Adobe Systems 1 Wastewater remediation issues Bára Babánková, Veronika Dubová, Tereza Lichnovská Adobe Systems 2 Introduction ̶Water is necessary for all known life forms ̶Water pollution and enviromental degradation are on the rise ̶As result of globalization, industrialization, population increase and urbanization, water contamination has become major issue ̶The use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation has become an attractive alternative water resource Process waste water reuse Adobe Systems 3 Introduction ̶However, there are several potential environmental- and health-related risks associated with this practice ̶One significant issue associated with wastewater treatment is the presence of antibiotic residues. Antibiotics are commonly used in healthcare, agriculture, and livestock farming ̶When these antibiotics enter wastewater through various sources like hospitals, pharmaceutical manufacturing, or agricultural runoff, they can persist through the treatment process and end up in the treated effluent ̶The presence of antibiotic residues in wastewater is concerning due to its potential environmental and public health impacts. Antibiotics in treated wastewater can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment ̶Addressing antibiotic residue problems in wastewater treatment requires improved treatment processes, proper disposal of expired or unused medications ̶ Adobe Systems 4 What can antibiotic residues in nature cause? ̶Antibiotic resistant development ̶Ecotoxicity (residues in water bodies can be toxic to organisms. Even at low concentrations, antibiotics may negatively impact the growth, development, and survival of aquatic organisms) ̶Disruption of microbial communities (This can affect nutrient cycling, decomposition processes, and other essential ecosystem functions, leading to imbalances in the ecosystem) ̶Persistence in the environment (some antibiotics are persistent in the environment, meaning they do not easily break down = accumulation) ̶Transfer through food chains (residues can enter the food chain, which potentially leads to unintended exposure) ̶ Frontiers | A Review of the Distribution of Antibiotics in Water in Different Regions of China and Current Antibiotic Degradation Pathways Adobe Systems https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978012397043500013X 5 Antibiotics metabolism ̶After distribution in the tissues and body fluids, metabolising enzymes in the body may degrade the ATB ̶The liver is the principal organ of metabolism, although any biological tissue can metabolised drugs ̶By metabolic processes, the drug is inactivated and converted into more readily excreted substance ̶Not all ATB are converted to metabolites and, on occasion, the metabolites may retain activity ̶ Adobe Systems https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978012397043500013X 6 Antibiotics metabolism ̶Unchanged ATB and ATB metabolites are removed from the body by excretion pathways ̶Excresion as urine from the kidneys are the major route of drug elimination ̶Excresion into the bile from the liver is another ̶ The concept of antibiotics' metabolism in the liver. | Download Scientific Diagram Adobe Systems 7 Issues of ATB removal from water – avaible methods ̶Various technologies based on physical, chemical and biological techniques, such as flocculation and coagulation, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation process and bioremediation method, have been used for wastewater treatment. ̶Unfortunately, the currently available methods do not allow cleaning from all antibiotic residues ̶ Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, diagram, grafický design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems Verma a Haritash, „Photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin in pharmaceutical wastewater". 8 Photocatalytic degradation ̶Water is one of the most important components of life ̶In past few years, the concern towards contaminants like pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) has increased due to their impacts on the ecosystem ̶Amoxicilin (AMX) is primarily used as semi-synthetic penicillin which belongs to the β-lactam group of antibiotics ̶AMX is responsible for obstruction of bacterial cell wall synthesis ̶Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are reported as the most effective technique to treat recalcitrant compounds like PCs ̶ Adobe Systems Verma a Haritash, „Photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin in pharmaceutical wastewater". 9 Photocatalytic degradation ̶Ptohocatalysis is based on the degradation of highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals (•OH) ̶•OH are strong oxidizing agents which transform pollutants to non-toxic end products like CO2 and H2O ̶Heterogenous photocatalysis is found to be the most efficient method to degrade complex pollutants like ATB ̶Photocatalysis initiates when semiconductor photocatalyst is exposed to light (IR, VIS, UV) ̶Various photocatalysts have been used ̶TiO2 is most effective as it represents nontoxicity, photo-reactivity, high photostability, chemical and biological inertness and low prize Adobe Systems Verma a Haritash, „Photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin in pharmaceutical wastewater". 10 Experimental procedure of photocatalysis ̶The experiments for photocatalytic degradation were preformed at initial AMX concentration of 10, 30, 50 mg/l in 200 ml aqueous solution ̶The pH of the solution was adjusted to 3, 7, 11 (using H2SO4, NaOH) ̶Thereafter, varying dosages of TiO2 (300, 450, 600 mg/l) and H2O2 were added ̶The real industrial wastewater of AMX producing batch was collected from pharmaceutical industry located in India ̶ Adobe Systems Verma a Haritash, „Photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin in pharmaceutical wastewater". 11 Results of photocatalysis ̶To observe the degradation of AMX, experiments were performer using photocatalysis with H2O2, without H2O2 and sono-photocatalysis ̶Maximum degradation for AMX was obtained using photocatalysis with H2O2 at AMX 30 mg/l, TiO2 450 mg/l, H2O2 150 mg/l and pH 7 ̶The result revealed that there was no significant improvement in maximal degradation when photocatalysis was amended with H2O2 Adobe Systems Verma a Haritash, „Photocatalytic degradation of Amoxicillin in pharmaceutical wastewater". 12 Results of photocatalysis in pharmaceutical wastewater ̶Within 10 min of reaction time it was achieved 50 % of degradation in sono-catalysis and solar sono-catalysis ̶After 30 min, more than 80% degradation was found in sono-catalysis and solar sono-catalysis and more than 50% degradation in photocatalysis and solar-photocatalysis Adobe Systems Verma, Kuila, a Jacob, „Role of Biofilms in Waste Water Treatment". 13 Microbial biofilm reactors Adobe Systems Verma, Kuila, a Jacob, „Role of Biofilms in Waste Water Treatment". 14 How it works Obsah obrázku kreslené, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems Verma, Kuila, a Jacob, „Role of Biofilms in Waste Water Treatment". 15 The mechanism by which biofilms contribute to the removal of antibiotic residues in wastewater ̶Adsorption: Biofilm matrices can adsorb and physically trap antibiotic molecules. The EPS produced by microorganisms in the biofilm can act as a sorbent, capturing antibiotics as they pass through the reactor ̶Microbial degradation: Within the biofilm, diverse microbial communities can thrive. Some of these microorganisms possess the ability to biodegrade or transform antibiotics into less harmful compounds. Microbial metabolism can break down complex organic molecules, including antibiotics, through enzymatic reaction ̶Sorption to microbial biomass (accumulation): Antibiotics can be sorbed into the biomass of microorganisms within the biofilm. Microbes can act as carriers for the antibiotics, facilitating their removal from the water ̶Biological transformation: Certain bacteria in the biofilm may have the capability to enzymatically degrade or transform antibiotics into less toxic forms, reducing their environmental impact ̶ Adobe Systems Verma, Kuila, a Jacob, „Role of Biofilms in Waste Water Treatment". 16 Advantages of biofilm reactors Adobe Systems „Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewaters by Membrane Technology". 17 Membrane technologies ̶Biological treatment is a potential solution, the high cost limits its use in large plants ̶The effectiveness is related to the solute and membrane properties (size of membrane pores) ̶Fabricating negatively charged membranes can reduce the total cost of the filtration process ̶A combination of membrane processes with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, and biological treatments - right solution for perfect removal ̶ Obsah obrázku snímek obrazovky, design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems „Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewaters by Membrane Technology". 18 Types of membrane technologie ̶Microfiltration (pores 0.1-10µm) – removes bacteria, particles, microorganisms with some kinds of antibiotics ̶Ultrafiltration (pores 0,001 to 0,1µm) – removes bacteria, viruses, organic substances including antibiotics ̶Nanofiltration (nanometres pores) – removes organics, ions and some types of antibiotics ̶Reverse osmosis – effective for removing a wide range of contaminants, including antibiotics, removing molecules with high molecular weight ̶ Adobe Systems 19 Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems „Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewaters by Membrane Technology". 20 How it works ̶An original fact about membrane is the division of the feed into two streams, which are permeate and retentate where both streams may be important ̶In water treatment permeate is the main product of process ̶Membrane is able to transfer one component of the feed stream easier than others because of the special properties and different relationships between the membrane and permeating components ̶ ̶ Obsah obrázku kreslené, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems 21 Experient ̶One of the main sources of ARGs is the swine wastewater treatment plant ̶Increases the efficiency of NF and RO in ARGs elimination from swine wastewater ̶Conventional biological treatment did not reduce the high abundance of ARGs in raw wastewater ̶NF and RO were effective processes to remove