METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS RESEARCH
Ondřej Mulíček
Global change research methods - Human Geography
SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS ?
several perspectives on the subject in the context of human geography: diffusion / expansion of a phenomenon in time and space
	•
	
- development series / sequence of states of a given phenomenon
mobilities
rhythms of places
in.]
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SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS ?
several perspectives on the subject in the context of human geography: diffusion / expansion of a phenomenon in time and space
	•
	
- development series / sequence of states of a given phenomenon
mobilities
rhythms of places
in.]
\nr. ri y [i::-h
UNDERSTANDING MOBILE SOCIETY
functioning of contemporary society is based on flows and movements of people, artefacts, capital, information and signs on different social and geographical scales
physical movements | digital relations | communication
sedentarism nomadism
the new mobility paradigm (Urry & Sheller)
fincluding social and cultural practice in the study of mobilities / movements
adding new dimensions, approaches and methodologies to doing "mobility" research
from where to where? how long? what distance for how much? at what speed?
+
motivation? feelings? contexts? risks?
TYPES of MOBILITIES
"irreversible" flows
reversible flows / circulation    other movements / rhythms
MIGRATION
COMMUTING
OTHER EVERYDAY MOBILITIES
major migration flows in South Moravia region 2006-2010
maioi
com mil'. ih| flows in Brno metropolitan       \^ ' region 2011 ...^
06 09
15 10
number of shoppers on a typical Monday in Vankovka shopping center
large differences in data availability and validity
relatively available migration data - the problem is often capturing migration between smaller spatial units (intra-urban migration)
limited access to commuting data - often only through censuses; emphasis on work commuting
lack of data describing small, irregular or semi-regular movements for services, leisure activities, family, etc.
TYPES of MOBILITIES
"irreversible" flows
reversible flows / circulation    other movements / rhythms
MIGRATION
COMMUTING
OTHER EVERYDAY MOBILITIES
major migration flows in South Moravia region 2006-2010
maioi
com mil'. ih| flows in Brno metropolitan       \^ ' region 2011 ...^
06 09
15 10
number of shoppers on a typical Monday in Vankovka shopping center
large differences in data availability and validity
relatively available migration data - the problem is often capturing migration between smaller spatial units (intra-urban migration)
limited access to commuting data - often only through censuses; emphasis on work commuting
lack of data describing small, irregular or semi-regular movements for services, leisure activities, family, etc.
major
commuting flows in Brno metropolitan region 2011
06
TYPES of MOBILITIES
"irreversible" flows
reversible flows / circulation    other movements / rhythms
MIGRATION
COMMUTING
OTHER EVERYDAY MOBILITIES
major migration flows in South Moravia region 2006-2010
maioi
com mil'. ih| flows in Brno metropolitan       \^ ' region 2011 ...^
06 09
15 10
number of shoppers on a typical Monday in Vankovka shopping center
large differences in data availability and validity
relatively available migration data - the problem is often capturing migration between smaller spatial units (intra-urban migration)
limited access to commuting data - often only through censuses; emphasis on work commuting
lack of data describing small, irregular or semi-regular movements for services, leisure activities, family, etc.
EVERYDAY MOBILITIES
in SPACE where?
geography | town planning
spatial extent of activity spaces &
daily (urban) systems
anchor points
in TIME when?
time geography | temporal planning? chronourbanism?
timing and rhythms of daily practices
pacemakers
very often, WHERE is defined by WHEN and vice versa
Hagerstrand's time-space aquarium
authority constraints
rules, timetables, conventions
coupling constraints
coordination - synchronization / synchorization
capability constraints
biological / cognitive / technological limits
space
MOBILITY DATA
generated by researcher through surveys, interviews and experiments
place observation
travel diaries
go-along research
questionnaire survey
generated by subjects outside the research - external resources (statistical offices, government authorities,...)
timetables
commuting statistics
transportation records
data with only an indirect link to mobility - must be interpreted appropriately mobile phones locational data socja| networks data
operational data of branch companies (occupancies, activities)
TRAVEL DIARIES
individual mobility records in the form of a structured diary (sequentional order) generating "micro-data"
travel diary
start time/point end time/point distance travel mode purpose of the trip
time-use diary
time
place / locale activity with whom? other comments?
other comments?
various possibilities of visualisation
Activities at home Post office errand
Work Bank errand
Work
I Activities at home
Bank Work office place
Time-space individual path Geographical con text
Activity-oriented individual path Everyday activity context
Time
24:00 '1
OD:00
Time
24:00
Place
re
1		
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1		1
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a £ o o £ 2 ft) ~ u *3	Household care	Transportation Procure/prep food 1 Work/Education
temDOQram Work' sleeP. and Other Activities r 3 across the Day, 2021
4:00 a.m.   8:00 a.m.  12:00 p.m.     5:00 p.m.   9:00 pml2:00 a.m.
