Task 1

Read the original text and both paraphrases. Then decide which rendition is better.

1. Sometimes, the cognitive changes associated with aging become clinically significant and severe enough to compromise social and daily life functioning.

   
   (Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.00710/full)

2. The increasing level of competition in international markets, and particularly from businesses in the Far East, has forced UK firms to reduce their costs. Delayering the organisational structure is one way on which costs have been lowered.

   
   (Source: Surridge M., Gillespie A. 2004. AS Business Studies, Hodder Arnold Education, London)

3. “DALLAS (Reuters) – Holy Bargain, Batman! The original Batmobile fetched $137,000 at auction on Saturday, a small fraction of the $4.2 million that a buyer paid last year for another version built for the television show that aired during the 1960s.”

   
   (Source: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/examples-of-paraphrasing/)

4. Because the intracellular concentration of potassium ions is relatively high, potassium ions tend to diffuse out of the cell. This movement is driven by the concentration gradient for potassium ions. Similarly, the concentration gradient for sodium ions tends to promote their movement into the cell. However, the cell membrane is significantly more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions. As a result, potassium ions diffuse out of the cell faster than sodium ions enter the cytoplasm. The cell therefore experiences a net loss of positive charges, and as a result the interior of the cell membrane contains an excess of negative charges, primarily from negatively charged proteins.

   
   (Source: https://ori.hhs.gov/examples-paraphrasing-good-and-bad)

5. "Because building on the work of others is one of the defining characteristics of academic writing, academic writers have developed standard systems that clearly identify where specific ideas came from, and that direct other interested persons to these same sources" (Taylor, 2003, p. 186).

   
   (Source: https://umanitoba.ca/sites/default/files/2020-07/paraphrasing.pdf)

6. Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-by-hour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)

   
   (Source: https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quotingsources/)