ARGs ̶Advanced membrane technologies could remove different kinds of ARGs efficiently ̶ Obsah obrázku snímek obrazovky, diagram, kreslené, design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems 22 Promising methods for the future ̶A combination of different technologies can provide a more efficient approach ̶Removal of antibiotics and relative toxic compounds can be used as energy generation plants to reduce WWTP costs in future ̶Development of advanced oxidation processes - photo-oxidation, Fenton reactions (catalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide) ozonation - using oxidation processes to break down organic substances, including antibiotics. ̶ Obsah obrázku osoba, Tanec, hráč Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems 23 ̶Techniques for the removal of antimicrobial resistance uses advanced technologies - anaerobic or aerobic treatment reactors, constructed wetlands, chemical disinfection, coagulation, biochar, and more recently, nanotechnology ̶ Obsah obrázku voda, osoba, tekutina, kapalina Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems Saraswat, „Application of Nano-Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment". 24 Nanotechnology ̶Metal oxide nanomaterials such as TiO2 are among the promising nanocatalysts that were tested successfully for their antimicrobial activity. ̶Nanoparticles act as delivery systems for the established antimicrobials by transporting them to the target sites ̶Examples of this include silica nanocarriers, liposomes, polymeric nanocarriers, micellar nanocarriers and many more ̶Silver-based nanomaterials, Titanium dioxide based nanomaterials, Carbon based nanomaterials ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Bora a Dutta, „Applications of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment—A Review". 25 ̶Materials only kill the cell wall of these resistance organisms and failed to penetrate into the nucleus of the cell (does not destroy the nucleic acid) ̶Surface of nucleic acids is negatively charged, the development of a nanoparticle with a positive surface charge will effectively remove this substance from wastewater by electrostatic interaction ̶ ̶ Obsah obrázku nealkoholický nápoj, snímek obrazovky, kreslené, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems 26 Conclusion ̶Photocatalysis with TiO2 is a potential and effective method for degradation of AMX in pharmaceutical wastewater ̶Since solar-photocatalysis produced promising results, it may be regarded as sustainable, low-cost, viable, and efficient green technology for the treatment of residual ATB in wastewater ̶Microbial biofilm reactors are a sustainable and efficient solution, especially in combination with other methods ̶Nanotechnology holds great promise for the future due to its ability to disrupt cell wall of resistant pathogenic microorganisms Adobe Systems 27 Thank you for your attention! Adobe Systems 28 Questions ̶What can antibiotic residues in the environment cause? ̶Increase the biodiversity of mikroorganisms ̶They are toxic for humans ̶They contribute to the spred of antibiotic resistence ̶ ̶Answer: They contribute to the spred of antibiotic resistence ̶ Adobe Systems 29 Questions ̶What are the mechanism by which biofilms help in wastewater treatment? ̶Completely decompose antibiotics ̶They leach antibiotics from the water ̶They don´t help in any way ̶ ̶Answer: They leach antibiotics from wastewater Adobe Systems 30 Questions ̶Why is the use TiO2 suitable for photocatalysis degradation? ̶Easy and quick ̶Nontoxicity, low prize ̶Scientists are lazy ̶ ̶Answer: Nontoxicity, low prize ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems 31 Questions ̶Which method seems applicable for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater? ̶Solar-photocatalysis ̶Photodegradation ̶Osmosis ̶Reverse osmosis ̶ ̶Answer: Solar-photocatalysis ̶ Adobe Systems 32 Questions ̶How does nanotechnology kill microorganims? ̶They don´t kill them and they are beneficial for microorganisms ̶They disrupt the cell wall ̶They interfere with nucleic acid ̶ ̶Answer: They disrupt the cell wall Adobe Systems 33 Questions ̶What are the advantages of biofilm reactors? ̶Allow complete elimination of antibiotic residues ̶They have no side risks ̶They are affordable and sustainable ̶ ̶Answer: They are affordable and sustainable Adobe Systems 34 Questions ̶Can organs other than the liver metabolise drugs? ̶Only liver and brain ̶Only liver ̶Any biological tissue can metabolised drugs, but liver is major ̶ ̶Answer: Any biological tissue can metabolised drugs, but liver is major ̶ Adobe Systems 35 Questions ̶Do current methods allow complete degradation of antibiotics from wastewater? ̶Yes ̶No, only experimentally ̶No, there are no methods to degrade antibiotics ̶ ̶Answer: No, only experimentally ̶ Adobe Systems 36 Questions ̶Would it be appropriate to combine methods for wastewater treatment in the future or would it be better to focus on one particular method? ̶Multiple methods will make wastewater treatment ineffective ̶It doesn´t matter, because wastewater treatent is worthless ̶Combining methods is the hope for the future ̶ ̶Answer: Combining methods is the hope for the future ̶