E40 P ma il ENROLMEN ......■> IN DEVELOPING REGIONS H 5 7 MILLION CHILDREN REMAIN OUT OF SCHO MDGMOMENTUM WITH YOUR COMMUNITY! ACHIEVE UkJYEftSAl PRIMARY EDUCATION Tremendous progress has been made since 2000 in enrolling children in primary school Goal: Achieve universal primary education The developing regions' primary school net enrolment rate has reached 91 per cent in 2015, up from 83 per cent in 2000. The target is close to being reached in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. Greatest progress in primary school enrolment among all developing regions occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Adjusted net enrolment rate* in primary education, sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, 1990, 2000 and 2015 (percentage) Sub-Saharan Africa BO Octmli_ 69 95 1990 2000 MM 2015 projí Cli on * Adjuited net enrolment rate is defined dsthe number ^1 ^jy Is ol theofliujl jkc for primary education enrolled either in primary or secondary school, expressed as a percentage ol the total population in that age Rroup. Note: 2000 figure for Oceania is not available. iui When poll is active, respond at poUev.com/lindan443 Chodite radi do skoly? No jasnejsem lacny/a po vedeni. Jak na ktery predmet Chodim, ale ne kvuli pfednaskam;-) Ne, skola je "nutne zlo" Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app HE NAMED ME MALALA Out-of-school children of primary school age by world region Children in the official primary school age range who are not enrolled in either primary or secondary schools. Our World in Data 100 million SO million 60 million 40 million 20 million Sou roe: World Bank D Relative 2000 2005 2010 South Asia North America Middle East& North Africa Latin America &. Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa 2014 CCBY CHART DATA SOURCES £ < THE MlLLEMMIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGd ARE THE VI MOST SUCC E&SFUL GLOEtAL ANTI- PO V E RTY PUSH IN HJ^Ojj| AjT AS WE APPROACH THE 201S TARGET DATE OF THE f*0^j^H^^^ LEFS RALLY OUR WORLD TO STEP UP £ MDCMOM E NT UM UALITV AND I POWER ttfr o THE WORLD H ACHIEVED EQUALITY A : IN MAI COUN WOMEN STILL FACETS DISCRIMINATIONS Q A££ESS TO £>" b lÜCATJON. WORK ID PARTICIPATION*^^! DECISION-MAKING PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN The developing regions have reached gender parity in primary, secondary and tertiary education Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women The developing regions as a whole have achieved the target to eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary and tertiary education. n Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys. Women have gained ground in parliamentary representation in nearly 90 per cent of the 174 countries with data over the past 20 years. Gender parity index* for gross enrolment ratios in primary, secondary and tertiary education in Southern Asia and the developing regions. 1990, 2000 and 2015 Southern Asia 2000 2015 q I O Developing reghn 5 too « O 2000 2015 r I -1 04 0j6 08 LD ft Primary O S«onidary 2015 Target - Gender parity index between 0.97and 1.03 2 -1 1,1 t Tertiary ' The gender parity index is defined as the ratio of the female gross enrolment ratio to the male gross enrolment ratio for each level of education. MDG if .14,000 FFEWER 1 IS) BEFORETHEIR FIFTH &IRTHDAT SHARE tfMDCMOMENTUM WITH YOUR COMMUNITY! Child mortality rate, 2017 The share of newborns who die before reaching the age of five. Our World in Data No data 0% 154 2.5% 5% 7.5% 10% 20% >30% Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation CC BY Mote: Trie child mortality rate expresses the probabilfty of a child born in a specmcyearor period dying before reachingthe age of 5 years, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period. This is given as the share of live births. ► 1960 I 2017 CHART MAP DATA SOURCES £ < O _^=^=_I_ r t L J s Jaká nemoc ročně zabije nejvíce dětí? Malárie Tuberkulóza Průjem AIDS Zápal plic Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app lul Respond at PoLlEv.com/lindan443 Jaká nemoc ročně zabije nejvíce dětí? Malárie 266 tisíc Tuberkulóza 250 tisíc Průjem 480 tisíc AIDS 120 tisíc Zápal plic 900 tisíc Number of child deaths Number of deaths of children under five years old. World 4 million 2 million 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 Source; UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation CHART MAP DATA SOURCES < r i LJ REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Dramatic decline in preventable child deaths is one of the most significant achievements in human history Goal: Reduce child mortality i \ A iff * , I Photo: © UNICEF/Esiebo Global number of deaths of children under five WWWWWW 1990 8808080 ™"on W W W W W W 6 2015 QQQQQO million Since the early 1990s, the rate of reduction of under-five mortality has more than tripled globally. The global under-five mortality rate has declined by more than half, dropping from 90 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live births between 1990 and 2015. Measles vaccination helped prevent nearly 15.6 million deaths between 2000 and 2013. NEWS Anti-Vaccine Movements Not Unique to the U.S Skepticism about vaccinations abounds in other countries as well. By Teresa Welsh, Staff Writer | Feb. 18t 2015, at 12:01 a.m. f * 47 >3 GOOD Audi Service Výměna brzdových destiček a kotoučů vpředu 7 750 Kč Více o nabídce fpna ŕirn Aiiri i Ad ( ?nnfll ? n TM vr HPH (Dětská) úmrtnost - řešení růstu populace? - dříve vysoká novorozenecká úmrtnost, nemoci a války Jaké navrhujete opatření na omezení růstu Top i— populace? