VLFA07212p Pharmacology I - lecture

Faculty of Medicine
autumn 2024
Extent and Intensity
2/0/0. 2 credit(s). Type of Completion: k (colloquium).
In-person direct teaching
Teacher(s)
doc. MUDr. Regina Demlová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. PharmDr. Jan Juřica, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Petra Amchová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. RNDr. Ladislava Bartošová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MVDr. Eva Dražanová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Jana Kubátová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. Mgr. MVDr. Leoš Landa, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MUDr. Alena Máchalová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MUDr. Jana Nováková, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MUDr. Jana Pistovčáková, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. PharmDr. Jana Rudá, Ph.D. (lecturer)
PharmDr. Jitka Rychlíčková, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Barbora Říhová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
PharmDr. Lenka Součková, Ph.D. (lecturer)
prof. MUDr. Dalibor Valík, Ph.D., DABCC (lecturer)
doc. PharmDr. Ondřej Zendulka, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Marta Vyoralová (assistant)
Renata Bláblová (assistant)
PharmDr. Adéla Bártová (alternate examiner)
PharmDr. Valentína Focková, PhD. (alternate examiner)
Carlos Daniel Ferreira Fonseca, MSc. (alternate examiner)
PharmDr. Mária Hricková (alternate examiner)
Mgr. Petr John (alternate examiner)
Mgr. Martina Vranková (alternate examiner)
Mgr. Nina Zemanová, Ph.D. (alternate examiner)
PharmDr. Eva Klásková (assistant)
Guaranteed by
doc. MUDr. Regina Demlová, Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology – Theoretical Departments – Faculty of Medicine
Contact Person: Mgr. Barbora Říhová, Ph.D.
Supplier department: Department of Pharmacology – Theoretical Departments – Faculty of Medicine
Timetable
Mon 16. 9. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 23. 9. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 30. 9. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 7. 10. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 14. 10. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 21. 10. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 4. 11. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 11. 11. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 18. 11. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 25. 11. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 2. 12. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 9. 12. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 16. 12. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost, Mon 6. 1. 18:00–19:40 Virtuální místnost
Prerequisites (in Czech)
VLPF0622p Pathophysiology II - lecture && VLPA0622c Pathology - practice
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is also offered to the students of the fields other than those the course is directly associated with.
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
Course objectives
The aims of the course are:
to explain the basic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes and principles
to describe the factors that influence the drug effect
provide an overview of drugs affecting ANS, hormonal treatment, analgesics and anesthetics
Learning outcomes
Student after the course:
knows basic pharmacodynamic principles
knowns basic pharmacokinetic principles
knows basic factors that influence the effect of drugs
knows drugs affecting ANS, hormonal treatment, analgesics, and drugs used in CBO
Syllabus
  • VLFA0721p - Pharmacology I - Lectures

