Biology of parasitic protozoa I. Introduction Andrea Bardůnek Valigurová andreav@sci.muni.cz Notice This presentation contains some material available on the web without the permission of the creator or the copyright owner. This presentation is to be used for educational purposes only. Educational purposes are defined as a communicating material for a particular course of instruction or for the administration of such course. Educational purposes do not cover the use of copyright material in PowerPoint for public lectures or other purposes. Lectures • Introduction: BPP 2022 I • Euglenozoa (Excavata): BPP 2022 II • Fornicata / Preaxostyla / Parabasala (Excavata): BPP 2022 III • Apicomplexa I (SAR): BPP 2022 IV • Apicomplexa II (SAR): BPP 2022 V • Amoebae (Excavata, Amoebozoa): BPP 2022 VI • Ciliophora, Opalinata (SAR): BPP 2022 VII • Pneumocystis (Opisthokonta, Fungi): BPP 2022 VIII • Microsporidia (Opisthokonta, Fungi): BPP 2022 IX • Myxozoa (Opisthokonta, Animalia): BPP 2022 X Recommended sources of information ❑ lectures ❑ Votýpka J, Kolářová I, Horák P et all. (2018): O parazitech a lidech. Triton. ISBN 978-80-7553-350-0 ❑ Jírovec O et al. (1977): Parasitologie pro lékaře. Avicenum ❑ Lee JJ et all. (2000: Illustrated Guide To The Protozoa. Allen Press. ISBN 9781891276224 ❑ Hausmann K, Hülsmann N (2003): Protozoologie. Academia. ISBN 80- 200-0978-7 ❑ Volf P, Horák P (2007): Paraziti a jejich biologie. Triton. ISBN 978-80- 7387-088-9 ❑ http://tolweb.org/tree ❑ https://www.catalogueoflife.org ❑ http://www.google.com History of unicellular (single-celled) organisms Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) • Dutch tradesman and scientist • "the Father of Microbiology„ • wrote approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society of London and other scientific institutions over a period of 50 years • discovery of single-celled organisms • term Animalcula (1676) = little animals • van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries: • Infusoria in 1674 • bacteria (e.g. large selenomonads from the human mouth) in 1676 • spermatozoa in 1677 • Giardia in 1681 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) • philosophical theory of monads (1714) • „monads are elementary particles“ • historical term for a simple unicellular organism • original meaning „a single-celled microorganism, especially a flagellate protozoan of the genus Monas“ Today the general body type of some algae or flagellates: • cryptopmonads: group of aquatic eukaryotes • metamonads: group of flagellate amitochondriate single-celled organisms Carl Linné (1707-1778) • „god created – Linnaeus arranged" • Planta x Animalia (1735) • all single-celled organisms → to the genus „Chaos“ • illustrated a wide range of objects such as various parts of plants and insects, small shells, plankton, the crystallisation of salts in the solution, various kinds of microscopes and optical experiments • term Infusoria (1763) - animals from infusion Martin Frobenius Ledermüller (1719-1769) Lorenz von Oken (1779-1851) • German naturalist, botanist, biologist, and ornithologist • term Urthiere (1805) - German term for single-celled organism • synonym for Infusoria Georg August Goldfuss (1782-1848) • term Protozoa (1818) - Greek equivalent of the German "Urthiere„ = primitive, or original animals • protozoans defined as single-celled organisms with animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation • originally the group included also some "lower" multicellular animals, such as rotifers, corals, sponges, jellyfish, bryozoans and polychaetas Jan Svatopluk Presl (1791-1849) • term Prvoci (1821) • „Tělo sliznaté, měškovité, bez útrob a ústí; povrchem se živící a dýchající. Žádné nervy ani žilstvo. Volní, okem často neviditelní.“ (Body slimy, sac-like, without viscera and mouth; superficial feeding and breathing. No nerves or veins. Free, often invisible to the eye.) • author of Czech natural science terminology in several fields (botany, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy, geology) Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) • Eithiere or Oozoa (1832) • synonym for Infusoria and Protozoa (Goldfuss, 1818) Maximilian Perty (1804-1884) • German naturalist and entomologist • term Archaezoa (1852) • synonym for Protozoa • term for eukaryotes that diverged before the origin of mitochondria (1989) • all these groups are recently known to have developed from mitochondriate ancestors, and trees based on other genes do not support their basal placement • kingdom Archaezoa has therefore been abandoned Richard Owen (1804-1892) • term Acrita (1861) • „nondifferentiated cells“ • all organisms outside Animalia and Vegetabilia John Hogg (1800-1869) • term Protoctista (1861) • eukaryotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals nor fungi • protists including unicellular algae, slime moulds and amoeba • some that act like plants and make their own food, and some that are more like animal or fungal cells Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) • term Protista (1866) • eukaryotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals, nor fungi Emile de Fromentel • term Microzoaires (1874) • all microscopic organisms Taxonomy of unicellular organisms Three frequently used terms: • Protozoa • Protoctista • Protista • Czech term PRVOCI (not meant in the sense of a systematic monophyletic group) Protozoa (protozoan, plural protozoans) • its etymology is literally "first animals„ • general term for a group of unicellular eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris • sometimes included within Protoctista or Protista • John Hogg in 1860 – „all lower creatures, or primary organic beings, eukaryotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals, nor fungi“ • protists including unicellular algae, slime moulds and amoeba • some that act like plants and make their own food, and some that are more like animal or fungal cells Protoctista • protist = any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus • Ernst Haeckel in 1866 - „the kingdom of primitive forms". • originally these also included prokaryotes • protists do not form a natural group, or clade Protista Taxonomy of eukaryotes ▪ Levine ND, Corliss JO, Cox FE, Deroux G, Grain J, Honigberg BM, Leedale GF, Loeblich AR , Lom J, Lynn D, Merinfeld EG, Page FC, Poljansky G, Sprague V, Vávra J, Wallace FG (1980): A newly revised classification of the protozoa. J Protozool. 27:37-58. 7 phyla ▪ Cavalier-Smith T (1993): Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 57: 953-994 ▪ Corliss JO (1994): An interim utilitarian (“user-friendly“) hierarchical classification and characterization of the Protists. Acta Protozool. 33: 1-51. 35 phyla ▪ Cavalier-Smith T (1998): A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol Rev 73: 203- 266 ▪ Cavalier-Smith T (2002): The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52: 297-354 Thomas Cavalier-Smith (1942-2021) Professor of Evolutionary Biology Department of Zoology, University of Oxford https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith Taxonomy of eukaryotes Six major groups Simpson AG, Roger AJ (2004): The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes. Curr Biol. R693-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2019, 66, 4–119 Methodology of protozoology / protistology ✓ light microscopy ✓ electron microscopy ✓ experimental assays ✓ biochemistry ✓ genetics ✓ genomics ✓ proteomics ✓ … Diversity in general morphology and subcellular organisation of parasitic protists Lifestyle and niche diversity in parasitic protists Thank you for your attention ☺ Lectures ✓ Introduction: BPP 2022 I  Euglenozoa (Excavata): BPP 2022 II • Fornicata / Preaxostyla / Parabasala (Excavata): BPP 2022 III • Apicomplexa I (SAR): BPP 2022 IV • Apicomplexa II (SAR): BPP 2022 V • Amoebae (Excavata, Amoebozoa): BPP 2022 VI • Ciliophora, Opalinata (SAR): BPP 2022 VII • Pneumocystis (Opisthokonta, Fungi): BPP 2022 VIII • Microsporidia (Opisthokonta, Fungi): BPP 2022 IX • Myxozoa (Opisthokonta, Animalia): BPP 2022 X