Plastic Monomers, Additives,
and Processing Aids
Helene Wiesinger
wiesinger@ifu.baug.ethz.ch
What are Plastics?
• Greek: plastikos = capable of being shaped or molded
• Plastics vs. polymers
 Plastics are composed of organic polymers (macromolecules that are
composed of many repeated sub-units – monomers) and additives
 All plastics are polymers and are often named after the polymer matrix,
but not all polymers are plastics.
24.11.2022 2
Polymer
matrix
Additives
Different Grouping Methods of Plastics
According to their cost and performance:
1. Commodity plastics (or standard/bulk plastics): produced in great amounts at low cost.
e.g. PVC, HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, VLDPE, PP, PS, EPS, PET
2. Engineering plastics (or technical plastics): plastics with improved mechanical properties
and dimensional stability compared to commodity plastics.
e.g. PP, PET, PBT, PA, PC, POM, PMMA, SAN, ABS, HIPS, PPO-PS, POM-PUR, PCABS,
etc.
3. High-performance plastics (or specialty plastics): engineering plastics with even more
improved mechanical properties.
e.g. liquid cystal polymers (LCPs), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), fluoropolymers
24.11.2022 3
Different Grouping Methods of Plastics
24.11.2022 4
According to their hardening processes:
• Thermoplastics: harden through simple
cooling of a polymer melt (a physical
process) and soften while being heated.
e.g., PE, PP, ABS, PVC, etc.
• Thermosets: harden through chemical
cross-linking reactions between polymer
molecules; when heated, they do not soften
but decompose chemically.
e.g., alkyd, phenolic, amino, epoxy,
unsaturated polyesters, polyurethane, and
allylic resins
Different Grouping Methods of Plastics
• According to the origin of feedstock: fossilvs.
bio-based plastic
• According to the biodegradability:
biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable
plastics
24.11.2022 5
Plastics – Production overview
24.11.2022 6
Global production (2021): 390 Mt/y
European use by sector [1]
1 Plastics Europe (2022), Plastics – the facts 2022. https://plasticseurope.org/resources/market-data/
24.11.2022 7
In 2015, 4% of the global
greenhouse gas emissions
were caused by plastics. [1]
1 Zheng, J., Suh, S., 2019. Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics. Nat. Clim. Chang.
2 Cabernard, L. et al., 2022. Growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion. Nat. Sustain.
3 Klotz, M. et al., 2022. Limited utilization option for secondary plastics may restrict their circularity. doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.002
main causes for climate change impact of plastics:
production and waste incineration [2, 3]
🔻
A Wide Range of Chemicals are Present in Plastics
• Unreacted monomers, residual processing aids and additives can be released
during the production, use, disposal and recycling of plastics.
24.11.2022 8
Additives and Processing aids
24.11.2022 9
Global production: ~18 Mt / y
Major types: [2]
 Plasticizers: 7.5 Mt/y
 Fillers
 Flame retardants: 2.1 Mt/y
 Heat stabilizers: 1.2 Mt/y
 Impact modifiers: 1.0 Mt/y
 Lubricants: 0.8 Mt/y
 Antioxidants: 0.5 Mt/y
•Antioxidants prevents oxidative degradation
•Light stabilizers prevents degradation by sunlight
•Heat stabilizers prevents degradation by heat
Stabilization
•Biocides prevents growth of microbes
•Colorants imparts color
•Fillers increase strength, lower costs
•Flame retardants reduce flammability, smoke generation
•Impact modifiers improve impacts strength
•Nucleating agents promote crystallinity
•Odor agents add fragrance, repress objectionable odors
•Plasticizers increase flexibility, reduce melt viscosity
Functionalization
•Antistatic agents prevents static charge build-up
•Blowing agents decompose during processing to create foamed plastic
•Catalysts enable polymerization reaction
•Initiators start or regulate chain growth during polymerization
•Lubricants reduces friction between polymer and processing surface
•Solvents dissolves monomers, polymers and additives for mixing
•Viscosity modifiers modifies melt flow viscosity
Processing aids
1 Ullmann (2018). Plastic Additives. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a20_459.pub2
2 IHS Markit (2018). Plastics additives - Specialty Chemicals Update Program.
https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/ci/products/chemical-plastics-additives-scup.html
Concerns about Chemical Release from Plastics
24.11.2022 10
Recyling Challenges Associated with PlasticMAP
They may influence recycled plastics in the following ways:
 Interfere with recycling or sorting process
 Reduce the (actual) recyclability including aesthetics in mechanical
recycling
o Reduction of mechanical properties: pro-degradant/pro-oxidant metal additives
(Aldas et al. 2018, 10.1155/2018/2474176), mixing of additives
o Color-changes through colorants, carbon black, PbS (black) in recycled PVC
o Odor changes
 Reduce the safety of secondary materials
o heavy metals, halogenated flame retardants,
phthalates, etc.