    General medicine

    Autumn semester

  • 1. PHARMACOLOGY AND ITS SUB-BRANCHES
  • Definition of pharmacology and its sub-branches of pharmacology. Drug, medical product – basic pharmacological terminology. Sources of research and development of new drugs. Principles of correct drug use – types of pharmacotherapy and rational pharmacotherapy.
  • 2. OVERVIEW OF DRUG DOSAGE FORMS, ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
  • Classification and overview of drug dosage forms for ready-made production and individual preparation. Drug dosage forms with controlled release. Classification of routes of administration.
  • 3. DRUG DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE, BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
  • Drug discovery. Preclinical and clinical drug testing. Marketing authorisation.
  • 4. PHARMACOKINETICS I
  • General principles of drug's fate in the organism. Overview of the basic pharmacokinetic processes and parameters.
  • 5. PHARMACOKINETICS II
  • Single, continual and repeated drug administration. Principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Compartment models. Fundamentals of population pharmacokinetics.
  • 6. PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • Mechanisms of drugs effects – classification, examples. Receptor theory – types of ligands and receptors. Change in drug effect after repeated administration.
  • 7. FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG'S EFFECTS
  • Classification, overview and examples of factors affecting drug effects. Fundamentals of pharmacogenetics.
  • 8. PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND DRUG'S SAFETY
  • Adverse effects of drugs - classification and characteristics. Pharmacovigilance in clinical research and practice. Therapeutic index, therapeutic range. Drug anamnesis, polypharmacy and introduction to drug interactions.
  • 9. PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - INTRODUCTION, SYMPATHOTROPIC DRUGS
  • Overview of pharmacology of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system – neurotransmission, receptors. Basic indications of substances affecting sympathetic NS.
  • 10. PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - CHOLINERGIC DRUGS, SPASMOLYTIC DRUGS, MYORELAXANTS
  • Basic indications of substances affecting parasympathetic NS. Definition and use of spasmolytic and myorelaxant drugs.
  • 11. GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALOCORTICOIDS, IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY - IMMUNOSUPRESSIVES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS, TARGETED TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT OF HYPO/HYPERTHYROIDISM.
  • Overview of systemic and locally administered adrenocortical hormones, therapeutic uses. Overview of drugs used to influence immune system function - classification, therapeutic use and basic pharmacological characteristics. Overview of targeted drugs used in the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Drugs used in the therapy of thyroid disease.
  • 12. ANALGESIC DRUGS, PHARMACOTHERAPY OF MIGRAINE AND GOUT
  • Classification of analgesic drugs. Basic pharmacological characteristics and examples of use of opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesic-antipyretic drugs. Basic principles of pain therapy, coanalgesics. Drugs used in the therapy of migraine, gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • 13. DRUGS OF DISEASES WITH CHRONIC PULMONARY OBSTRUCTION, H 1/-ANTIHISTAMINES
  • Effects of histamine and how to antagonize it. Classification of H1-antihistamines. Pharmacological review of drugs used in the therapy of diseases with chronic pulmonary obstruction.
  • 14. PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DIABETES MELLITUS
  • Insulins and anti-diabetic drugs – classification and basic pharmacological characteristics.
  • 15. PHARMACOLOGY OF HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY HORMONES AND SEX HORMONES
  • Analogues and antagonists FSH, LH. Oestrogens, antioestrogens, gestagens, antigestagens, androgens, and antiandrogens basic pharmacological characteristics. Uterotonics and tocolytics.
Literature
    required literature
  • RITTER, James, R. J. FLOWER, Graeme HENDERSON, Yoon Kong LOKE, David J. MACEWAN, Emma S. J. ROBINSON and James FULLERTON. Rang & Dale's pharmacology / James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, Graeme Henderson, Yoon Kong Loke, David MacEvan, Emma Robinson, James Fullerton. Tenth edition. London: Elsevier, 2024, xvii, 850. ISBN 9780323873963. info
  • Landa Leoš, Jan Juřica, Kristýna Nosková, Ondřej Zendulka: Vybrané kapitoly z obecné farmakologie pro studenty všeobecného a zubního lékařství na LF MU. Multimediální podpora výuky klinických a zdravotnických oborů :: Portál Lékařské fakulty Masarykovy
    recommended literature
  • RITTER, James, R. J. FLOWER, Graeme HENDERSON, Yoon Kong LOKE, David J. MACEWAN and H. P. RANG. Rang and Dale's pharmacology. Ninth edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2020, xvi, 789. ISBN 9780702074486. info
  • RANG, H. P., James RITTER, R. J. FLOWER and Graeme HENDERSON. Rang & Dale's pharmacology. Eighth edition. [Edinburgh]: Churchill Livingstone, 2016, xv, 760. ISBN 9780702053627. info
  • http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1160493&lang=cs&site=ehost-live
  • ŠVIHOVEC, Jan a kol. Farmakologie, Praha: Grada, 2018. ISBN 978-80-247-5558-8. www.grada.cz/farmakologie-(1)-8687
  • Základy receptury léčivých přípravků. Nováková a kol., 2010, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-553-zaklady-receptury-lecivych-pripravku.html
  • Základy speciální receptury léčivých přípravků, Juřica a kol., 2014, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-611-zaklady-specialni-receptury-lecivych-pripravku.html
  • Životní cyklus léčiv, Demlová a kol., 2014, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-621-zivotni-cyklus-leciv-klinicke-hodnoceni-a-registrace-lecivych-pripravku-farmakovigilance-a-stanovovani-cen-a-uhrad-leciv.html
  • Soubor kazuistik z farmakologie, Zendulka a kol., 2016 http://elportal.cz/publikace/kazuistiky-farmakologie
  • Atlas léčivých rostlin, https://is.muni.cz/auth/do/med/el/lecive_rostliny/atlas.html
    not specified
  • Markova farmakoterapie vnitřních nemocí. Edited by Josef Marek - Michal Vrablík. 5., zcela přepracované a d. Praha: Grada, 2019, xxiv, 868. ISBN 9788024750781. info
  • WALLER, Derek, Anthony P. SAMPSON and Andrew W. HITCHINGS. Medical pharmacology and therapeutics. Sixth edition. London: Elsevier, 2022, vii, 742. ISBN 9780702081590. info
  • BROWN, M. J., Pankaj SHARMA, Fraz A. MIR and P. N. BENNETT. Clinical pharmacology. Twelfth edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2019, 1 online. ISBN 9780702073304. URL info
  • STEVENS, Craig W. Brenner and Stevens' pharmacology. Sixth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2023, viii, 594. ISBN 9780323758987. info
  • Farmakologie pro studenty bakalářských oborů na LF MU, Máchalová a kol., 2015, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-644-farmakologie-pro-studenty-bakalarskych-oboru-na-lf-mu.html
  • Farmakovigilance a propagace léčiv, Vršková a kol., 2007, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-461-farmakovigilance-a-propagace-leciv.html
  • DOSTÁLEK, Miroslav, Jan JUŘICA, Eva JANOŠTÍKOVÁ and Lucia ZAHRADNÍKOVÁ. Farmakokinetika (Pharmacokinetics). ČR: Grada, 2006, 220 pp. Farmacie a farmakologie. ISBN 80-247-1464-7. info
  • Základy farmakoekonomiky, Říhová a kol, 2016, http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-649-zaklady-farmakoekonomiky.html
Teaching methods
lectures, theoretical preparation