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app (Dětská) úmrtnost - řešení růstu populace? - dříve vysoká novorozenecká úmrtnost, nemoci a války Direktivní politika jednoho dítěte (Čína) - od roku 1979 do 2015 - do roku 2015 nenarozeno přibližně 400 mil. dětí - příčiny? - vážné etické a socioekonomické důsledky ! - nepřipravenost společnosti a venkovské ekonomiky -bylo to potřeba? (Dětská) úmrtnost - řešení růstu populace? - dříve vysoká novorozenecká úmrtnost, nemoci a války Women don't want more children, but more for their children (R. Engelman) Direktivní politika jednoho dítěte (Čína) - od roku 1979 do 2015 - do roku 2015 nenarozeno přibližně 400 mil. dětí - příčiny? - vážné etické a socioekonomické důsledky ! - nepřipravenost společnosti a venkovské ekonomiky -bylo to potřeba? Zázrak? v Bangladéšu (i jinde)— NEWSLETTERS Sign up to read our regular email newsletters NewScientist IMgws Podcasts Video Technology Space Physics Health More - Shop Tours Events The population paradox oo©©ooo I COMMENT 19 November 2008 By Debora Mackenzie happen in China). Nearly two-thirds of couples in poor countries now use birth control, and not because some patriarchal westerner told them to. In the 1970s, the government of Bangladesh offered people in the Matlab region low-cost contraceptive supplies and advice. Birth rates promptly fell well jelow neighbouring regions. So Bangladesh extended the service nationally and its birth rate jlummeted from six children per woman to three. Given the choice, people want fewer children. Zázrak? v Banqladéšii (i jinde)— Bubbles C.5 FACTS TEACH ABOUT HOW TO USE OP Bangladesh 1800 |Czech RepubLic 1800 Share Engjish 0-5 year-olds dying per 1000 born 5 10 20 Child mortality 53 100 2CD 500 a DATA DOUBTS Color World Regions ▼ Select Search... LUlLd |\I, n Cote d'lvoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador DESELECT Size Population Zoom It q. b, © TRAILS LOCK OPTIONS PRESENT EXPAND www.qapminder.org Dětská úmrtnost - řešení růstu populace? - dříve vysoká novorozenecká úmrtnost, nemoci a války Women don't want more children, but more for their children (R. Engelman) Direktivní politika jednoho dítěte (Čína) -od roku 1979 do 2015 - do roku 2015 nenarozeno přibližně 400 mil. dětí - příčiny? - vážné etické a socioekonomické důsledky ! - nepřipravenost společnosti a venkovské ekonomiky -bylo to potřeba? Dobrovolná politika jednoho dítěte? - země bohatého severu Příjem x porodnost Bubbles O 500 FACTS TEACH ABOUT HOW TO USE Share Enetsh | INCOME LEVEL 1 ♦ L j EVEL2 t LEVEL 3 ♦ LEVEL A o o „ per person [GDP/capitap PPPS inflation-adjusted] 1000 2000 4000 8000 Income t 16k 32k 64k Color World Regions ▼ f%, Select Search... Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Size Population Zoom Q § &. O O) (V" OPTIONS PRESENT EXPAND www.qapminder.org Dětská úmrtnost - řešení růstu populace? - dříve vysoká novorozenecká úmrtnost, nemoci a války Women don't want more children, but more tor their children (R. Engelman) Direktivní politika jednoho dítěte (Čína) - od roku 1979 do 2015 - do roku 2015 nenarozeno přibližně 400 mil. dětí - příčiny? - vážné etické a socioekonomické důsledky ! - nepřipravenost společnosti a venkovské ekonomiky -bylo to potřeba? Dobrovolná politika jednoho dítěte? - země bohatého severu - politika ekonomického růstu přístup I demografické tranzice komplikuje I »EVELOPMENT GOAL THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT COALS (,^DGt] ARE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL GLOBAL ANTl-POVERTY PU&H in l-; l^lQRY. AS WE APPROACH THE. 2QIB TAHG-EI DATE OF THE MDGi, LEPS PALLY OUR RLO TO STEP UP DGMOME N TU M MATERNAL MORTALITY FELL 147% ; SINCE 1990 O N LYnALF OF WOMEN tN DEVELOPING REGIONS RECEIVE RECOMMENDED DURING PREGNANCY. MDGMOMENTUM WITl-l YOUR COMMUNITY! Global maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) 1990 2QOO 2033 Global births attended by skilled health personnel 80% 70% - 60% - Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 45 per cent worldwide, and most of the reduction has occurred since 2000. More than 71 per cent of births were assisted by skilled health personnel globally in 2014, an increase from 59 per cent in 1990. 59% J- 1990 2014 Skutečný dárek.cz Ch a ritati vři e-sh op Člověka v tťspi Dárky Kde dárky pomáhají Jak to funguje Pomáhejte pravidelně Kamenné obchody Kontakt U2?