24.11.2022 11
?chemicals used
in plastics
potential hazards ?
24.11.2022 12
Plastic Monomers, Addtives
and Processing Aids Database
24.11.2022 13
Monomers, additives and processing aids
are highly diverse
 ECHA + industry: over 400 plastic additives
registered under REACH at above 100
tonnes/year
 Groh et al. (2018): over 3’000 additives in
plastic packaging
 SpecialChem additives database: over 30’000
commercially available formulations
Only few substances are regularly discussed
in scientific literature
 Need for an overview of their chemical
identities and priority setting
Methods
1. Identification of
relevant data sources
3. Categorization of substance
types and use patterns
industry science regulatory
b) categorize
sources based
on content
c) retrieve and
harmonize data
b) verify CASRNs
using SciFinder
preliminary
categorization
a) define categories and
respective keywords
fulfilled
function
industrial
sector
substance
type
compatible
polymers
matching PBT hazard
criteria under EU
REACH?
high
production
volume?
a) find substances with
concerning properties
4. Identification of substances
of (potential) concern
d) include further
information
hazard
data
regulatory
status
regional
use status
tonnage
data
irrelevant
substances,
irrelevant
information
a) identify relevant
substances
relevant substances
(Name, CASRN, SMILES)
use
data
b) categorize
substances
by keywords
c) check for and
eliminate errors
updated
keywords
b) check legal status &
scientific references
wrong
CASRN
ambiguous
content
A …
B XXX
C …
A … low
B YYY medium
C … high
legal status
substances of
(potential) concern
yes no
• search for
plastics-related
keywords
• find CASRNs
information sources
c) assign
confidence
irrelevant
content
2. Inclusion of relevant
substances&information
high medium low
no
yes missing
data
high medium low unknownlevel of
concern
• update keywords
• repeat from b)
number of scientific
references
a) select plasticrelevant
sources
final categorization with
confidence scores
24.11.2022 14
190
63
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Methods – Inclusion of relevant substances and information
a) Identify relevant substances
 Search for plastic-related keywords
 Search for CASRNs
b) Verify CASRNs using SciFinder
c) Assign confidence to sources and
substances
d) Include further information
24.11.2022 15
hazard
data
legal
status
regional
use status
tonnage
data
Global:
- Stockholm Convention
- Montreal Protocol
- Rotterdam Convention
Others:
- OECD High production volume chemicals
Results – Overview of the Substances
24.11.2022 16
* Substances are found in sources of all mentioned types
** These active CASRNs are associated with 24 901 deleted CASRNs and 22 alternate CASRNs
*** Substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products and biological materials
Confidence in their
use in plastics
Information sources Substance types
Regulatory
2 572
Scientific
2 238
Industrial
1 457
High
8 567
Medium
1 398
Low: 582
Plastic monomers, additives
& processing aids
10 547 active CASRNs**
UVCBs***, mixtures
and polymers
2 703
Individual
compounds
7 561
Other aromatics
1 484
Other organics
1 693
Uncategorizable: 283
Inorganics
1 049
Organohalogens
1 189
Organosulfur: 418
Organophosphor: 228
Metalorganics, organometallics
& organic metal salts: 1 268
Regulatory & Scientific*
2 072
Regulatory & Industrial*: 375
Scientific & Industrial*: 327
Regulatory, Scientific & Industrial*
1 506
Organosilicons: 232
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Results – Use Patterns
Many substances
 fulfill several functions
 are compatible with several polymer types
 are used in several industrial sectors
3’282
Uncategorizable
Additives
Monomers
2’508
659
157
871
1’482
1’355
233
Processing
aids
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Colorant
Other Processing Aids
Filler
Intermediates
Lubricant
Biocide
Monomer
Crosslinking Agent
Plasticizer
Odor Agent
Light Stabilizer
Catalyst
Antioxidant
Initiator
Flame Retardent
Heat Stabilizer
Antistatic Agent
Viscosity Modifier
Blowing Agent
Solvent
Impact Modifier
Nucleating Agent
Uncategorizable
Number of subtances
Function
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
PA
LDPE
PET
HDPE
PVC
PP
PUR
PS
ABS
PC
HIPS
EPS
Other - Thermoplastic
Other - Rubber
Other - Bioplastic
Uncategorizable
Number of subtances
Polymer type
24.11.2022 17
Results – Use Patterns
24.11.2022 18
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Results – Regional relevance
 10–80% of substances registered in
inventories from different parts of the world
 the commercial status, extent of use and
concentrations in plastic articles remain
unknown
79%
25%
19%
77%
66%
60%
59%
52%
49%
25%
10%
69%
51%
22%
41%
0 2’000 4’000 6’000 8’000 10’000
EU
Russia
Turkey
Taiwan
China
Vietnam
South Korea
Philippines
Japan
Thailand
Malaysia
USA
Canada
Mexico