The lectures are followed by practical exercises. The lectures discuss the basic issues of the subject. This knowledge is further deepened and practiced on specific practical tasks in exercises. According to the syllabi, materials for self-study and preparation will be available in the study materials for each topic.
Assessment methods
Colloquium - written ROPOT test: 40 multiple-choice questions with 3 to 5 options of answers. The number of correct answers is given.
Student gets 2 points for each completely correct answer, i.e., a maximum of 80 points for the whole multiple-choice test. Time limit: 45 min. The MCQ test can be repeated only twice.
To pass the colloquium successfully, the student has to obtain at least 48 points (60% correct answers).

In connection with the accreditation, a system of continuous evaluation of the student has been introduced, where the final grade of the Pharmacology II course will include the results of tests from the exercises and colloquium.
Náhradní absolvování
In case of a trip abroad, the course can be taken in an alternative form. The lectures are available online, after returning from the trip it is necessary to write the tests and the colloquium.
Language of instruction
Czech
Further comments (probably available only in Czech)
The course is taught annually.
Information on the extent and intensity of the course: 30.
Listed among pre-requisites of other courses

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Teacher's information
LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM (at the end of spring semester)

General pharmacology:

1. Pharmacology, sub-branches, origin of drugs, drug names. 2. Types of pharmacotherapy, rules of rational and safe pharmacotherapy. The question of drug misuse. 3. Preclinical and clinical trials, stages. 4. Basic legislation related to drug use. Sources of information on drugs and medicinal products. 5. Solid and gaseous pharmaceutical drug dosage forms - overview and their influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 6. Semi-solid and liquid pharmaceutical drug dosage forms - overview and their influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 7. Routes of drug administration – overview, characteristics. 8. Drug absorption, presystemic elimination, drug bioavailability. 9. Drug distribution, volume of distribution, redistribution. General principles of drug movement through the body. 10. Drug elimination, processes of the first and zero order, drug accumulation. 11. Drug biotransformation – stages, examples. 12. Drug excretion (ways of excretion, possibilities of their influence). 13. Therapeutic monitoring of drugs (TDM). 14. Pharmacokinetics of single, repeated and continual drug administration. 15. Modes of drug action 16. Synergism and antagonism in drug effect (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics). 17. Dose – response curves, types of doses, drug anamnesis, patient‘s adherence. 18. Adverse drug reactions (types, categories, examples). 19. Pharmacovigilance, drug safety. 20. Influence of repeated administration on drug efficacy - examples of tolerance and tachyphylaxis. Primary resistance of the patient to the treatment. 21. Factors influencing the drug effect – examples. 22. Pharmacotherapy in elderly, the influence of co-morbidities on drug effect, polypharmacy. 23. Pharmacotherapy in pediatric population, in breastfeeding women. Drugs influencing breast feeding. 24. Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy, drug teratogenicity. 25. Pharmacogenetics, influence of genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. 26. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions (desirable and undesirable) - overview, examples. 27. Pharmacodynamic drug interactions (desirable and undesirable) - overview, examples. 28. Principles of biological treatment – classification, technology, examples of clinical use.

