FSS:MVZ164 Obj., Truth and Sc. in IR - Course Information

MVZ164 Objectivity, Truth and Science in International Relations

Extent and Intensity

1/1/0. 5 credit(s). Type of Completion: zk (examination).

Teacher(s)

PhDr. Michal Kořan, Ph.D. (lecturer)

Guaranteed by

PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D.
Department of International Relations and European Studies – Faculty of Social Studies
Contact Person: Olga Cídlová, DiS.

Timetable

Mon 16:00–17:40 U35

Course Enrolment Limitations

The course is only offered to the students of the study fields the course is directly associated with.

fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with

there are 9 fields of study the course is directly associated with, display

Course objectives

Contemporary world, or its part at least that we are accustomed to label as western, is not very merciful to anything, what does not have characters of plurality, tolerance, openness and diversity. Science, which enjoys immeasurable social authority, has nevertheless grown up from different intellectual background: from tradition of orthodox philosophy, which did not consider the conflict of opinions to be a sign of vitality, but a sign of failure or even heresy. The reality, that there has been a tension between pluralistic outer world and the rigid scientific one for a longer time, is evident from thinking of M. Foucalta, P. Winche, F. Lyotarda, P. Feyerabenda and many others. The thesis of transcendental credibility of scientific knowledge has been constantly challenged by skeptics; right to moral hegemony of science has always been debatable as well (Harre, 1986: 1) The discipline of international relations has not been excluded from this tension as it was obvious from „big debate" among traditionalists and scientists in postwar years, or among positivists and post- positivists in the eightieths and in the ninetieths. Thus the following questions have been emerging for a long time: Does the science have its universal point? What is that if we say “scientific discipline”? Has the ideal of science been changing? Should the scientist interpret, evaluate or change his surroundings? If he should interpret – how he knows what he should interpret? If he should evaluate - how he knows according to what he should evaluate? If he should change – how he knows what and how to change? Is an objective knowledge possible? If yes – what should be done with it? If not – what to do next? Does knowledge reflect reality or our inner attitude towards surroundings? Is the science a tool for power or is it a mean to its overcoming? Have the science as it was defined by the Enlightenment reached its mission? What the potential of science lies in and where is it already depleted? What about Hans Morgenthaus opinion? Is the academic discipline of the international relations a science? If yes, why and what arises from that? Why the theory and the methodology exist? What is behind their origin? How their function has been changing? Why we think of international politics in theoretical means at all? Is it useful or limiting? The aim of the course is to extend critical thinking of students about their own discipline, to show, that the questions mentioned in previous paragraph have been in the centre of the scientific research in all circumstances and as such they are in the centre of the international relations as well. Every (social) scientist has to answer these questions, no matter if he is susceptible of this possibility or not. The course will focus on the origins of modern social science, on the transformations of its ideals and on the way, how these changes have influenced the research of international policy. The course is drawn up to (1) take into account the social context of the origin of certain conceptions, however to (2) demonstrate their fundamental and indisputable relationship with the previous ones as well. At the end of this course, students should not only acquire and extend their critical thinking basis. Student should be capable to look behind the disciplinary limits as well and to recognize the main philosophical, historical and social influences on the ways of thinking about the international policy („ Thinking outside the Box").

