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dle Adl at al. 2012 Figure 1 Burki et al. 2020 Archaea Bacteria (Cyanobacteria) Euglenophyta Chlorarachniophyta Dinophyta Chromophyta Využití řas • •Potrava, krmivo, léčiva a potravinové doplňky (Porphyra, Chlorella) •Kosmetika (mořské chaluhy) •Akvaristika (např. Chara) •Výroba agaru (Gelidium) a karagenu (zahušťovadlo, emulgátor a stabilizátor) •Talasoterapie- lázeňství •Výroba biopaliv, biotechnologie •Modelové organismy (nanomateriálové testy) •Bioindikace, kriminalistika… • [USEMAP] 26446vareni-a-stolovanisushi-foto-1.jpg Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyta – Sinice •Prokaryota/G- bakterie •Cyanos = modrý (sinný) •Evolučně staré (3,5 miliard let) •Nemají jádro ani vakuoly •Chybí membránové struktury (ER, Golgiho aparát) •Oxygenní fotosyntéza: vznik před 2,7 miliardami let •Rostlinný typ fotosyntézy – chlorofyl a •Heterocyty (N2-asimilace) •Akinety/Arthrocyty •Aerotopy •Nepohlavní rozmnožování •Hormogonie •Téměř všechny biotopy • [USEMAP] Oscillatoria.jpg algae-pool.jpg Stavba buňky •Volně uložená kruhová DNA •Sinicový škrob •Thylakoidy: membránové váčky s fotosyntetickým aparátem- chlorofyl a (+ betakaroten, xantofyly) •Fykobilizómy s fykobiliproteiny •Karboxyzomy: fixace uhlíku (RUBISCO) analogie pyrenoidů u eukaryot •Ribozomy: translace (syntéza 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wxyLnTz5KPvu6uSk9cJpa3ksjIlwCiUqLLb8j/2Q== Symbiotické vztahy •Cyanobiont ve stélkách lišejníků- rody Nostoc, Gloeocapsa, Chroococcus, Stigonema •Další symbióza s: játrovkami (rod Blasia), hlevíky (Anthoceros), kapradinami (Azolla), nahosemennými (Cycas) •Sinice Nostoc v symbióze s houbou Geosiphon pyriforme •+ primární endosymbióza: vznik chloroplastů! [USEMAP] Systém •Problematická taxonomie •Molekulární metody •popsáno víc než 320 rodů s 2700 druhy • • [USEMAP] Systém •Třída : Cyanobacteria 1. řád Chroococcales - jednobuněční zástupci, kteří žijí buď samostatně nebo se sdružují do kolonií •2. řád Oscillatoriales – jednoduché vláknité sinice •3. řád Nostocales – vláknité sinice s heterocyty, občas s nepravým, ale nikdy s pravým větvením •4. řád Stigonematales – vláknité sinice s heterocyty a s pravým větvením • [USEMAP] Řád Chroococcales • • [USEMAP] http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_colonies/CHROOCOCCUS/Chroococcus_04_500x387 _turgidus_keweenawalgae.mtu.edu.jpg http://uqu.edu.sa/files2/tiny_mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/4281823/1/Chroococcus1.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_colonies/MERISMOPEDIA/Merismopedia_04_600x4 43_nostoc.pt.jpg http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_colonies/GOMPHOSPHAERIA/Gomphosphaeria_05_6 00x479_.jpg Gomphosphaeria sp. Merismopedia sp. Chroococcus sp. Chroococcus sp. [USEMAP] Řád Oscillatoriales • • http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/prokaryotes/oscillatoriaceae/Microcoleus_2.jpg http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/botany_130/diversity/bacteria/images/Oscillatoria.jpg Oscillatoria limosa Microcoleus sp. Výsledek obrázku pro phormidium Phormidium sp. [USEMAP] Řád Nostocales • • http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/prokaryotes/nostocaceae/nostoc/sp_07.jpg https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2570/3960451232_ccc6212d5a.jpg Nostoc sp. Scytonema sp. [USEMAP] Řád Stigonematales • • http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Prokaryotes/Stigonemataceae/sp_30.jpg Stigonema minutum http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_filaments/cyano_branched_fil/cyano_true_bra nches/FISCHERELLA/Fischerella-01_400x325_plantphys.info_Key55.jpg Mastigocladus laminosus Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta desmids2.jpg [USEMAP] Systém • • • Juráň dle Adl at al. 2012 Figure 1 Burki et al. 2020 Archaea Bacteria (Cyanobacteria) Euglenophyta Chlorarachniophyta Dinophyta Eukaryota • •Eukaryotní buňky •Membránové struktury uvnitř buňky •Bičíky •Chromozomy •Haploidní a diploidní stav (evoluční výhoda) •Rozmnožování •Mitóza a meiotické dělení • • • • [USEMAP] Chlorarachniophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta & Cryptophyta • •Jednobuněční pohybliví mixotrofové s chloroplasty data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERQUEhQWFBUWFRUUFxcXFhcVFBYXGBUYFBcU 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bičíky vycházeií ze střední části těla •Epikonus, hypokonus •Desmokontní buňky - bičíky na apexu buňky •Trichocysty, mukocysty •Ocellus - vrstevnatá čočka, komůrka, kanálek, retinoid •Nepohlavní rozmnožování •Anizogamie, izogamie •Ekologie - převážně moře •Toxiny •Fagotrofie •Bioluminiscence (organela scintilon, luciferin, luciferáza) • • data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSERQUEhQWFBUWFRUUFxcXFhcVFBYXGBUYFBcU FBgXGyYeGBwjGRcUHy8gJCcpLCwsFR4xNTAqNSYrLCkBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiocHCQtLCwsLCwvLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwwKSwpLCk sLCwsLCksLCwsLCwsKSwsLCwsLCwpLP/AABEIAPwAyAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgAGAwQFBwj/xA BJEAABAgIHBQUDCAUMAwEAAAABAAIDEQQSITFBUWEFcYGR8AYTobHRIsHhBxQyUlOSsvFCYmNyohcjJDNDc4KDk7PC0iVk4hb/x AAaAQEBAAMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIEBQMG/8QALREBAAEDAgMGBgMBAAAAAAAAAAECAxEEIRRScRMxUWFioRIiIzNBkQUygUL/ 2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AKZLRQN0TtwsKkupriZd5KpyCIapwCnJRUq6jrFQcE1XqSnFQAi+0ItGZRl1JQDeoJVGZ5eCNVEN3qBu9RS 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http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cSSmdpmVdLU/TgckvJ-ByRI/AAAAAAAAAIk/AbvcHLWkhGc/s1600/Noctiluca%255B1%255 D+%25282%2529.jpg Noctiluca miliaris Peridinium01 Odd.: Dinophyta Třída: Dinophyceae Řád: Peridiniales Peridinium sp. © orig. Hájková L. příčná rýha - cingulum podélná rýha - sulcus Gymnodinium sp. • http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Gymnodinium-spec-PH.jpg http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html Ceratium hirundinella • http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Dinoflagellaten.html http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Ceratium_hirundinella-400x.jpg Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Pelikula - bílkovinné proužky •Lorika - sliz mineralizován •Paraflagelární lišta bičíku - hlavní fotoreceptor buňky •Jednojaderné buňky •Stigma volně v cytoplazmě •Paramylon - zásobní látka v cytoplazmě •Chlorofyl a, b •Diadinoxanthin, neoxanthin •Mukocysty • • • • [USEMAP] Discoba (Excavata) Euglenophyta- krásnoočka • •Ampula •Jádro má kondenzované chromozomy •Bičíky se šroubovitě vinutou řadou mastigonemat •Palmeloidní stadium •Pouze nepohlavní rozmnožování (schizotomie pohyblivých buněk) •Ekologie - organicky znečištěné vody •Fagotrofie, mixotrofie • • • • • [USEMAP] http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Y_2NDmlBEwU/maxresdefault.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_2NDmlBEwU Euglena.Klikněte pro zvětšení. Euglena sp. • http://www.photomacrography.net/ http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/1609_Euglena_1_2.jpg Phacus sp. • http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/userpix/820_IMG_001373_1.jpg http://www.photomacrography.net/ Trachelomonas sp. • Fig. 330. 1926. SouvisejÃcà obrázek Trachelomonas02 Odd.: Euglenophyta Třída: Euglenophyceae Řád: Euglenales Trachelomonas sp. © orig. Hájková L. lorika bičík stigma buňka Colacium sp. Výsledek obrázku pro Colacium Výsledek obrázku pro Colacium Cryptophyta: skrytěnky •Chlorofyl a, c2,alloxanthin •Fykoerythrin nebo fykocyanin •Mastigonemy - trubicovité vlásky na bičíku •Periplast s destičkami •Ejektozomy - mrštné trichocysty •Škrob v cytoplazmě •Jícen s ejektozomy •2 bičíky •Delší: 2 řady mastigonem •Nepohlavní rozmnožování - schizotomie •Pohlavní rozmnožování - izogamie •Palmeloidní stadia •Plankton •Stenotermní vody • Cryptista Výsledek obrázku pro cryptophyta Cryptomonas ovata • http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/Atlas/Kennkarten%20Algen/AndereAlgen/Image/Cryptomonas-ovata47f. jpg http://www.plingfactory.de/ [USEMAP] Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta) •Stélka: bičíkatá až vláknitá •Dříve součástí Cryptophyta •Dva holé bičíky + haptonema •Haptonema: podobné bičíku, jiná submikroskopická struktura •Kontraktilní haptonema •Haptonema slouží k: fagotrofii, rychlé změně pohybu, přichycení k substrátu •Fukoxantin •Thylakoidy srostlé po třech •Chloroplasty s pyrenoidem •Organické šupiny (polysacharidové), mohou být kalcifikovány- u řádu Coccolithophoridales • • • 48 Haptista • http://www.sinicearasy.cz/sites/default/files/Prymnesiophyta.gif 49 Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta) •Obrovský globální význam v koloběhu uhlíku a síry •Oligotrofní subtropická moře •Emiliania huxleyi (tvoří bílý zákal v mořích- white water) • • http://escalera.bio.ucm.es/usuarios/criptogamas/plantas_criptogamas/materiales/images/alga_apto2.pn g http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/e-huxleyi_bloom.jpg 50 Děkuji za pozornost See @AlgaTalk's Tweet on May 28, 2020 on Twitter / Twitter