G8581 Hydrogeochemistry

Faculty of Science
Spring 2004
Extent and Intensity
2/1. 3 credit(s) (fasci plus compl plus > 4). Type of Completion: zk (examination).
Teacher(s)
doc. Ing. Jiří Faimon, Dr. (lecturer)
Guaranteed by
doc. RNDr. Rostislav Melichar, Dr.
Department of Geological Sciences – Earth Sciences Section – Faculty of Science
Contact Person: Běla Hrbková
Prerequisites (in Czech)
! G8580 Hydrogeochemistry
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is also offered to the students of the fields other than those the course is directly associated with.
The capacity limit for the course is 32 student(s).
Current registration and enrolment status: enrolled: 0/32, only registered: 0/32, only registered with preference (fields directly associated with the programme): 0/32
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
Course objectives
The course gives advanced knowledge in the field of aqueous geochemistry. It focuses on the forms and distribution of dissolved components, acid-base equilibrium, carbonate systems, and oxidation/reduction processes in nature waters. The origin and composition of lithogenic waters are demonstrated on thermodynamic and kinetic models of rock-water system. Hydrologic cycles and the individual parts of hydrosphere (atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater, seawater) are discussed.
Syllabus
  • Thermodynamics of rock-water systems: Thermodynamic functions. Dependencies of Gibbs' energy, entropy, and Gibbs' energy changes on reaction advancement. Quartz-water system. Distance from equilibrium. Saturation index.

    Kinetics of processes in rock-water system: Rate constants, steady states, influences of temperature, mixing, and surface area, potential barrier, TST theory, dynamic equilibrium.

    Chemical and physical properties of water: Water structure. Bonds, electronegativity, partial charges. Dissolution of solids. Dissolution of gasses (partial pressure, Henry's law, dependency of Henry's constant on temperature). Dissolution of O2, N2, CO2.

    Forms of dissolved components: Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, true and colloid solutions, suspensions. Simple ions, complexes, ion pairs, organic complexes.

    Expression of concentrations: Activities. Standard states. Molar and weight concentrations, mg/l, ppm, ppb, mol/l, equivalents. Iont strength. Activity coefficients. Graphic expression of composition.

    Acido-basic reactions: Water dissociation. pH, instrumentation, electrodes. Balances, electroneutrality. Salinity and alkalinity. Palmer's clasification.

    Carbonate system: Carbon dioxide. Partial pressures. Carbonic acid. Dissociation. Carbonate species. Calcite dissolution. Equilibrium constants. Distribution coefficients. Closed and opened systems. Acido-basic titration. Buffering. Gran's titration.

    Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb systems: Aqueous solutions, forms of species, distribution and stability as function of pH.

    Oxidation and reduction: Gibbs' energy, Faraday's constant, electro-chemical potentials, Nernst's equation, redox potential, mixed potentials, electron activity. Instrumentation, electrodes, hydrogen electrode. Eh-pH diagrams. Fe, Mn, N, S systems.

    Types, evolutions and classifications of natural waters: Box-models (Reservoirs, fluxes, residence and response times, geologic and hydrologic cycles). Atmospheric water (Resources, composition, pH, origin. Vapor tension, humidity, dew point. Aerosols, wet and dry deposition, precipitation, rainwater mineralization. Evaporation, transpiration, evapo-transpiration). Surface waters (mass balances, catch area). Sub-surface waters (Surface and sub-surface outflow, soil and subterranean water, un-saturated zone, hanged and buttressed capillary water, saturated zone, mineralization). Seawater (Chemical and isotopic composition, origin, properties, steady states of individual elements. Carbonate compensation depth). Lithogenic waters (Waters of acid aluminosilicate rocks. Waters of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Karst waters. Waters of sandstones and marlstones). Other types of waters (Endogenous waters, fossil (juvenile) waters. Brackish waters. Pore waters. Metamorphic, volcanic, and magmatic waters. Mining waters. Waters of ores, slag heaps, and setting pits).

Literature
  • DREVER, James I. The Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Prentice Hall, 1997, 450 pp. ISBN 0-13-272790-0. info
  • APPELO, C.A.J. and D. POSTMA. Geochemistry, Groundwater and Polution. 1st ed. Rotterdam/Brookfield: A.A.Balkema, 1994, 519 pp. ISBN 905410 106 7. info
  • STUMM, Werner and James J. MORGAN. Aquatic chemistry : chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995, xvi, 1022. ISBN 0-471-51184-6-. info
  • Aquatic surface chemistry : chemical processes at the particle-water interface. Edited by Werner Stumm. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987, xix, 520. ISBN 0471829951. info
Language of instruction
Czech
Further Comments
The course is taught annually.
The course is taught: every week.
Listed among pre-requisites of other courses
The course is also listed under the following terms Spring 2011 - only for the accreditation, Spring 2003, Spring 2005, Spring 2007, Spring 2009, Spring 2011, spring 2012 - acreditation, Spring 2013, Spring 2015, Spring 2017, Spring 2019, Spring 2021, Spring 2022, Spring 2024.
  • Enrolment Statistics (Spring 2004, recent)
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