C5982 Organic chemistry in archaeology, protection of collection funds and muzeology

Faculty of Science
Spring 2024
Extent and Intensity
2/0/0. 2 credit(s) (plus extra credits for completion). Type of Completion: k (colloquium).
Teacher(s)
Mgr. Ing. Lubomír Prokeš, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. Mgr. Karel Novotný, Ph.D. (alternate examiner)
Guaranteed by
doc. Mgr. Karel Novotný, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry – Chemistry Section – Faculty of Science
Supplier department: Department of Chemistry – Chemistry Section – Faculty of Science
Prerequisites (in Czech)
pro zájemce se znalostí základních chemických kurzů
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is offered to students of any study field.
Course objectives
Lectures deal with organic substances that can be found in objects of cultural heritage and are used in the process of their conservation-restoration, their changes and instrumental analytical methods that can be used for their analyses.
Learning outcomes
Students gain basic information about 1. types of natural and artificial organic substances that can be found in objects of cultural heritage and are used in the process of their conservation-restoration. 2. changes and transformations of these components under various conditions (temperature, time, etc.), their thermodynamics and kinetics, usage for artifacts dating. 3. methods of identification and determination of these substances and their degradation products.
Syllabus
  • 1.Orientation investigations (solubility, flame proofs, colour tests)
  • INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
  • 2.Thermal analysis: TG, DTA, DSC.
  • 3.Spectral methods: UV-VIS, FTIR, Raman spectrometry, microscopy, fluorimetry, NMR, mass spectrometry (MS, pyMS, MS-MS, MALDI-TOF, DESI-MS, FAB-MS, AMS).
  • 4.Separation methods: extraction (ultrasound, Soxhlet, microwaves), head space, water-vapour distillation, chromatography (PC, TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, HPTLC), electrophoresis (gel electrophoresis, CE).
  • 5. Derivatization methods for GC a LC. Joining of separation and spectral methods: GC-MS, 2d GC-MS, GC-MS-MS, HT-GC-MS, pyrolysis (laser micropyrolysis),thermochemolysis with GC-MS, GC-ir-MS; HPLC-MS.
  • 6.Immunochemical methods (RIA, FIA, ELISA), polyclonic and monoclonic antibodies, immunoelectrophoresis.
  • 7.Electrochemical methods: cyclic and square wave voltametry
  • 8.Detection of contamination (squalane, phthalates), result processing, quantification.
  • ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY
  • 9.Proteins
  • Composition and structure of, classification, physical properties. Proteins in archaeological material (meat, milk, blood), exploitation of proteins in fine arts.
  • 10.DNA
  • Structure and physical properties, DNA kinds (nuclear, mitochondrial), microbial DNA, fossil DNA, exploitation in archaeology and anthropology. DNA reactions.
  • 11.Sugars, polysacharides and lignine
  • Assignment and most important sacharides. Sacharides in nature, exploitation in fine arts.
  • 12.Lipids
  • Composition and structure (glycerides-MK+glycerol, sterols), animal and plant lipids, drying and non-drying oils, fats, characteristic fatty acids. Occurrence in archaeological material, exploitation in fine arts, interaction between oil films and inorganic pigments.
  • 13.Wax, carnauba wax,; ozokerite and ceresine. Occurrence in archaeological material, exploitation in fine arts.
  • 14.Carbohydrates and resins
  • Bitumen (steranes, terpenes, aromatic carbohydrates) – parafin and ceresine; graphite; coal, lignite, sapropelite, gagate – extractable substances. Diterpenic and triterpenic resins. Amber, colophonya, copal; shellac and Japanese varnish. Polyisoprenoides (rubber and guta-percha).
  • 15.Organic biomarkers
  • Biomarkers in archaeology: feacal biomarkers, sediment analysis. Occurrence in archaeological material. Biomarkers in cultural heritage protection, bacterial biomarkers. Pollution deposits on stone objects.
  • 16.Organic dyes
  • Dye classification, chromophores; natural and synthetic dyes. Degradation of pigments. Hybrid materials (may blue).
  • 17. Halogenated carbohydrates
  • Chlorinated phenols and cresols (biocides), DDT, HCH (insecticides), occurrence in museum exhibits.
Literature
  • Mills, J. S. – White, R. Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects. 2d ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
  • Zelinger, J. – Heidingsfeld, V. – Kotlík, P. – Šimůnková, E. Chemie v práci konzervátora a restaurátora. 2. vyd., Academia, 1987.
  • Campbell Pedersen, M. Gems and Ornamental Materials of Organic Origin. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
  • Stuart, B. H. Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation. Wiley, 2007
  • Langenheim, J.H. Plant Resins. Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology and Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 2003.
  • GOFFER, Zvi. Archaeological Chemistry. 2nd. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2007, 656 pp. ISBN 978-0-471-25288-7. info
Teaching methods
lectures
Assessment methods
colloquium
Language of instruction
Czech
The course is also listed under the following terms Autumn 2010 - only for the accreditation, Autumn 2008, Autumn 2009, Autumn 2010, Autumn 2011, Autumn 2011 - acreditation, Autumn 2013, Autumn 2014, Autumn 2015, Autumn 2016, autumn 2017, Autumn 2018, Autumn 2019, Spring 2021, autumn 2021, Spring 2022, Autumn 2022, Spring 2023, Autumn 2023, Autumn 2024.
  • Enrolment Statistics (Spring 2024, recent)
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