Time of Day
Time-space individual path Geographical context
Activity-oriented individual path Everyday activity context
Time
24:00 /v
12:00
00:00
Time
24:00 A
12:00
Dlt/-«i
00:00
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teiTIDOfiram Work, Sleep, and Other Activities K a across the Day, 2021
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9:00 p.m12:00a.m
4:00 a.m.   8:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.      5:00 p.m.
Time of Day
possibilities of visualisation
QUESTIONNAIRE | example
How would you rate the days of the week according to time commitment (from 1 to 5)?
1 - calm day with a slow pace, 5 - hectic day with a very fast pace
Which activity/activities most influence/drive your daily schedule?
Select important time points during the working day to which your other activities must be aligned:
1. children's departure for school
2. the start of the working/school
3. start of shop/office opening hours
4. arrival of children from school or from leisure activities
5. arrival of a partner
6. lunch together
7. dropping off children at leisure activities
8. end of working hours
9. start of own leisure activities
10. regular care of a loved one or animal
11. having dinner together
12. the start of a favourite TV or radio programme
13. other.......................
who are the people with whom you most often have to synchronize your daily non-work activities? Who needs to be flexible?
Task 1:
try to design 5 - 6 questions for a questionnaire to describe the respondent's transport to and from work
ANALYZING COMMUTING STATISTICS DATA | example
analysis of a relatively simple origin-destination matrix
delimitation of "local labour systems" based on daily work commuting flows between municipalities
RHYTHMS / RHYTHMANALYSIS
rhythms of individual everyday life | rhythms of specific place
CHRONOTOPE concept | presence of people in specific places at specific times
chronotope = inhabited place, where urban space meets the temporality of social interaction, which is regulated by public action for economical purposes (working hours), for social purposes (enabling the meeting among people and things) and for cultural purposes (local life traditions, marked in the historical and geographical features of the place).
chronotope of square chronotope of bus stop chronotope of university building
Dlace, where emporality of is regulated lomical >), for social meeting s) and for life traditions, and
the place).
re
>top
;rsity building
beer hall
PLACE-BASED RHYTHMS
temporal identity of place
6 9 12        15        IS        21        0 3
MAIN RAILWAY STATION | Wed
12 15
21
SUPERMARKET I Thu
il.
MrtMh. I
6 9 12        15        18        21 0 3 ■&
12 15 18 21
PUBLIC TRANSPORT HUB | Thu      SHOPPING PARK | Sun
frequency of Google searches for the four largest shopping centres in Brno
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Task 2:
try to outline the typical rhythm of the following types of places:
- big housing estate
- industrial factory
- suburban public transport hub
- elementary school
- parking lot in the city centre
Why it is important to know not only the spatial structure but also the temporal structure of the city?
Can knowledge of rhythms be used for city planning?
MOBILE POSITIONING DATA
mobile phones as a means of studying human mobility and rhythms of places
various methods of SIM card detection in mobile networks | data provided in aggregated and anonymised form ethical and commercial issues !!!
Solution for the Statutory City of Brno
You can only take care of a city if you know i1 well
Development and optimization of public transport
Effective planning of infrastructure development and maintenance
Crisis management planning
According to the statistical office. Brno has approximately 380,000 inhabitants. By measuring population mobility based on mobile operator
signaling data , they found out how many people actually move around the cily. The information obtained helps in effective planning of infrastructure construction, optimization of urban public transport, tourism, distribution of services and preparation of crisis management.
9
Jan Zvara,
STATUTORY CITY OF BRNO
"The data obtained from the measurements added an important piece to the mosaic of information, and thanks to this we found out exactly how many residents move in the city.'
MOBILE POSITIONING DATA
1. identification of rhythms based on the variable presence of persons in time
2. measuring event attendance
3. identification of anchor points
4. identification of mobility flows
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6H0D
1,8
12H0D
24H0D
residential areas
older residential areas
work neighbourhoods city center
(industrial) work neighbourhoods
MOBILITY PROXY DATA | examples
real-time occupancy of Globus hypermarkets in the Czech Republic
06:00 12:00 18:00 30 Nov        06:00 12:00
financial transactions by credit card in Brno, February 2017
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION