Applied and Clinical Pharmacology

Dose adjustment in renal insufficiency, nephrotoxicity of drugs

This week we look at how to work with drug dosing in patients with renal impairment. This is one of the key skills that ensures the safety of therapy. Many drugs are excreted unchanged by the kidneys, and with a significant decline in renal function, there is a risk of accumulation, including adverse effects. This topic naturally includes the nephrotoxicity of drugs. However, the aim of this class is not just to list nephrotoxic drugs, but rather to look at the mechanisms behind nephrotoxicity and, from there, to deduce what we can do to prevent it.

Let's first study the pre-class reading - the chapter on Dose adjustment in renal insufficiency, nephrotoxicity of drugs (Chapter 4 in the scripts). The link can be found below:

Now, let's try to answer one of the questions from the beginning of the chapter:

Do you know drugs that are eliminated exclusively by the kidneys?

You have studied the topics of antibiotics, antiepileptic, and analgesics; can you name drugs from these groups that are significantly eliminated renally?

Among antibiotics, vancomycin and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin) are examples; ceftazidime is also renally excreted to a significant extent. Antivirals as acyclovir, ganciclovir and antifungals like fluconazole.

Among antiepileptics, you probably thought of levetiracetam, but also gabapentin and pregabalin.

From analgesics, morphine (here mainly morphine-3-glucuronide as one of the active metabolites) or hydromorphone.

Metformin is almost exclusively renally excreted; hence its contraindication in patients with severe renal insufficiency. 

But there are many more examples ...

Test your knowledge after studying the pre-class reading chapter. 

Try taking the ROPOT test here:

And now you can look forward to the TBL lesson where we will practice drug dose adjustments in a virtual patient.