Syllabus

• 1. Course introduction - structure and goals 2. The medieval scientific ideal and its relationship to theology: science will be introduced in its subordinate relationship to religion not aspiring on obtaining universal and unexceptionable knowledge, science as practical supplement of the universal core of theology. The “Gods peace” thesis as the theological way of dealing with the dilemma of war. 3. The success of natural science and the impeachment of the theological universalism: the anti-realist empirical and rationalistic reversal of Enlightenment, the success of natural science to determine „undisputable" laws governing the nature, the human intellect as a tool for impeachment of theological doctrines, the human intellect as a tool for determination of the truth, the reformulation of the scientific ideal – science, redeemer of the mankind, the “Perpetual peace” thesis as rationalistic way of dealing with the dilemma of war (Immanuel Kant, J. Benthem), the failure of rationalism to offer a vital alternative to theological universalism, the interpretation of empiricism, the positivism and the objective knowledge as a guarantee of progress and social system (T. Hume), science as a guarantee of solving military disputes and the international co-operation. 4. The universalism and anti-realism in the philosophy of science: the beginnings of the logical positivism, the philosophy as a „mucker" of road for the scientific knowledge, the theory as a scientific work basis, the first critiques of „absolutism" of the scientific knowledge (to. R. Popper), the science as an occupation (M. Weber). 5. The infiltration of positivistic philosophy of the social sciences to the international relations, the behaviorism and its influence on the social sciences, the behaviorism versus realism as a fundamental conflict dealing with the nature of the academic discipline of the IR, the transformation of the research agenda of the IR positivism regarding the influence of positivism 6. The anti-enlightenment and romanticism: the science as a tool for dominance and oppression, the methods of natural science as being unable to face social problems, the anti-enlightenment attitudes as ideological origins of the contemporary „post- positivist", the relativism (J. G. Hamann), the sectionalism (Montesquieu), the foundations of the interpretative tradition (G. Vico), Hans Morgenthau and his negative attitude towards science, Michael Oakeshott and anti- rationalism, the policy as a „wisdom" versus the amoral science. 7. The interpretative tradition and the language reversal: Max Weber and the method of understanding, L. Wittgenstein and the language reversal, Peter Winch as a propagator of philosophy instead of science of society, Ernst Haas and Karl Deutsch as initiators of the interpretative tradition in the IR, the constructivism, the attempts to connect constructivism with positivism. 8. The postmodernism as an impeachment of the universality of the scientific knowledge: Jean Francois Lyotard and science as a „meta-story", the refusal of science as an objective tool for recognition of reality, science as a power tool, the influence of this reversal on thinking about the international policy, the deconstruction of sovereignty and anarchy, 9. The pragmatism: Is the truth based on an agreement in community or is it an objective category? How to solve insolvable? Not so solve … William James, John Dewey and the philosophical pragmatism, the relational knowledge and the empiricism in the pragmatic interpretation, Thomas Kuhn and science as a sequence of intellectual revolutions, neo-pragmatism of R. Rorty, the natural attitude towards knowledge by A. Fine. 10. The scientific realism: the scientific realism as an alternative to positivism – R. Bhaskar, R. Putnam, Is the science able to have sense, if scientific theories do not refer to the real entities in the outer reality? Why is the empiricism insufficient and dangerous? Does the pragmatism lead to moral relativism? 11. The pragmatism versus the scientific realism and the research of the IR: the influence of the pragmatic and the scientific-realistic philosophy on the IR research (F. Kratochwil, A. Wendt, C. Wight). 12. The social epistemology: Dealing with all the skepticism – Are we able to develop our means of recognition at all? Is the epistemology progressive? Does it work without the conscious reflection? Are the norms of knowledge objective or do they come out from the social consensus? T. Fuller 13. A look in future: the courage not to know or the courage to impeach?

Literature

• JAMES, Williams. Pragmatismus. Nové jméno pro staré způsoby myšlení. Brno: CDK, 2003. info
• POTTER, Garry. The philosophy of social science : new perspectives. 1st pub. Harlow: Prentice-Hall, 2000, ix, 256. ISBN 0582369746. info
• BARNES, Barry and David BLOOR. Scientific Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. info
• BHASKAR, Roy. A Realist Theory of Science. Leeds: Leeds Books, 1979. info

Assessment methods

The sense of this course lies in combination of interpretation and discussion on given topics, whereas bigger relevance will be put on discussion. It is assumed, that students are familiarized with common characteristics of discussed issues before certain lectures. The main presumption of purposeful graduation is an active participation during seminars as well. Fulfillment of both conditions will demand individual preparation for every session based upon study of obligatory bibliography. The major part of texts (approximately 250 pages for whole semester, i.e. around 20 pages for one week) will be in English language. This poses special demands on language skills of students. The course by its scope and demandingness requires at least basic orientation in history and theories of the international relations. There will be two texts assigned for every session - the first one covering general philosophy or history of science, the second one indicating reflection of certain philosophic impulse within international relations. These texts will serve as background for preparation paper (short summary, critical reflection, eventually questions) to the extent of one page at least. The preparation paper must be submitted till midnight the day before the course at latest. The elaboration itself does not mean a self-evident acceptance. The preparation paper has to prove consistent and critical study of text. Those students, whose 9 preparations will be accepted and who will fulfill 70% of attendance at least will obtain graded credit. Supposing 13 sessions for semester this means 9 attendances. Graduation of the course is not conditioned by elaboration of seminar paper or by passing final test. The course will be taught as one lecture and one seminar following.

Language of instruction

Czech

Further comments (probably available only in Czech)

Study Materials
The course is taught annually.

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