New Zealand
Number of substances
Regional registrations
Europe
Asia
North America
Australia & Oceania
24.11.2022 19
Results – Substances of Potential Concern
 more than 2’400 substances = 25% of the identified substances
 about 900 substances of potential concern are also approved for use in food-contact plastics
24.11.2022 20
HAZARD TYPE TOTAL HPVC NOT REGULATED1 NOT RESEARCHED2
PBT Persistent, bioaccumulative & toxic 22 7 7 2
vPvB Very persistent & very bioaccumulative 35 19 3 8
CMR
Carcinogenic, mutagenic,
reproductive toxic
951 501 350 91
ED Endocrine disrupting 30 17 3 3
AqTox Chronic aquatic toxicity 1’646 754 897 188
STOT_RE Specific target organ toxicity 891 562 331 57
TOTAL 2’486 1’254 1’327 266
1 regulated by international regulatory lists or in the EU, USA, Japan or Republic of Korea
2 no scientific references according to SciFinder Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Results – Examples of Unregulated Substances of Potential
Concern
24.11.2022 21
Chloroalkanes, C14-17
Lubricant, flame retardant, plasticizers…
CASRN: 85535-85-9
POP candidates
Benzene, 1,1'-(1,1-dimethyl-3-
methylene-1,3-propanediyl)bisPolymerization
control agent
CASRN: 6362-80-7
Skin Sens. 1, STOT RE 2
Aquatic Acute 1, Aquatic Chronic 1
1-Propanol, 2-methoxy-, 1-acetate
Solvent, used in colorants, …
CASRN: 70657-70-4
Repr. 1B
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide
([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetraethylCrosslinking
Agent
CASRN: 97-77-8
Skin Sens. 1, STOT RE 2
Aquatic Acute 1, Aquatic Acute 2
Phosphoric acid,
tris(methylphenyl) ester
Flame retardant,..
CASRN: 1330-78-5
Skin Sens. 1, Repr. 2
STOT RE 2, Aquatic Acute 1
Aquatic Chronic 1
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditert-pentylphenol
(Tinuvin 328)
Antioxidant
CASRN: 25973-55-1
STOT RE 2
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Results – Examples of Inconsistently Regulated Substances
• 901 substances of potential concern are approved for use in food-contact plastics
 265 substances of potential concern are restricted/banned in other use areas
24.11.2022 22
Terphenyl, hydrogenated
Colorant, other processing aid,…
CASRN: 61788-32-7
SVHC (vPvB)
Ethanol, 2-chloro-, 1,1',1''-phosphate
Flame retardant, other processing aid…
CASRN: 115-96-8
SVHC (Repro)
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester
Colorant, plasticizer, …
CASRN: 117-81-7
SVHC (Repro, EDC)
Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroAntioxidant,
stabilizer, lubricant,…
CASRN: 26523-78-4
SVHC (EDC)
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Discussion – Data Availability & Uncertainties
Critical data and knowledge gaps:
- Regulator-harmonized hazard data
- Use details and concentration ranges
Our numbers may still well be underestimates,
due to focuses on:
- digitized sources (vs. print sources)
- sources where assigned CASRNs are provided (vs.
sources where no assigned CASRNs provided)
- intentionally added substances (vs. NIAS)
- existing GHS hazard data (vs. literature values)
24.11.2022 23
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Regional use
Function
Any hazard data
Production volume
Industrial Sector
Polymer Type
Regulator-harmonized
hazard data
Number of subtances
Data Availability
available data missing data
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T,
10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Discussion – Possible Ways Forward
• Establishing a centralized knowledge base
 e.g. through public-private partnerships and corporate social responsibility;
harmonizing information exchange standards
• Ensuring transition to a safe and sustainable circular plastic economy
 e.g. developing standardized approaches to assessing the sustainable circularity of
plastics and chemicals therein; avoiding hazardous substances, reducing product
complexity and embedding sustainable circularity in the design phase; fostering
innovative and enabling business models and practices
• Expanding and harmonizing regulatory efforts
 e.g. group- or class-based approaches; one substance, one assessment;
complementary market-based policy instruments to internalize externalities
24.11.2022 24
Wiesinger et al. 2021. ES&T, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c00976
Wang et al. 2021. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00243
Take-Home Messages
• A messy situation regarding intentionally added chemicals in plastics
 Thousands of diverse substances (potentially) used
 25% having concerning properties, and only a part researched and regulated (including conflicting
regulations in different domains)
 A general lack of transparency on their actual occurrence in products and hazards
• Concerted efforts from all actors are urgently need to ensure transition to a safe and
sustainable circular economy, starting from the design phase!
