Eurocentrism and Orientalism: postcolonial critiques and imaginative geographies Postcolonial situation and psychoanalysis uFrantz Fanon uorignally from Martinique, but important in France and northern Africa ufreedom fighter, philosopher, psychiatrist uPostcolonial reworking of then important psychoanalytical concepts uSkin-ego uBlack consciousness > Obsah obrázku Lidská tvář, portrét, osoba, muž Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Birmingham school of cultural studies uBeginning in the 1960s: CCCS uWorkers‘ culture at first uCritiques of the idea of the „high culture“ uPoststructuralism and Marxism sitting together uStuart Hall uBringing postcolonial theory into it uThe imperative of the connection of Marxist critique of global capitalism and the postcolonial cultural critique uResearches of media production and media consumption primarily uDavid Morley Obsah obrázku text, plaketa, Pamětní deska, Písmo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Indian subaltern studies uStudies of Indian peasants and lower classes and castes uGayatri C. Spivak uInterest in deconstruction and its usage for postcolonial contexts uDipesh Chakrabarty uCritique of Western teleological historical thinking uProvincializing Europe uPartha Chatterjee uInterest in postcolonial nationalisms and the influence of the Empire thought on them uDavid Arnold uThe question of postcolonial thinking about nature u Obsah obrázku text, Lidská tvář, skica, kresba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Dependency theory and the uneven development Obsah obrázku text, kruh, Písmo, Grafika Popis byl vytvořen automaticky uSamir Amin uEgyptian Marxist uCapitalism and its culture = Eurocentrism uThe advocate of „delinking“ uJames Blaut uRadical geographer uThe critic of Eurocentric historical sociology uRevision of the world-history and concepts of Eurocentric diffusionism and the tunnel of time u„The diagnosis and treatment of a serious malady of the mind.“ (Blaut 1993: 215) Feminist postcolonialism uCritique of the focus on First World women only uNot only the problem of gender difference but the problem of gender difference vis-à-vis social class, race, ethnicity, caste or sexual difference uAudre Lorde u„The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House“ uFirst World women use the tools of patriarchy to opress Third World women uChandra T. Mohanty uDouble colonization uCritique of Western feminisms that see non-Western women as a unitary universal category Obsah obrázku Lidská tvář, vzor, oblečení, osoba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku Lidská tvář, osoba, oblečení, portrét Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Orientalism uEdward Said uInterest in occupied Palestine uInspiration in Foucault‘s discourse theory uContrapuntal reading uSaid‘s elaboration are both, textual and material, and both, historical and political uOrientalist imaginative geographies dramatize the distance and difference between what is close to us and what is far away. uHuge influence on human geography (and other social sciences) u Obsah obrázku Lidská tvář, osoba, oblečení, černobílá Popis byl vytvořen automaticky What is Orientalism? uAccording to Said, Orientalism is a form of intellectual domination, rooted in public (and other) discourses, that creates a dichotomy between the "civilized" West and the "exotic" Orient, perpetuating stereotypes and justifying colonial and imperial ambitions uThis framework highlights how cultural representations can serve to maintain and enforce unequal power dynamics between Western and non-Western space u 9 Obsah obrázku umění, interiér, zeď, obraz Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku obraz, obloha, strom, venku Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Orientalist imaginative geographies uImaginative constructions that dramatize the distance and difference between what is close to us and what is far away uThey fold distance into difference through a series of spatializations uFundamental practice for the process of Othering people that are supposed not to belong into “our” community u uCharacteristic of Core – Charasteric of Periphery uInventiveness – Imitativeness uRationality, intellect – Irrationality, emotion, instict uAbstract thought – Concrete thought uTheoretical reasoning – Empirical, practical reasoning uMind – Body, matter uDiscipline – Spontaneity uAdulthood – Childhood uSanity – Insanity uScience – Sorcery uProgress - Stagnation Derek Gregory (born 1951) uOne of the most important theorists in geography uPolitical, cultural, historical geographer uUniversity of Cambridge uUniversity of British Columbia uGeographical imaginations and imaginative geographies uPostmoderm transformation of geography uIntroducing Edward Said‘s postcolonial theory into geography