platypus_j01 Subphylum Vertebrata •Subphylum Vertebrata has several divisions you need to be familiar with: –Superclass Agnatha – Jawless Fish; Ostracoderm (fossil) –Superclass Gnathostomata •Class Placodermi – First Jawed Fish (Fossils) •Class Chondricthyes – Cartilagenous Fish; Sharks; Rays •Class Osteichthyes –Subclass Actinopterygii – Ray-finned Fish; Goldfish; Sea Horse –Subclass Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish; Coelocanth urochordata 081 1a18 bluebird chipmunk anmwi056_2 kangaroo11 velociraptor cvarag giantt1 Greatwt0 lampreymouth black_headed_gouldian hagfish orca11 rabbit4 python01 Proboscidea amphioxus.jpg (57059 bytes) [USEMAP] Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia.[1] Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.[17] All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.[18] A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic Vertebrata [USEMAP] File:Haikouichthys 3d.png Haikouichthys ercaicunensis Devonian Jawless Fish ~20 cm File:Evolution of jawless fish.png Agnatha [USEMAP] CONODONTS •conodonts are small tooth shaped structures –have been found in fossil record for many years –important biostratigraphically –made of phosphate (like most vertebrate bones) –Ordovician conodont over 1 foot long (1995) –probably a predator in Chordata [USEMAP] jawevol_2 jawevol_1 Vznik čelistí z žaberních podpor [USEMAP] KINGDOM: ANIMALIA PHYLUM: CHORDATA CRANIATA (vertebrates) CAMB. CLASSES: CONODONTA* CAMB. AGNATHA (jawless fish) CAMB. Gnathostomata ACANTHODI (spiny sharks)* SIL. PLACODERMI (armored fish)* SIL. CHONDRICHTHYES (cartilaginous sharks) DEV OSTEICHTHYES (bony fish) SIL. –Subclass Actinopterygii (paprskoploutví) –Subclass Sarcopterygii (nozdratí) AMPHIBIA (amphibians) DEV. REPTILIA (reptiles) CARB. AVES (birds) JURASSIC MAMMALIA (mammals) TRIASSIC [USEMAP] Geologic Ranges of Major Fish Groups 2561_1305 [USEMAP] EARLY PALEOZOIC LIFE Vertebrates Fish Placodermi (Placoderms) Dunkleosteus2 Dunkleosteous1t dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus [USEMAP] Placoderm_radiation Placodermi [USEMAP] EARLY PALEOZOIC LIFE Vertebrates Fish Acanthodii (Acanthodians) Early jawed fish Late Silurian to Permian acanthodian [USEMAP] de_shark R-ctenacanthus Ctenacanthus sp, a Late Devonian and Carboniferous shark The very earliest signs of sharks are minute fossil scales and teeth which are found in rocks from the late Silurian to early Devonian period {around 400 million years ago). It becomes more and more difficult, however, to identify shark scales in older rocks because they closely resemble those from jawless fishes called the lodonts, which lived at the same time. Only microscopic differences separate shark and the lodont scales, and the two kinds seem to become more and more alike the further one goes back. Chondrichtyes -Paryby Elasmobranchii - žraloci [USEMAP] OSTEICHTHYES (bony fish) SIL. –Subclass Actinopterygii (paprskoploutví) –Subclass Sarcopterygii (nozdratí) [USEMAP] Actinopterygii Chondrostei - chrupavčití [USEMAP] Mezi charakteristické hlavní znaky těchto tzv. živých fosílií patří vyvinutí choanů (vnitřních nozder), které umožňují vdechování atmosférického vzduchu se zavřenou tlamou. A také rozvinuté plicní dýchání Sarcopterygii -nozdratí podtřída lalokoploutví (Coelacanthimorphes) podtřída dvojdyšní (Dipnoi) Původ obojživelníků, a tedy všech čtyřnožců, je zahalen tajemstvím. K předkům obojživelníků mohly patřit lalokoploutvé ryby dýchajících vzduch, jejichž ploutve se postupně přeměnily na končetiny schopné podpírat tělo. Možná se však obojživelníci vyvinuli z ryb dvojdyšných (Dipnoi). Fosilní záznam je ale poměrně kusý a je obtížné rozhodnout, jestli je daný živočich ještě rybou nebo už obojživelníkem [USEMAP] Dipnoi [USEMAP] Neoceratodus Neoceratudos forsteri Lungfish_distribution Protopterus Protopterus ssp Lepidosiren Lepidosiren paradoxa [USEMAP] Eusthenopteron(p) Eusthenopteron Le Prince de Miguasha -- a 30 cm long specimen of Eusthenopteron lalokoploutví (Coelacanthimorphes) 1. coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae p-shark [USEMAP] Tiktaalik roseae lived approximately 375 million years ago. Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers. Tiktaalik roseae, has a skull, a neck, ribs and parts of the limbs that are similar to four-legged animals known as tetrapods File:Tiktaalik BW.jpg [USEMAP] comparison [USEMAP] [USEMAP] Amphibia [USEMAP] [USEMAP] Amphibia – Labyrithodonts. Carboniferous – age of amphibians. Pteroplax sp. d1 Discosauriscus [USEMAP] Eryops2 eryops2 Eryops 2m-lower Permian [USEMAP] [USEMAP] [USEMAP] Reptiles Cotylosauria (anapsids) - first reptiles in middle Carboniferous) Pelycosauria mammal-like reptiles, synapsids, first in Late Carboniferous, extinct in middle Permian Therapsida – synapsids, predecessors of mammals, middle Triassic Notosaurs (euryapsids), First diapsids – late Carboniferous Thecodonts, ancestors of dinosaurs – late Permian [USEMAP] •Evolutionary relationship among the Paleozoic reptiles Paleozoic Reptile Evolution WICHG31317 Cotylosauria [USEMAP] •Reconstruction and skeleton of Hylonomus lyelli from the Pennsylvanian Period One of the Oldest Known Reptiles WICHG31316 –Hylonomus lyelli was about 30 cm long Cotylosauria [USEMAP] Výsledek obrázku pro Paleozoic reptiles Pelycosauria [USEMAP] erde3 Der Sauroctonus wies bereits ein mächtiges, differenziertes Gebiss auf und wird eines der großen Raubtiere des Perms gewesen sein.(Werk des Künstlers Z. Burian) Therapsids [USEMAP] Inostrancevia assaulting Scutosaurus The bear-sized gorgonopsid Inostrancevia alexandri assaulting the ox-sized armoured pareiasaur herbivore Scutosaurus karpinski [USEMAP] moschops Moschops https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQG3z9MaNh6rLcrJDEDroEHS-TcZAQf2SdrlZAdGoW2bek 4SZ7v0Q Lystrosaurus [USEMAP] Pelycosaurian and the Therapsid evolution [USEMAP] Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of Paleozoic reptiles Aves [USEMAP] Euryapsida Notosaurs - notho Nothosaurus painting [USEMAP] mesosaurus NU19A [USEMAP] Diapsida insectivorous lizard-like diapsid reptiles, Petrolacosaurus was a small, 40-centimetre (16 in) long, reptile, and the earliest diapsid known. It lived during the late Carboniferous period petrolacosaurus [USEMAP] Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of thecodonts [USEMAP] Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of early dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of early dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of early dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of Paleozoic reptiles Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of thecodonts Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of thecodonts Výsledek obrázku pro evolution of early dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro heaviest dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro heaviest dinosaurs Výsledek obrázku pro heaviest dinosaurs