ÍCNY POROP Pomáhejte s Člověkem v tísni. Tento dárek má hodnotu zdravotnického materiálu, který umožní bezpečný porod pro jednu ženu v chudých oblastech Kambodže. Nákupem tohoto darovacího certifikátu přispějete na program pomoci ZDRAVÍ v rámci sbírky Skutečná pomoc. Darovat Ks 800 Kč Jak vypadá certifikát? ■ér To se mi líbí 15 Sdílet li-it MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMEN MOSTSUCCESSFUL GLOBAL ANT AS WE APPROACH THE LET'S RALLY OUR WORLD 80% O F MALÁRIA DEATH'S OCCUR IN JUST 14 COUNTRIES JISEA5ES Goal: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Number of insecticide treated mosquito nets delivered in sub-Saharan Africa. 2004-2014 I I 900 million Mosquito net icon: by Luis Prado Iran thenounproject.com Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets were delivered to malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2004 and 2014. Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions saved an estimated 37 million lives. s COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES HIV infections fell in many regions of the world Goal: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases New HIV infections fell by approximately 40 per cent between 2000 and 2013, from an estimated 3.5 million cases to 2.1 million. By June 2014, 13.6 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally, an immense increase from just 800,000 in 2003. ART averted 7.6 million deaths from AIDS between 1995 and 2013. Number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy, 2003-2015, number of deaths from AIDS-related causes and number of people newly infected with HIV 2001-2013 (millions) 2GOT 2003 2005 2007 2009 2013 201S (project ion) — People receiving ART — Projection ■ UN Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS ART target (15 million) — People newly infected with HIV — People dying Irom HIV-related causes THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT COALS (MDGil ARE THE WiO&T SUCCESSFUL CLONAL ANTI-POVERTY PUSH IN HiSTOGV AS WE APPROACH THE 201S TARGET DATE OF THE MDGi, LETS RALLV OUR WORLD TO STEP UP ft JVl D G M O M E hlTU M 3 M II QP ff ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINAHILIIY Safe drinking water and ozone protection targets met Goal: Ensure environmental sustainability In 2015, 91% of the global population is using an improved drinking water source, up from 76% in 1990- the target was met 5 years ahead of the 2015 deadline. Of the 2.6 billion people who have gained access to improved drinking water sincel 990, 1.9 billion gained access to piped drinking water on premises. Ozone-depleting substances have been virtually eliminated since 1990, and the ozone layer is expected to recover by the middle of this century. 1.9 billion people have gained access to piped drinking water since 1990 23 billion 4.2 billion a Ü 199G 2015 98% of ozone-depleting substances eliminated since 1990 LETS STEP UP ACTION TO THE 2015 MDG TARGET DATE AND BEYOND. THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPM ENT GOALS CMDGs)ARETHE MOST SUCCESSFUL GLOBAL ANTI-POVERTY PUSH IN HISTO it DEBThas tTRADE _ ^ _ _ J" ', _ CLIMATE CONTINUES TO DECLINED I improve FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RD HIGH $134.8 BIL ED AWA DOR EST CC GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT Global improvements in official development assistance, mobile-cellular subscriptions and internet penetration Goal: Develop a global partnership for development Official development assistance (ODA) $135 billion m biiiim 2000 20-4 Internet penetration 43% 6% 2000 2015 ODA increased by 66% in real terms between 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion. The number of mobile-cellular subscriptions has grown almost tenfold in the last 15 years: from 738 million to over 7 billion (2000-2015). Internet penetration has grown from just over 6 per cent of the world's population in 2000 to 43 per cent in 2015-- translating to 3.2 billion people linked to a global network. Leaving no one behind Bilance plnění Rozvojových cílů tisíciletí Climate change and environmental degradation undermine progress achieved Global emissions of carbon dioxide have increased by over 50 per cent since 1990. Water scarcity affects 40 per cent of people in the world and is projected to increase. Overexploitation of marine fish stocks led to declines in the percentage of stocks within safe biological limits, down from 90 per cent in 1974 to 71 per cent in 2011. Photo: © UN Photo.'Kv Chung Climate change and environmental degradation undermine progress achieved Jak může zvyšující se degradace ŽP (např. CC) vést ke snížení lidského blahobytu? Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app HISTORIES 1 August 2012 Climate change: The great civilisation destroyer? War and unrest, and the col lapse of many mighty empires, often followed changes in local dimes. Is this more than a coincidence? HISTORIES 1 August 2012 Climate change: The great civilisation destroyer? War and unrest, and the col lapse of many mighty empires, often followed changes in local dimes. Is this more than a coincidence? dryflffiOd Year {Data In normalised units to show refatlue amplitude) Na Blízkém východě trvá nejhorší sucho za 900 let. Vědci se bojí změn v celém Středomoří bar 4. března 2016 ■ 13:50 Kde je Blízký východ? v Start the presentation to see live content. Farscreen share software, share the entire screen. Getheip at pallev.com/app „Na začátku arabského jara v Egyptě lidé vyšli do ulic mimo jiné kvůli nedostatku chleba. Ten vznikl, když Číňané vykoupili všechnu pšenici. A Číňané vykoupili pšenici, neboť Čína za sebou měla neobvykle suché léto roku 2010. Stejně tak v Sýrii ve městech protestovali farmáři, kteří sem emigrovali ze severozápadu země. Emigrovali, protože je globální oteplování připravilo o obživu. Timothy Snyder: Muslimský svět je první obetí změn klímalu. Přijdou další „Sýrie" Svetové velmoci svými chybami pŕispívaj/ k tomu. aby lidstvo fusa zapomnělo lekce které mu udelil holocaiisl Kbmatická 7mény nahrávali tomu, aDy w politici opět chopili myilon*y. žo my isme W víco noz oni varuic amcncicy híitonk runotriy Srryctor i?io;»oib/?a | letu Do Prahy Jste přijel převzít cenu Nadace Dagmar a Václava Havlových viie 97. Co pro vas toto ocefient mámena? Jo to pro mô otevlastů velka pocta, proto2o tato cena vychází z tradice „Na začátku arabského jara v Egyptě lidé vyšli do ulic mimo jiné kvůli nedostatku chleba. Ten vznikl, když Číňané vykoupili všechnu pšenici. A Číňané vykoupili pšenici, neboť Čína za sebou měla neobvykle suché léto roku 2010. Stejně tak v Sýrii ve městech protestovali farmáři, kteří sem emigrovali ze severozápadu země. Emigrovali, protože je globální oteplování připravilo o obživu. HN: A v Turecku? V Turecku nynější politická krize vznikla z toho, jak naložit s imigranty a jak se postavit ke kolapsu Sýrie. Obojí souvisí s proměnami životního prostředí." 30 •CZ Názory E1f.CE Zprirr Praha Finance Midis E- lalýiV I ftŕporraJfl I Prc/dy I 7»ŕiianiŕri! iní: I Blofly Timothy Snyder: Muslimský svět je první obětí změn klimatu. Přijdou další „Sýrie" ílvŕlmŕ vňlmůci svými chyhafih píiSfifwfl|J k. tomu, aby lidstva Raoiorar ŕäpomiifilii letke a fcterä mu udHiI holntaufil K- n^lckř: rmňny nahráván tomu. aby sc politici opít chopili myälcfiiíy. ze mv isme ™ vico nul om, varuic aírwncler híitoriK Tímomry 5nryclor Do Prahy Jste- pŕljel píevih cenu Hadače Dagmar a Václava Havlových vire 97. co pro Vis toto oceněni inamena? Jo to pro m£ obzvlä^u-velkä pocta, p rotora tato cena vyt nazí z tradice. Pučistě v Turecku udělali chybu, že Erdoganovl nesebrali Lelefon. říká historik Snyder • Na wtravjké-dkkwnl fónwi Míttlngiwt* w'wndj přllťl am«rkkv prortHr historii ni Vilauvi unlvmliiTTmothy Snyd*r. « Vrczfwroru IwoFl 9turEcWpjokjsu ovoftiHlcí pfívrítjtmllpfí udj.ncti talizvaného srabtknhn jira moly *loLagick* príiinv. ' "Podobni iriiidanty sa budou opikavjl, JBiUiia rt&ubfiiiirvig pramirÄ 3i i • rlw východu ■ Hvcrni Afriky v poiať,' n káv r m hw viru. 1 AiInJtpylNG Kon zvýhodněnou wi C Nemuset o vlkwdu -absotvLwat iM ^ítaupenf na debatním rům MeLtlnqpM, které se ksnato v láimi ľťt,[iv.dLiT Littuumtl Oirrjvdrdniíiritký hlitrnilk Nnmíhy Snydm by ítťLd jiit* t-LedUtv-al, j.ik ;:km [Irji ii}-. ..cikri by i\filcíl\ \ tirt-nil ri l^mrhliiky ůlulc v Nic t-, tt-cľ di> rulu |tfijdr jťllŕ IHfkid 4» vnjru^ký |?iľí v Tíirci ku," íifci> kiYjvN'i v '-. i :■ I k i [ u [Hl|H!lif Iru* .i hiwd '-.i iKisIťtkrir, íi1 v (í5if*vr n&TrÉL dKt tasu nŕ]novť|íľ dCni nastudovat. rrjnpi itecu COMMENT 2 December 2015 Climate as a cause of Syria s conflict? It's far from settled World leaders and commentators including Prince Charles talkupclimatechangeasa factor in Syria's war, but its role is debatable, finds Fred Pearce IT HAS been repeatedly claimed that refugees fleeing Syria are victims of climate change as well as victims of a vicious civil, and now international, conflagration. Scientific American declared that global warming "hastened" the war, and US president Barack Obama said "drought and crop failures and high food prices helped fuel the early unrest". The latest intervention comes from UK royal Prince Charles, who echoed those views in a TV interview broadcast last week. PuĚisté v Turecku udělali chybu, že Erdoganovl nesebrali telefon, fiká historik Snyder * Ni Mtrivik* Hlfkiiír.1 titan] M«ltlngri*t * vn#ndii pŕ(|ŕl amENílíyprŕPmr historii ni Valdai nnlvtrzlw TTmůth^3nyd«r. 4 V rozhovoril lwv*FI aturtíkŕp Dokutu o vojensky pfrwrtohmi.f* udalnsl i takzvaného arabcktho |ara r ; ^.?c : ■; pžftinv ' "PtKlofan* ireidantyia budou npikavat, jadtiža nazabfjnimu pramúru BLIifcilw i jvhodu ■ HHiri Afriky v rwirit,' n káv rrn hovoru. 23toZu»drN6Kon TvtjhíxlnřnniJ JĽlm[u ml|MílĽi:lriLa ,i lnwd 'ni |wi'.l i^Iipiľ, íľ vtíitříví- ncmíL dMttisu ne]ncvC|iľ rJCni nastudavirt. I3H.CZ Názory E16.g2 2prirt Timothy Snyder: Muslimský svět je první obělí změn kiimaLu. Přijdou další „Sýrie" fiiirlmiá yfilmuLi švárni chybami pftspNajf k tomu. flhy lifhivc ž-fipopnftlo Ifihcft které mu udrali IWjlirri.taitsE K-n 3l c kŕ:.'- .ŕ. nahrávali tornu, aby se politic opt* chodili iwälcnlíy íc mv isme • více než ořu. waruie amcriciíV riistoriK rimoiiÍTí snyrjQr Eq Prahy Jste pŕljel pfeviít cenu Nadace Dagmar a Václava Havlových vím 97. Co p*o Vis toto ocením inamenj,? Jo to pfo mc ot^ias.cvciků pocta, proiojc tuto cena wtľiazf z tradice. Jaké další změny ŽP považujete za globální výzvy Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app 2015-2030 Cíle udržitelného rozvoje Sustainable development goals (SPG) - Pokračování úspěšného projektu 8MDG - Stanoveno 17 cílů se 169 podcíli!!! konec chudoby ' I * klimatická opatření CILE UDRŽITELNÉHO ROZVOJE 3zdraví a kvalitní život 8důstojná práce a ekonomický růst mi Ml rovnost mužů a žen mene nerovností mir, spravedlnost a silné instituce udržitelná města a obce partnerství ke splnění cílů pitná voda, kanalizace odpovědna výroba a spotřeba -1 CO ^SUSTAINABLE/^«'* A I C * DEVELOPMENT V7WMLO zero hunger decfnt work and economic growth iti LIFE BELOW WATER go 00 health! KM well being life on land 4quant* education V* Iii in reduced IU inequalities i Z ► feme justice an 0 strong institutions genoer equality SUSTAINABlf cities ANU COMMUNITIES 17 partnerships 1/ for the goals clean water and sanitation responsible consumption ah production -I GO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2015-2030 Sustainable development goals (SPG) - Pokračování úspěšného projektu 8MDG - Stanoveno 17 cílů se 169 podcíli!!! „mnoho priorit = žádná priorita" Jak prioritizovat „neilepsi" cile? A New Way to Set Goals for Fighting World. Poverty Experts have long argued overthe best way to reduce poverty and disease around the globe. A group of leading economists has been gathering periodically overthe past several years to assess the wisest ways to spend limited funds to promote global development. Their conclusions and ranking methods offer both a new perspective and a challenge to some current orthodoxies about foreign aid. In their most recent assessment, in June, the group—convened by the Copenhagen Consensus Center—offered a preliminary assessment of the targets proposed by the UN's Open Working Group on Sustained Development Goals. The Copenhagen Consensus Center group compared the cost of each goal to its likely benefits on a scale from phenomenal to poor or uncertain. Their question: For every dollar spent, how much good is done forthe world's poor? Here are some of their rankings. ("Related article: Five Ways to Outgrow World Poverty) Ratings key: PHENOMENAL- Robust evidence for benefits more than 15 times higher than costs GOOD- Robust evidence of benefits between 5 to 15times higher than costs FAIR- Robust evidence of benefits between 1 to 5 times higherthan costs POOR-The benefits are smallerthan costs or target poorly specified (e.g. internally inconsistent, incentivizes wrong activity) UNCERTAIN -There is not enough knowledge of the policy options that could reach the target ORthe costs and benefits of the actions to reach the target are not well known Note: We excluded any goals that had ratings across several categories or any that the group didn't assess. See the full report here. «first < prev 1 2 ~3J[^ next > last » Target Proposed Goal •»■ Rating By 2020, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrations Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Good Forge unity in diversity through democratic practices and mechanisms at the local, national and international levels Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Poor Promote freedom of media, association and speech Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Poor By 2030, reduce levels of violence and related death rate byxKi By 2010, end abuse, exploitation and violence against children Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Uncertain Uncertain By 2030, increase inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making atall levels, taking into consideration the interests of present and future generations By 2020, provide information and education on a culture of non-violence Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Uncertain Uncertain By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing to restore by 2030 fish stocks to ecologically safe levels that can produce maximum s jstainable yield Attain conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas Phenomenal By 2020, eliminate subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, taking into account the need of developing countries, notably least developed countries and SIDS Attain conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas Phenomenal Smarter Global Targets to 2030 PEOPLE • LOWER CHRONIC CHILD MALNUTRITION BY 40% • HALVE MALARIA INFECTION • REDUCE TUBERCULOSIS DEATHS BY 90% • AVOID 1.1M HIV INFECTIONS THROUGH CIRCUMCISION • CUT EARLY DEATH FROM CHRONIC DISEASE BY 1/3 • REDUCE NEWBORN MORTALITY BY 70% • INCREASE IMMUNIZATION TO REDUCE CHILD DEATHS BY 25% • MAKE FAMILY PLANNING AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE • ELIMINATE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PLANET • PHASE OUT FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES • HALVE CORAL REEF LOSS TAX POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM ENERGY CUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION BY 20% PROSPERITY • REDUCE TRADE RESTRICTIONS (FULL DOHA) • IMPROVE GENDER EQUALITY IN OWNERSHIP, BUSINESS AND POLITICS • BOOST AGRICULTURAL YIELD GROWTH BY 40% • INCREASE GIRLS' EDUCATION BY TWO YEARS • ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • TRIPLE PRESCHOOL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ??? 