At present, modern genetics is a combination of three original branches: classical genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics. On one hand, it studies the mechanisms of hereditary traits, and at the same time applies this knowledge to the investigation of the basic biological processes and phenomena. The doctoral study programme of Genetics at the Faculty of Science generally consists of the study of the genomes of eukaryotes in relation to the normal and pathological function of their genes. The programme focuses on both plants and animals, including man. The plant studies are especially aimed at molecular genetic analysis of genes (including alien genes), and at the investigation of their occurrence in model plants and crops (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Silene sp., Hordeum, and others.). The research on animals is directed toward the genetic structure of populations. In human populations, a particular focus is on the molecular diagnostics of pre-natal and post-natal pathological conditions by cytogenic methods, and on the detection of genetic factors associated with some polygenetically-based disorders.

During their first year, graduates in General and Molecular Genetics acquire a broad-based theoretical knowledge, including methodology of biological sciences, biostatistics, risk analysis, environmental protection, biotechnology, etc. For the entire standard period of studies, each student takes courses that deepen their knowledge in the field of genetics, especially as concerns the subject of their doctoral thesis. These specialized lectures and courses prepare graduates for an independent application of knowledge and methods in research work. The study programme is also aimed at enhancing the ability of graduates to publish their results and to lecture at seminars and scientific fora both in Czech and English languages.