GE091 Mineralogy and Geochemistry for Chemists

Faculty of Science
Autumn 2002
Extent and Intensity
2/0. 2 credit(s) (fasci plus compl plus > 4). Type of Completion: graded credit.
Teacher(s)
doc. RNDr. Zdeněk Losos, CSc. (lecturer)
Guaranteed by
doc. RNDr. Rostislav Melichar, Dr.
Department of Geological Sciences – Earth Sciences Section – Faculty of Science
Contact Person: Běla Hrbková
Prerequisites (in Czech)
Předmět je určen především pro posluchače odborné chemie. Předpokladem jsou znalosti chemie, fyziky a mineralogie v rozsahu středoškolské látky.
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is also offered to the students of the fields other than those the course is directly associated with.
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
there are 24 fields of study the course is directly associated with, display
Course objectives
1/ Introduction to mineralogy and geochemistry History of the mineralogy and geochemistry, literature. Mineralogy and geochemistry in Earth-s sciences. 2/ Morphological crystallography Crystal. Elements of crystal morphology (faces,crystal forms). Crystallographic coordinate systems. Indexing of crystal faces (according to Miller, Weiss). Measurement of the angles of crystals, goniometers. Crystallographic principles. Elements of morphological symmetry of crystals, symmetry operations, the 32 point groups. Crystal classes (crystal axis systems, crystal forms). Crystal form and habitus, crystalline aggregates. Twinning, pseudosymetrie, pseudomorphie. 3/ Structural crystallography Crystal and properties of its growth. Nucleation. Defects of growth mechanismus. Compositional zoning. Effects of temperature and pressure on crystal growth. Lattice symmetries, unit cells, symmetry operations of lattices. The 14 types of Bravais cells, the 230 space groups. X-ray crystallography (diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, powder difractometers, identification of powder patterns, refinement of lattice parameters). 4/ Chemical mineralogy The model of the atom, ions, chemical bondings, the ionic structures and properties of ionic crystals. The covalent model, the mettalic bond model and their properties, the molecular structures. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Calculation of chemical formulas from the mineral analysis. 5/ Physical mineralogy Color and streak, luster and transparency, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, density, hardness, magnetism, fluorescence and radioactivity. Properties depending upon light. The behavior of light in minerals. Refractive index. Relationships between optical properties and symmetry. Isotropic minerals. Optical properties of uniaxial minerals. Optical properties of biaxial minerals. 6/ Descriptive mineralogy a/ Introduction to descriptive mineralogy (crystallochemical classification of minerals, mineralogical nomenclature, mineral, variety) b/ The native elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Fe, As, Sb, diamond, graphite, S) c/ Sulfides: tetrahedral (sphalerite, chalcopyrite), octahedral (galena, pyrrhotite, niccolite), with unusual coordination (molybdenite, cinnabar, argentite), complex sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, stibnite, tetraedrite, proustite, pyrargyrite, realgar, orpigment) d/ The halide minerals (halite, sylvite, carnallite, fluorite, cryolite) e/ Oxides and hydroxides: tetrahedral ( the SiO2 minerals, periclase), oktahedral (hematite, corundum, ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite, mixed tetrahedral and octahedral (magnetite, spinel, chromite), cubic (uraninite). Goethite, lepidocrokite, diaspore, boehmite, limonite, bauxite. f / The sulfate minerals: anhydrous (anhydrite, baryte), hydrous (gypsum, chalcanthite, melanterite, epsomite, alunite) g/ Carbonates: calcite structure type (calcite, magnesite, siderite), dolomite structure type (dolomite, ankerite), aragonite structure type (aragonite, cerussite), other structures (malachite, azurite) h/ Nitrates (nitratite, niter) ch/ Chromates and molybdates: scheelite, wolframite i/ Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates: xenotime, monazite, apatite, pyromorphite, j/ The silicate minerals: network silicates(feldspars, feldspatoides, beryl), layer silicates (talc, muscovite, kaolinite), chain silicates (pyroxenes and amphiboles), ring silicates (turmalines), single tetrahedral structures (olivine group, garnet group, titanite, topaz, zircon) 7/ Geochemistry Geochemical processes in Earth-s crust (magmatic, metamorphic and weathering) Antropogenic influence on chemical development of Earth-s crust
Syllabus