24.11.2022 25
Outlook
Following policy actions are urgently needed
 Design for recycling – also on the chemical level
 Supply chain transparency
 Expand focus of research, regulation and monitoring
Research needs and opportunities
 Target list for non-targeted analysis
 Support alternatives assessment
 New research foci
 Need for analytical standards
 Need for standardized terminology regarding
chemicals
Publication of paper and database soon
“Clean Cycle” Strategy
Key components of the strategy
(1) Phase-out of hazardous chemicals
in primary materials
(2) Separation of contaminated used
materials
(3) Safe treatment/disposal of
contaminated materials
 ”Clean Cycle” Project @ETHZ
24.11.2022 27
(1) (2)
(3)
Clean Cycle Project @ETHZ
24.11.2022 28
PlasticAdditives
andHuman
Exposure
PlasticMaterial
Flowsand
Environmental
Assessment
 identify and prioritize
hazardous chemicals
used in plastics
 quantify current levels
of target hazardous
chemicals in target
plastic flows
 Map and model current
plastic flows in
Switzerland
 Model future scenarios
of plastic flows in
Switzerland
 model the current and
future levels of
human exposure to
selected hazardous
chemicals via plastics
and the associated
risks to human
health
 model environmental
impacts of the current
and potential future
plastic recycling
systems
 develop strategies to
maximize the
resource efficiency
of plastics with
minimized risks to
human health
 inform policy- and
decision-makers
Current research – Measurements of chemicals in plastics
Goal: Fill the data gaps from
PlasticMAP regarding concentrations
and actual uses
 Which chemicals are actually
present in plastics samples?
 Which concentrations are
relevant for different products?
 Where are hot/blind-spots in
plastic screening literature?
24.11.2022 29
ATR-IR
XRF
LC/GC-MS
Measured
concentrations
Claimed
inputs
Production,
market &
waste
Chemicals
B&C case study
Literature
review
PlasticMAP
Database
Current research – B&C case study
24.11.2022 30
150 Building & Construction samples, PVC
ATR-IR GC-MS
polymer type,
phthalate screening
XRF
elemental composition phthalate concentration
DF: 26%
presence of other
substances
Bioassays
biological activity
DiNP DEHP DiDP DEP DiBP DNOP DCHP BBP DBP DEHT DEHA DINCH Br EHPhP TPhP MTT ROS Ames UmuC YES A-YES YAS Y-YAS
n.d. n.d n.d n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0 0 0 12 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 215958 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d.
3 0 1 0 137 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 55176 0 0 0 0
1 0 0.5 2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 348209 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.33 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 16 0 0
1 1
n.d. n.d.
0 1 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 8729484 0 26 0 0
1 0
n.d. n.d.
0 1 0 117 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 8153 0 0 0 0
1 0
n.d.
2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.16 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 8804335 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. 1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.14 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 92932 0 0 7945 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.9 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 178676 0 0 1185 0
2 1
n.d. 1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 99053 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.5 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0
n.d. 2
1 1 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 65088 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5043 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 12639 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.3 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 34 103684 0
1 1
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8625684 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
129036 0 0 0 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0
4627248 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 3541 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 68059 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 tbm 0 0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 23026245 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 1
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 71288 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 72446 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 111507 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 132937 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 122204 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 113386 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 98716 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 86499 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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plasticizers
flame
retardants bioassays
samples
Further, I thank for the support from:
• the Clean Cycle project team: Magdalena Klotz, Dr. Zhanyun Wang, Dr. Melanie
Haupt, Prof. Stefanie Hellweg
• the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Swiss Federal Office of
Public Health (FOPH) and Canton of Zurich‘s Office of Waste, Water, Energy and Air
(AWEL).
Acknowledgement
24.11.2022 31
Thank you very much for your attention!
Thanks to RECETOX and Ondřej and Peter for the invitation!