Special pharmacology:

1. Sympathomimetics - overview of single classes and their indications, examples of drugs 2. Sympatholytics - overview of single classes and their indications, examples of drugs 3. Cholinomimetics 4. Cholinolytics 5. Antispasmodics - GIT + UGT 6. Opioid analgesics 7. NSAIDs, non-opioid analgesics, antimigraine agents 8. Antiuratics, antirheumatics incl. DMARDs 9. General anesthetics 10. Local anesthetics 11. Muscle relaxants 12. Antidiabetics (except insulins) 13. Insulins 14. Analogues and antagonists of estrogens, gestagens and androgens; HRT, hormonal contraception 15. Analogues and antagonists of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones used in pharmacology; uterotonics and tocolytics 16. Glucocorticoids 17. Immunostimulants + immunosuppressants (except glucocorticoids) 18. Drugs used in osteoporosis, pharmacology of thyroid gland 19. Antiasthmatics, drugs used in COPD 20. Antitussives, mucoactive drugs 21. H1 antihistamines 22. Antipsychotics 23. Drugs of neurogenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease; dementia) 24. Antidepressants - iMAO+SSRI+NDRI 25. Antidepressants - tricyclic, NASSA, MASSA, SARI, SNRI, NARI, SMS 26. Nootropics, cognitive enhancers 27. Psychostimulants, drugs used in ADHD, psychotomimetics 28. Anticonvulsants 29. Hypnosedatives, anxiolytics 30. Principles of antibacterial therapy – overview, modes of action, resistance, MIC, MBC 31. Penicillins, carbapenems 32. Cephalosporines, monobactams 33. Tetracyclines + related ATBs, amphenicoles 34. Macrolides and related ATBs, lincosamides 35. Aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, polymyxins 36. Sulphonamides, nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles 37. Quinolones, antituberculotics 38. Antimycotics 39. Dermatologics – overview of classes, drugs and effects 40. Antivirotics 41. Antiemetic drugs, prokinetics, antivertigo drugs 42. Laxatives, antidiarrhoics, drugs of infectious diarrhoeas 43. Antiulcer agents, hepatoprotectives and drugs influencing the production and excretion of bile 44. Drugs for non-specific inflammatory bowel disease 45. Alkylating cytostatics and other drugs aiming on DNA in oncology 46. Antimetabolites + hormonal therapy in oncology 47. Targeted treatment in oncology 48. Biological treatment of autoimmune diseases 49. Hypolipidemics, anti-obesity drugs 50. Nitrates and other vasodilators 51. Drugs targeting RAAS 52. Diuretics and aldosterone antagonists 53. Blockers of beta-adrenergic receptors + central antihypertensives 54. Calcium channel blockers, α1-lytics 55. Antiarrhythmics 56. Positive inotropic agents 57. Antiplatelet agents, antianemics 58. Fibrinolytics, antifibrinolytics, hemostatics 59. Anticoagulants 60. Drugs causing addiction and drugs used in the treatment of addiction 61. General principles of drug poisoning, specific antidotes and their mechanisms of action 62. Drugs used in erectile dysfunction and BHP 63. Antiglaucomatics and cycloplegics

„Essential drugs“:

5-fluorouracil • acetylcysteine • acetalsalicylic acid • aciclovir • allopurinol • amiodarone • amlodipine • amphotericin B • aprepitant • atorvastatin • atropine • betahistine • buprenorphine • carbamazepine • caspofungin • cefuroxime • cetirizine • ciclosporine • ciprofloxacin • cisplatin • clarithromycin • clopidogrel • co-amoxicillin • codeine • cotrimoxazole • cyclophosphamide • cyproterone • dabigatran • desflurane • diazepam • digoxin • dobutamine • doxazosin • doxorubicin • doxycycline • empagliflozin • enoxaparin • escitalopram • ethinylestradiol • ezetimibe • famotidine • fenpiverine/pitofenone •fentanyl • finasteride • fluconazole • furosemide • gabapentin • gentamicin • haloperidol • hexoprenaline • ibuprofen • imatinib • indapamide • indometacin • interferons • insulin analogues • ipratropium-bromide • isosorbide dinitrate • ketamine • lactulose • levodopa/carbidopa • levonorgestrel • lidocaine • linagliptin • lithium • loperamide • meropenem • metamizole • metformin • methadone • methotrexate • methyldopa • methylphenidate • metoclopramide • metoprolol • mirtazapine • morphine • naloxone • nimesulide • nivolumab • noradrenaline • olanzapine • ondansetron • oxymetazoline • oxytocin • paclitaxel • pantoprazole • paracetamol • perindopril • phenoxymethylpenicillin • pilocarpine • piperacillin/tazobactam • prednisone • propofol • rivaroxaban • rivastigmine • salbutamol • sildenafil • solifenacin • spironolactone • sumatriptan • suxamethonium • tamoxifen • telmisartan • tenofovir • terbinafine • tramadol • trastuzumab • valproic acid • vancomycin • verapamil • warfarin • zolpidem •

The course is also listed under the following terms Autumn 2017, autumn 2018, autumn 2019, autumn 2020, autumn 2021, autumn 2022, autumn 2023.
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