  • Introduction to mineralogy and geochemistry. History of the mineralogy and geochemistry, literature. Mineralogy and geochemistry in Earth-s sciences. Crystal. Elements of crystal morphology (faces,crystal forms). Crystallographic coordinate systems. Indexing of crystal faces (according to Miller, Weiss). Measurement of the angles of crystals, goniometers. Crystallographic principles. Elements of morphological symmetry of crystals, symmetry operations, the 32 point groups. Crystal classes (crystal axis systems, crystal forms). Crystal form and habitus, crystalline aggregates. Twinning, pseudosymetrie, pseudomorphie. Crystal and properties of its growth. Nucleation. Defects of growth mechanismus. Compositional zoning. Effects of temperature and pressure on crystal growth. Lattice symmetries, unit cells, symmetry operations of lattices. The 14 types of Bravais cells, the 230 space groups. X-ray crystallography (diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, powder difractometers, identification of powder patterns, refinement of lattice parameters). Chemical mineralogy - The model of the atom, ions, chemical bondings, the ionic structures and properties of ionic crystals. The covalent model, the mettalic bond model and their properties, the molecular structures. Crystal chemistry of minerals. Calculation of chemical formulas from the mineral analysis. Physical mineralogy (color and streak, luster and transparency, cleavage, fracture, tenacity, density, hardness, magnetism, fluorescence and radioactivity). Properties depending upon light. The behavior of light in minerals. Refractive index. Relationships between optical properties and symmetry. Isotropic minerals. Optical properties of uniaxial minerals. Optical properties of biaxial minerals. Introduction to descriptive mineralogy (crystallochemical classification of minerals, mineralogical nomenclature, mineral, variety) The native elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Fe, As, Sb, diamond, graphite, S) Sulfides: tetrahedral (sphalerite, chalcopyrite), octahedral (galena, pyrrhotite, niccolite), with unusual coordination (molybdenite, cinnabar, argentite), complex sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, stibnite, tetraedrite, proustite, pyrargyrite, realgar, orpigment) The halide minerals (halite, sylvite, carnallite, fluorite, cryolite) Oxides and hydroxides: tetrahedral ( the SiO2 minerals, periclase), oktahedral (hematite, corundum, ilmenite, rutile, cassiterite, mixed tetrahedral and octahedral (magnetite, spinel, chromite), cubic (uraninite). Goethite, lepidocrokite, diaspore, boehmite, limonite, bauxite. The sulfate minerals: anhydrous (anhydrite, baryte), hydrous (gypsum, chalcanthite, melanterite, epsomite, alunite) Carbonates: calcite structure type (calcite, magnesite, siderite), dolomite structure type (dolomite, ankerite), aragonite structure type (aragonite, cerussite), other structures (malachite, azurite) Nitrates (nitratite, niter) Chromates and molybdates: scheelite, wolframite Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates: xenotime, monazite, apatite, pyromorphite, The silicate minerals: network silicates(feldspars, feldspatoides, beryl), layer silicates (talc, muscovite, kaolinite), chain silicates (pyroxenes and amphiboles), ring silicates (turmalines), single tetrahedral structures (olivine group, garnet group, titanite, topaz, zircon) Introduction to geochemistry Geochemical processes in Earth-s crust (magmatic, metamorphic and weathering) Antropogenic influence on chemical development of Earth-s crust
Literature
  • SLAVÍK, František, Jiří NOVÁK and Jaroslav KOKTA. Mineralogie. 5. přeprac. a dopl. vyd. Praha: Academia, 1974, 486 s. info
  • Geochemie. Edited by Vladimír Bouška. Praha: Academia, 1980, 555 s. URL info
  • BOUŠKA, Vladimír and Pavel KAŠPAR. Speciální optické metody : studium minerálů v procházejícím světle. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 1983, 198 s. info
Assessment methods (in Czech)
Přednášky. Jako ukončení doporučen klasifikovaný zápočet.
Language of instruction
Czech
Follow-Up Courses
Further comments (probably available only in Czech)
The course is taught annually.
The course is taught: every week.
The course is also listed under the following terms Autumn 2007 - for the purpose of the accreditation, Autumn 2010 - only for the accreditation, Autumn 2004, Autumn 2005, Autumn 2006, Autumn 2007, Autumn 2008, Autumn 2009, Autumn 2010, Autumn 2011, Autumn 2011 - acreditation, Autumn 2012, Autumn 2013, Autumn 2014, Autumn 2015, Autumn 2016, autumn 2017, Autumn 2018, Autumn 2019, Autumn 2020, autumn 2021, Autumn 2022, Autumn 2023, Autumn 2024.
  • Enrolment Statistics (Autumn 2002, recent)
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