1.7 m velký člověk vs. plocha 128-1012 m2 ??? Santa Cruz, Bolívia Al'lsawivah, Saudi Arabia Almena, Spain Prahory - čtvrtohory— MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Hadean Archean Proteroiok Pharterozoic A B Prahory - čtvrtohory Prahory - čtvrtohory Jak se nazývá geologické období, ve kterém teď žijeme? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app ^^^jj Prahory - čtvrtohory... i MILLIONS OF'YEARS AGO 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Hadean Ardiean FTOtflrOZOfC Phanerozofc A S B AEON ERA "yw___5M_(__ i 00 ZOO mm?, 100 A: Palaeůzůk B: H'.'bczoii C: Cenůzoíc Cambrian Silurian Dtwnlin tarboniftrouj Permian Tfisssfc 3urais.Ec 0 E ERA D; Pí In cog r: ne Eccene Geology of mankind Paul J. Crutzen For the past three centuries, the effects of humans on the global environment have esca lated. Because of the sea nthro-pogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, global climate may depart significantly from referring to the "antliropozoic era". And in 1926, V. I. Vernadsky acknowledged the increasing impact of mankind: "The direction in which the processes of evolution must proceed, namely towards increasing consciousness and thought, and forms having greater andgreater influence on their ------------|j----" ----1 -I- r-l-----1;„ ----1 TheAnthropocene The Anthropocene could be said to have started in the late eighteenth century, when analyses of air trapped in polar ice showed the beginning of growing global concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane. — 12 II 10 9 S 7 0 5 1 THOUSANDS OFYEAHS BEFOHE 2000 A.D. Antropocén geologický termín zpopularizovaný P. Crutzenem od průmyslové revoluce / WW2 (1/218. stol. či 1/2 20. st.?) období, kdy člověk začal představovat dominantní sílu měnící stav „Zemského systému" w Ci v'í)fipiT&r ä Zemsky systém - integrované biofyzikálně-socio-ekonomické procesy a interakce mezi hydro-, kryo-, bio-,geo- a antroposférou v prostorovém (od lokálních po globální) a časovém měřítku, jež určují environmentálni stav planety v rámci její pozice ve vesmíru. Co může být považováno za "otisk" aktuálně probíhajícího Antropocénu? Co uvidí budoucí archeolog až za 1,000,000 let bude dělat vykopávky dneška? Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app ^^^jj Home | Opinion | Environment | Tech | Opinion Is Earth in a new geological phase thanks to us? 10 November 2014 by Jan Zalasiewicz Magazine issue 2994. Subscribe and save > For similar stories, visit the Comment and Analysis Topic Guide It may be time tor science to recognise Earth's new era - one shaped by humans. So argues a geologist involved in defining new phases in geological time WHAT is the legacy that short-lived humanity will leave to an almost eternal Earth? The casual observer might point to tourist sights such as the once mighty city of Angkor, now lying ruined amid the Cambodian jungle, or what survives of the great monuments of ancient Egypt. They are wonderful, of course, but there is another way to address that question. A little-known working group, part of the International Commission on Stratigraphy, recently met to consider if the human imprint on Earth is now so great, and likely to be detectable for so long, that it deserves to be regarded as a geological epoch in its own right. That would be our real legacy. Such discussion is not new. George Perkins Marsh, North America's first conservationist, wrote of humans changing the face of the Earth. In 1873 the Italian geologist Antonio Stoppani coined the term Anthropozoic -the era in which humans change the course of geological history. Most geologists declared the idea nonsense. The constructions of civilisation may look impressive, they said, but must surely be trivial when set against the collisions of continents and the growth and disappearance of the oceans. When humans disappear, the world will resume its course, and few of our monuments will be left. But over the past few decades it has become clear that human activities can have geologically far-reaching effects. Science writer Andrew Revkin suggested we were living in what he called the Anthracene; John Curnutt of the US Geological Survey, awed at the transplanting of species across the globe, proposed the Homogenocene; marine biologist Daniel Pauly saw the oceans' future as one of slime and jellyfish as a result of overfishing and pollution, and invented the Myxocene. But it was one of the world's most respected scientists, the Nobel-prizewinning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen. who proved most influential. He argued that the Holocene, the geological epoch of post-glacial stability in which civilisation arose, had ended and been replaced by the Anthropocene, an epoch shaped by humans. The idea took off. The term was used as if it were a formal epoch. It isnt - but DAILY NEWS 7 January 2016 Marks of the Anthropocene: 7 signs we have made our own epoch By Sam Wong Even if humanity is long gone in tens of millions of years., there will still be a clear sign of us and the way we lived left preserved in our planet's geological record. There is now overwhelming evidence that our impart on Earth constitutes its own distinct geological epoch, dating from the middle of the 20th century. Here are the seven signs that will clearly identify the Anthropocene epoch for future geologists. 1. Nuclear weapons Our war efforts have left their mark on geology. When the first nuclear weapon was detonated on 16 July 1945 in New Mexico, it deposited radionuclides - atoms with excess nuclear energy - across a wide area. Since 1952, more explosive thermonuclear weapons have been tested, leaving a global signature of isotopes such as carbon-14 and plutonium-239. Proč nás to má zajímat? a Low risk of transition b High risk of transition High resilience Low resilience nature Vbl4Ě1|24 September 2009 FEATURE A safe operating space for humanity Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human a ct i v it i es f ro m cau si ng u nacceptable envi ro n m enta I c h ange, a rgu e Jo h a n RockstrOm and co I leagues. SUMMARY • New approach proposed for defining preconditions for human IT31 development 1 41 1 • Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous 1 consequences for humanity ROAD TO • Three of nine interlinked planeta ry boundaries have al ready been ICOPEHHMEN overstepped Although Earth has undergone many periods of significant, environmental change., the planet's environment has been im usually stable for the pasi ]0h000 years'"". Tins period of stability — known to geolopste as the Holocene — has-seen human civilizations- arise* develop and thrive. Such stability may now be under threat. Since the I ndustrial Revolution, a new era has- arisen, the Anthrop£Kcne\ in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change1. This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environ mental state of the Holocene, with consequences that are detrimental or even catastrophic for large parts of the world During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally and Earths regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Regular temperatures.;, freshwater availability and biogeochemical flows, all stayed within a relatively narrow range. Now, largely because of a rapidly growing reliance on fossil fuels and i ndustrlalized forms of agriculture, human activities have reached a level that could damage the systems that keep Earth in the desirable Holocene state. The result could be irreversible and*. In some casts, abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to human develop ment*. Without pressure from humani-, the Holocene is expected to continue for at least several thousands of years'. Planetary boundaries To meet the challenge of maintaining the Holocene state, we propose a framework based on ""planetary boundaries'. These 2009 Ua=-nilbi pj3Irinas tmlad.ai rtjh-fc rsoved boundaries define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet's biophysical subsystems or processes. Although Earth's complex systems sometimes respond smoothly to changing pressures, it seems that this will prove to be the exception rather than the rule. Many subsystems of Earth react in a nonlinear, often abrupt, way. and are particularly sensitive around threshold levels of certain key variables. If these thresholds are crossedjthen important sub systems* such as a monsoon system: could shift into a new state, often with deleterious or potentially even disastrous consequences fur humans9'. Most of these thresholds can be defined by a critical value for one or more control variables, such as carbon dioxide concentration. Not all processes or subsystems on Earth have well-defined thresholds! although human actions that undermine the resilience of such processes or subsystems — fbi example,, land and water degradation —can increase the risk that thresholds will also be crossed in other processes* such as the climate system. We have tried to identify the Earth-system processes and associated thresholds which,, if crossed, could generate unacceptable environmental change. We have found nine such processes for which we believe it Is necessary to define planetary boundaries: climate change; rate of biodiversity loss {terrestrial and marine); interference with the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles; stratospheric ozone depletion; ocean acidification; global freshwater use; change in land oae; chemical pollution; and atmospheric aerosol loading(see Fig. I and Table). In general, planetary boundaries are values for control variables that are either at a 'safe' distance from thresholds — for processes with evidence of threshold behaviour — or at dangerous levels — for processes without Figure 11 Bey cm d the boundary. The inner green shading represents the proposed safe- op erat bi g space for nine plane tary systems. The red wedges represent an estimate of the current position for each variable. The boundaries in three systems (rate ad"biodiversity loss, climate change and hu man interference with the nitrogen cycle), have already been exceeded. 472 A safe operating space for humanity (Rockstrom et aL 2009) 1a) In which geological period, and when human civilization arise and thrive? 1 b) Why the development of our civilization was possible in this period? 1c) What can jeopardize a continuity of our development in the future? Although Earth has undergone many periods of significant environmental change, the planet's environment has been unusually stable for the past 10,000 years1"3. This period of stability — known to geologists as the Holocene — has seen human civilizations arise, develop and thrive. Such stability may now be under threat. Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen, the Anthropocene4, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change5. This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene, with consequences that are detrimental or even catastrophic for large parts of the world. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally and Earth's regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Regular temperatures, freshwater availability and biogeochemical flows all stayed within a relatively narrow range. Now, largely because of a ranidlv ernwine reliance on fossil fuels and industrialized forms of agriculture, human activities have reached a level that could damage the systems that keep Earth in the desirable Holocene state. The result could be irreversible and, in some cases, abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to human development6. Without pressure from humans, the Holocene is expected to continue for at least several thousands of years7. A safe operating space for humanity (Rockström et aL 2009) 2a) What are the "Planetary boundaries" about? 2b) Which Earth-system processes were identified (9)? We have tried to identify the Earth-system processes and associated thresholds which, if crossed, could generate unacceptable environmental change. We have found nine such processes for which we believe it is necessary to define planetary boundaries: climate change; rate of biodiversity loss (terrestrial and marine); interference with the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles; stratospheric ozone depletion; ocean acidification; global freshwater use; change in land use; chemical pollution; and atmospheric aerosol loading (see Fig. 1 and Table). Planetary boundaries To meet the challenge of maintaining the Holocene state, we propose a framework based on 'planetary boundaries'. These boundaries define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet's biophysical subsystems or processes. Although Earth's complex systems sometimes respond smoothly to changing pressures, it seems that this will prove to be the exception rather than the rule. Many subsystems of Earth react in a nonlinear, often abrupt, way, and are particularly sensitive around threshold levels of certain key variables. If these thresholds are crossed, then important subsystems, such as a monsoon system, could shift into a new state, often with deleterious or potentially even disastrous consequences for humans89. Parts of Amazon close to tipping point 13:52 05 March 2009 by Catherine Brahic For similar stories, visit the Endangered Species Topic Guide The Mato Grosso, the most scarred region of the Amazon rainforest, is teetering on a deforestation "tipping point", and may soon be on a one-way route to becoming a dry and relatively barren savannah. Monica Carneiro Alves Senna and colleagues at the Federal University of Vigosa, Brazil, used computer models to simulate how the Amazon would recover from various amounts of deforestation. Their simulations ranged from a complete wipe-out of the entire forest to a situation where just one fifth of the forest would be removed. Parts of Amazon close to tipping point 13:52 05 Ma For similar s YaleEnvironment2£0 e^**— Explore Search About E360 The Mato Gro< teetering on a route to becon Monica Carnei Vigosa, Brazil recover from v< complete wipe forest would bi The boundary between Tfenguo Firm nd th* Amazon rainR>re*t in ubid Grosso, firaiiL courtesy of chris lindes Amazon Watch: What Happens When the Forest Disappears? At a remote site where the world's largest rainforest abuts land clearedjor big agriculture, Brazilian and American scientists are keeping watch for a critical tipping point - the time when the Amazon ceases tn be a carbon sink and turns into a source of carbon emissions. BY FRED PEARCE OCIOBEB 17, 2019 Planetary Boundaries A safe operating space for humanity o o ^5 Beyond zone of uncertainty (high risk) In zone of uncertainty (increasing risk) Below boundary (safe) Boundary not yet quantified