uGeographies of war and peace uElaborations in the topic of Orientalism and war uHighly relevant today -> Palestine Obsah obrázku Lidská tvář, osoba, Brada, Čelo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, plakát, kreslené, kniha Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, pták, plakát, design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky u[Imaginative geographies] are ‘imaginative’ not only because that is what they are (they are quite literally fabrications, a word that usefully combines ‘something fictionalized’ with ‘something made’) but also because that is where they reside, concealed in the collective unconscious, where they too often fan the flames of enmity and hatred … [Through them, the] space [of ‘others’] is often seen as the inverse of ‘our’ space: a sort of negative in the photographic sense that they might develop into something like ‘us’, but also the site of absence, because ‘they’ are seen somehow to lack the positive tonalities that distinguish ‘us’. (Gregory, 2004, p. 801) How does Orientalism work? uTraditionally legitimized by the “common sense” uDiscursive, but performative uDrawing on long-term histories of intercultural contact in a political way uReal diverse non-Western people with their lives, biographies, experiences are not important for imaginative geographies uSteretypization is important uRemaking diachronic global spacetime into stable synchronic spatial segments uIdea of the single timeline of progress and stabilization of Others‘ time in the past uJustification of economic inequalities uSimon Springer: Orientalist segmentarities and stabilisations are framed not only as a process of self-affirmation but also as a denial of potentially beneficial associations with Others u Imaginative geographies of (post)colonial natures u(Post)colonial productions of space -> (post)colonial productions of nature uWestern cultural ideology of non-Western nature uNature to be dominated and domesticated uFeminization and pathologization uNurturing mother / wild, seductive, unruly siren uNeccesity to be disciplined by (ordered, rational, masculine) culture u Obsah obrázku strom, skica, rostlina, jilm Popis byl vytvořen automaticky World-as-exhibition uProduction of „spaces of constructed visibility“ uwhich are also always „spaces of constructed invisibility“ uModern rational viewing subject being able to dis-cover the „real“ order inside the chaos of the non-modern and the pre-modern uNatures typologized and taxonomized uDangerous-safe, detestable-beautiful, unnatural-natural, abnormal-normal, exotic-ordinary, polished-monstrous, intelligible-unintelligible, useless-useful uThen commodified and mathematized uStrange other natures eventually to become familiar in their very strangeness u Visual fantasies and haptic terrors uMoral geography of natures uOther natures as a paradise uOther natures as pestiliental and excessive uNoble savage / ignoble savage uThe fantasy of tropical heterotopia uTropical sublime uVisuality versus haptic sensuality u„Traders and militiamen constructed a landscape of wildness and savagery so they themselves became wild and savage: the violence of their actions mirrored the violence of their fears.“ (Gregory 2001: 107) Obsah obrázku venku, rostlina, džungle, vegetace Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Natures and war uCartography versus corpography uGenerals in front of battlemaps / soldeirs „down there“ inside dangerous, messy, detrimental (and often destroyed) nature uIt required a „re-mapping“, the improvisation of a corpography rather than a cartography, in which haptics had to be heightened uInterdepence of corporeal death and environmental death uLandscape turning into „anti-landscape“ uSoldiers to be reduced to a savage „state of nature“ by non-Western nature uSurvivors doubting their humanity because of the „inhuman“ nature of the battlefield > Obsah obrázku venku, oblečení, helma, strom Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Temperate Europe as the birthplace of progress uEnvironmental determinisms uThree primordial environmental facts: the shapes of the continents, the distribution of domesticable wild plants and animals, and the geographical barriers inhibiting the diffusion of domesticates uEurope‘s livestock to be sturdier and healthier than those of nontemperate regions uNatural determinants of plant and animal ecology as somehow determinants of human ecology uTropical climates as inimical to human activity and cultural progress uTropical heat, somehow, impedes human mental and physical activity uPeople plagued with diseases uTropical agriculture hopelessly unproductive u Obsah obrázku venku, tráva, kráva, savec Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, plakát, Leták, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky